Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What Anaerobes are most commonly associated with disease?
|
Clostridium
Bacteroides Fusobacterum Peptostreptococcus |
|
|
What other Anaerobes are medically significant?
|
Prevotell
Veillonella Porphyromonas Actinomyces |
|
|
What type of Anaerobic bacteria is most associated with mixed diseases state?
|
Bacteriodes
Peptostreptococcus Fusobacterium Facultative |
|
|
What are the common causes of Intra-Abdominal Infection and what bacteria?
|
From bowel perforation caused from surgury or injury.
Generally forms an abscess or necrotizing lesions Bacteriode Fragilus Peptostreptococcus Fusobacterium Facultative |
|
|
Pulmonary Infections
|
Includes abscesses, necrotizing pneumonia, aspiration pneumonia, aspiration from organisms or oropharynx
Peptostreptococcus Fusobacterium Nucleatum Prevoltella Melaniogenica |
|
|
What are some causes of Pelvic Infections, both baterial and other?
|
Either vagina or uterus as a result of gynecologic surgury, malignancy or normal flora in a sterile area
Prevotella Bivia Prevotella Disiens Fusobacterium Bacteroides |
|
|
Brain Abscesses
|
Organisms from oral cavity which disseminate from blood across the BBB or Injury from a break in the skull
Peptostreptococcus Bacteroides Fusobacterium Prevotella |
|
|
What is characterized by diseases of the Skin and Soft Tissue?
|
Characterized by necrotic tissue, foul smell and gas
Tissue destruction and Abscess formation |
|
|
What type of anaerobic bacteria is only associated with the mouth?
|
Veillonella
Only Gram Negative Cocci Opportunistic Seen in human bite caused infections |
|
|
What type of anaerobic bacteria causes gas gangrene of the skin and soft tissue?
|
Clostridum Perfringens
|
|
|
What type of anaerobic bacteria is most associated with periodontal infection?
|
Porphyromonas
|
|
|
What type of bacteria is commonly associated with bacteremia?
|
Bacillus fragilis
|
|
|
What are some common characteristics of Actinomyces?
|
Commonly associated with mouth an infections following dental waork
Lesions resemble subcutaneous mycoses Chronic Lesions with pus; pus contains colonies called sulfur granules |
|
|
What type of bacteria are Bacteroides associated with and what type of infections do they cause?
|
Most common cause of serious anaerobic infections; Mixed flora; Anaerobic version of E. Coli
Gram Negative Many been changed to Porphyromonas & Prevotella |
|
|
Bacteroides Fragilis
|
Most important pathogen in this group
One of the most common causes of abdominal infection Has a polysaccharide capsule Gram negative but LPS is less toxic |
|
|
What is Porphyromonas associated with and what is its virulence factor?
|
Associated with gingivitis and dental absecesses
Virulence polysaccharide capsule |
|
|
Prevotella Melaninogenica
|
Associated with infections above the abdomen
Gingivitis most common, Brain Abscess, Pulmonary Found in bowel LPS |
|
|
Prevotella Bivia
|
Associted with gynecologic infections
LPS Found in bowel |
|
|
Prevotella Disiens
|
Associted with gynecologic infections
LPSFound in bowel |
|
|
Bifidobacterium and Eubacterium
|
Gram Positive Bacilli
Opportunistic May just contaminate clinical specimens, very common Not clear if they have a contribution to pathogenesis Found in bowel |
|
|
Fusobacterium
|
Most common Anaerobe
Gram negative rods with pointed ends Predominate in diseasse replacing normal flora Brain abcesses, oral, pelvic |
|
|
Lactobacillus
|
Either Facultative or obligate
Protects agasint bacterial vaginosis; fermentation of sugar produces lactic acid ABX can wipe out increasing risk of infection Presence in urine indicats infection |
|
|
Normal flora of Genital-Urinary Tract
|
Lactobacillus, Peptostreptococcus, Prevotella Bivius and Prevotella Disiens
|
|
|
Propionobacterium Acnes
|
Part of normal flora of skin
Opportnistic pathogen Contributes to Acne of the face |
|
|
Bacterial Vaginosis
|
Foul smelling discharge
Elevated pH Loss of Lactobacillus/increase in Prevotella Two organisms responsibe Gardnerella & Mobiluncus "Clue Cells" on gram stain Fishy smell undor KOH; distinguishes it from yeast infection |
|
|
What disease is associated with the organism Mobiluncus?
|
Bacterial vaginosis along with a facultative organism
Gardnerella Vaginalis Clue cells seen in gram stain and Fishy amine smell under KOH plate |
|
|
What is Peptostreptococcus a version of, what type of bacteria, where is it found, what disease is it associated with, and what is it often mixed with?
|
aAnaerobic version of streptococci
Gram Positive cocci Normal flora of mouth and colon Associated with peridontal and peritonitis, and many other Often mixed w/ Bacteroides or facultative |
|
|
Veillonella
|
ONLY gram negative cocci
ONLY seen in normal flora of mouth Opportunistic Seen in human bite caused infection Produces abscesses of sinuses, tonsils & brain |
|
|
What tpe of bacteria is Clostridium, where does it come from, what type of toxin does it have?
|
Gram positive rods, forms SPORES
Exogeneous sources; soil, water, sewage (unique) Some presentin GI Produces wide range of toxins: neuro, entero, hemolysis Either very sick or not at all |
|
|
C. Perfringes
|
Spores NOT usually seen
Produces double zone hemolysis when plated Associated with food poisening, necrotizing enteritis, cellulitis, gas gangrene, septicemia |
|
|
Type A toxin with clostridium
|
Causes most infections; wide spreadin the environment
Produces Alpha Toxin All toxins associated with some type of tissue distruction |
|
|
Enterotoxin
|
Toxin of the gut
Responsible for food poisoning, usually stimulates fluid loss and osmotic diarrhea Produced by some Type A |
|
|
C. Tetani
|
Spores seen at end of rod give drumstick appearance
Part of DPT vaccine Found in soil, animals, most cases result from puncture wounds/lacerations Two toxins Tetanolysin, and Tetanospasm; which cause spasmogenic effect Intubation seveal days - weeks |
|
|
How does Tenaospasm, Heat liable neurotoxin of C. Tetani, work and what does it cause?
|
A-B toxin; B binds and A has the toxin activity
A chain enters the neuron and travels of the axon Released from post-synaptic dendrites, crosses the synaptic cleft and enters presynaptic terminals Blocks the release of GABA, which causes spastic paralysis |
|
|
Tetanolysin - O2 liable hemolysin of C. Tetani
|
Signifigance unknown b/c inactivated by O2
|
|
|
What type of spores, toxin are associated with C. Botulinum and what does it cause?
|
Spores seen at end of rod; NOT very distinct loking
Heat liable neurotoxin; Causes flacid paralysis - Oppisite of tetanus Most powerful biological toxin |
|
|
What are the three ways you can get C. Botulinum?
|
Foodbourne: From home canned foods not properly sealed
Infant: associated with consumption of spores in honey Wound: very rare |
|
|
Decribe how the heat liable neurotoxin of C. Botulinum works
|
Very specific for cholinergic nerves
Prevents release of acetycholine Block stimuli causes flacid paralysis - Oppisite of tetanus |
|
|
Describe the path of the heat liable neurotoxin of C. Botulinum and when does the anti-toxin need to be given by?
|
Absorbed from GI > Reached Neuromuscular juntion > Cholinergic Blockade
Anti-toxin needs to be given BEFORE it reaches the neuromuscular junction |
|
|
When do sympotoms from C. Botulinum occur and what are they?
|
8-36 hours after ingestion
Most powerful toxin known DIZZINESS, BLURRED VISION, weakness, dilated pupils, inability to swallow, generalized descending weakness, respiratory paralysis |
|
|
Where is C. Difficle, what does it cause, and how is it associated with Abx treatment?
|
Part of normal intestinal flora
ABX treatment allow for overgrowth or acquisition Nosocomial pathogen Responsible for ABX dependent gastrointestinal disease; from mild diarrhea to pseudomembranous colitis |
|
|
Pseudomembranous Colitis
|
Cuased by C. Difficile
Promoted by ABX b/c wipes out notmal flora allowing C. Diff to porliferate |
|
|
What ABX are asspociated with the spread of Pseudomembranous Colitis and which treat it?
|
Cephalosporins, Clindamycin, Penicillins; allow C. Diff to spread
Treate with: Aminoglycosides or Vancomycin, Metronidazole |
|
|
Characteristics of the pathogen for C. Diff
|
Elaboration of toxin A & B which mediate cytoskelton dstruction in target cells
Mucosal injury and inflammation leave pt. susceptible to relapse ACID resistant spores which resist bile Grows thruogh lumen of the colon |
|
|
Symptoms of C. Diff
|
Onset of sympotoms typically after 5-10 days of ABC treatment
Include: FEVER, LEUKOCYTOSIS, ABDOMINAL PAIN, HYPOALBUMINEMIA, nausea, malaise, anorexia, dehydration |
|
|
C. Septicum
|
Rare
If found in blood think MALIGNANCY Work-up for possible cancer |
|
|
F. Necrophorum
|
Liver Abscess
Trench mouth Lemierres syndrome |
|
|
Trench Mouth
|
Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
Associated with F. Necrophorum |
|
|
Lemierres Syndrome
|
Within lateral pharyngeal space;
Visualized using CAT, pt. looks normal Associated with F. Necrophorum |
|
|
F. Nucleatum
|
Most common of species
Orofacial infections Ludwigs Angina |
|
|
Ludwigs Angina
|
Infection of the tissues of the floor of the mouth; inflammation of underlying C.T. of the skin
Associated wtih F. Nucleatum |
|
|
What must you differentiate with C. Diff and what are some complications?
|
Toxic megalcolon, colonic perforation, recurant CDAD
Must differentiate between ischemic colitis and diverticulitis |
|
|
Which of the two ischemic colitis and diverticulitis is taken with ABX
|
Diverticulitis, if diagnosed wrong the other form will get WORSE with ABX treatment
|
|
|
Metronidazole ABX
|
Has NO EFFECT on aerobic gram (-) rods
Can not use alone with mixed infections Treatment option for C. Diff Treatment for Anaerobic Bacteria |
|
|
Clindamycin
|
Good for Gram (+) Anaerobes
Promotes C. Diff proliferation |
|
|
Chloramphenicol
|
Higher toxcity
|
