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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lavender top
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CBC (most species
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Red top Rube
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Phenobarbitil, Digoxin or Bromide tests
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Green top
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CBC for bird & reptile
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Light blue top
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coagulation tests
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Serum Separator
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routine serum chems
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Atropine is used as a pre-anesthetic o help control or prevent seizure activity
T?F |
False it is diazepam that is used to prevent seizures
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Deine Pain
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unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associaed w/ actual or potentia tissue damage
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Define anlgesia
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absence of pain in presence of stimuli that would normally be painful;
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Define anesthesia
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absense of all sensory modaalities; the inabiliy to precece painful stimuli
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Define hyperesthesia
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Increase sensitivity to stimulation -
ex. Pain during inflammation |
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Define multimodal or balanced analgesia
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Use of 2 or more analgesic agents that differ in their mechanism of action to achieve a more effective analgesia
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Define nociception
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The reception, conduction & CNS procession of nerve signals generated by stimulation of nociceptore
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Define nociceptor
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naked afferent nerve endings preferentially sensitive to a noxious stimulus or a stimulus that would be npxious if prolongued
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Define pre-emptive analgesia
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est. of analgesia before the onset of painful stimuli
Prevents wind-up |
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`Define referred pain
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pain felt in a body part other thatn that in which it originates
EX. pain in arm during a heart attack |
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Define somatic pain
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From the skin - SQ, muscles, bone & joints
Trans by A, delta & C fibers Easily localized - stabbing, throbbing or aching |
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Define visceral pain
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From internal organs.
Trans by C fibers More diff. to localize - cramping, burning, ganwinf EX? intestinal discomfort |
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Define wind-up
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buildup of chemical mediators during sx that animal becomes aware of pro-op.
Need more analgesic |
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4 aspects of physiology of pain
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1. Transduction -Nociceptors detect noxious stimuli (ex. Heat) & convert stimulli to nerve impulses
2. Transmission - A delta & C fibers conduct the impulse thru teh PNS into the spinal cord 3. Modulation - amplification or inhibition of stimuli within the dorsal horns cells of the spinal cord 4. Perception - in the cerebral cortex |
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Classifications of pain
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1. Intense - mild, moderate, severe
2. duration - acute, chronic |
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How do we know if a pet is happy
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Dog- et, shake, yawn
Cat - eat, stretch, sleep curled up & yawn |
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Methods of pain control
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1. endorphins
2. nonpharmacological - esp nusing care 3. pahrmacological |
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Types of opiods used in analgesia
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1. morphine
2. meperedine (demerol 3. oxymorphone 4. hydromorphone 5. fentanyl |
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Types of Opioid agonist/ antagonists
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1. Butorphanol (torbutrol)
2. Buprenorphine (Buprenes |
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Drugs that inhibit transduction
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1. NSAID
2. Opioids 3.local anesthetics |
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Drugs that inhibit transmission
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1. Locals inhibit Na channels
2. Alpha 2 agonists |
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Drugs that inhibit perception
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1. Anesthetic
2. opioid 3. alpha 2 agonists 4. bensodiazepams |
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Drugs that inhibit modulation - central sensation
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1. local anesthetic
2. opioid or alpha 2 3.tricyclic anti- spleptic 4. cholinersteraseinhibitios 5.NMDA antagonists |
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What level do NSAIDs work
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tissue level preventing the production of prostaglandins that mediate inflamation & pain
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What level does lidocaine work
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block transmission of pain impulses by sensory nerves
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What level do opioids work
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multi sites in brain & spinal cord to diminish PERCEPTION of pain
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Which of the ff anesthetic agents provid some analgesia in post-op
a. Iso b. Propofol c. thiopental d. ketamine |
D. ketamine
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Visceral pain arises from damage to:
a. muscle b. skin c. nerves d. internal organs |
d. internal orgains
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Pain receptors are called
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nociceptors
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If you wait until an animal shows signs of pain b/f tx w; analgesic, a higher dose will be reguired
T/F |
T
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Animals do not show pain like humans b/c
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Prey - so hide it
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Dose of injectible morphine for a dog is higher than a cat
T/F |
T
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Compared w/ morphine, meperidine has a _____ duration of effect
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shorter
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Which of the following is an agonist/antagonist opioid
q. oxymorphone b. meperidine c. butorphanol d. fentanyl |
C. butorphanol
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onset of a fentynal patch is
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delayed onset in both c&d
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NSAID that is safe for cats w/moderate ortho pain post-op
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ketoprofen
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T/F
NSAIDS may interfere w/ action of drugs to tx cardiac dzq |
T
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Reversing agent for morphine?
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Butorphanol
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Ketamine is useful in txx what part of the body
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skin
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Potential side effects of opioids
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1. GI stimulation
2. bradycardia 3. pantin 4. increassed sensitivity to noise 5.increased intracranial pressure 6.hypothermis 7. mis=osis in dog 8.mydriasis incat |
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Which opioid does NOT cause excitement in a cat
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hydromorphone
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Drug interactions with fentanyl
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DO NOT MIX w/agonist/antagonist like butorphanol
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What is a GREAY DRUG in the angonist/antagonist family
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Buprenorphin (Buprenex)
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Which opioids angonist/antagonist last a long time
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Buprenex - long duration but delayed onset
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How do NSAID work
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block production of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX)
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How are NSAID eliminated
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by metabolism in conjunction w/ liver, ff by renal
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NSAID side effects
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GI ulcer
renal toxicity imparied platelet aggreggaton lier damage |
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NSAID agents
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aspirin
rimadyl seramaxx etogesic metacaom zubrin molixicam |
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Combo w/ NSAID
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opioids
ex. codeine 3 |
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Contraindicated if pre--existing tachycardia
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atropine
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What has a longest lasting analgesic effect
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bprenex of buprenorphine
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Advantage & disadvantage of propofol
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1. smooth induction & recovery
2. short acting |
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Propofol provides good analgesia
T/F |
false
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