Amy's Section

Front 1

what type of brain waves is wakefulness categorised by?

Back 1

alpha waves.

Front 2

describe stage 1 NREM sleep.

Back 2

Alpha activity.

mixed frequencies.

there is only one possible vertex sharp wave.

Front 3

what appears in Stage 2 NREM sleep?

Back 3

there is sleep spindles and k complexes (you have to see a couple)

Front 4

what brain waves appear in stage 3 NREM sleep?

Back 4

Mostly Theta waves.

they have a high amplitude and low frequency.

slow wave sleep.

dreams can occur.

Front 5

what brain waves appear in stage 4 NREM sleep?

Back 5

mostly delta waves.

high amplitude and low frequency.

sleep spindles may be present.

also slow wave sleep.

dreams can occur.

Front 6

describe REM sleep.

Back 6

rapid eye movements occur.

presence of theta activity.

vivid and emotional dreams.

signs of sexual arousal.

Front 7

describe the structure of sleep for the elderly.

Back 7

they have hardly any REM.

Mostly stage 1 and 2 NREM.

very light sleep.

Front 8

how long does a circadian rhythm last for?

Back 8

24 hours.

Front 9

what can set the circadian rhythm?

Back 9

light is an external cue that can set the circadian rhythm

Front 10

what brain structure contains a biological clock that governs some circadian rhythms and where does it receive input from?

Back 10

the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN).

it receives input from melanopsin which contains ganglion cells from the retina and from the lateral geniculate thalamic nucleus.

Front 11

In regards to Suprachiasmatic Nucleus clock cells what was the hypothesis that was proposed?

Back 11

that the clock cells produced a protein that upon reaching a critical level, inhibited its own production.

Front 12

what is narcolepsy and what are some of the symptoms?

Back 12

it is a chronic condition characterised by overwhelming sleepiness and sleep attacks.

symptoms include;

-excessive daytime sleepiness/sleep attacks

-cataplexy; loss of skeletal muscle tone in response to strong emotion.

-hyponogogic hallucinations; hallucinations at the onset of sleep.

-sleep paralysis; wake up paralysed.

Front 13

what is present during the diagnosis of narcolepsy?

Back 13

-abnormal immune functioning/ orexin levels.

-short sleep onset, short REM latency and increased wake

-REM at sleep onset in most naps.

Front 14

what is sleep apnea?

Back 14

It is a common condition characterised by pauses in breathing during sleep, however, patients can breathe adequately during wakefulness.

Most likely to occur during REM sleep.

Front 15

what are parasominas?

Back 15

unpleasant/ undesirable behaviours or experiental phenomena that occur during the sleep period.

Front 16

what do arousal disorders occur in association with?

Back 16

arousal from slow wave sleep (stage 3 & 4 NREM).

Front 17

what is delayed sleep phase syndrome?

Back 17

it is a circadian rhythm disorder characterised by normal sleep that occurs on a delayed schedule.

it is a prominent feature of adolescence.

Front 18

what are three components of behavioural response patterns in terms of emotions?

Back 18

1. Motor

2. Autonomic

3. Hormonal

Front 19

describe the sympathetic nervous system.

Back 19

associated with energy expenditure.

it derives from the thoracic and lumbar levels of the spinal cord.

Front 20

describe the parasympathetic nervous system.

Back 20

associated with energy conservation.

it derives from the cranial and sacral levels of the spinal cord.

Front 21

in terms of the three components of an emotional response what is the amygdala involved in?

Back 21

the three components are controlled by separate neural systems, however, they are all integrated by the amygdala.

Front 22

describe the result of lesions to the central nucleus of the amygdala.

Back 22

lesions of the central nucleus result in;

-reduced fear responses to threat stimuli

-reduced chance of developing ulcers

-reduced levels of stress hormones.

Front 23

what is the central nucleus of the amygdala particularly important for?

Back 23

it is important for aversive emotional learning (learning to be afraid of something).

Front 24

what are inputs from the amygdala and hypothalamus integrated by?

Back 24

the Periaqueductal Grey Matter (PAG).

Dorsal PAG is associated with defensive rage.

Ventral PAG is associated with predation.

Front 25

what does damage to the Ventromedial prefrontal cortex result in (VMPFC)?

Back 25

it reduces inhibitions and self-concern, you become indifferent to consequences of actions and pain no longer produces an emotional response.

Front 26

how does a prefrontal lobotomy effect a person's emotional capacity?

Back 26

it can result in the person having little capacity for any emotional experiences - pleasurable or otherwise.

Front 27

what was Darwin's theory about emotional expressions?

Back 27

emotions involve innate patterns of muscle contraction often of the facial muscles.

- emotional expressions are innate.

Front 28

are all muscles of the face responsible for emotional expressions under voluntary control?

Back 28

No they are not and this is indicative by volitional facial paresis (can't intentionally show emotion) and emotional facial paresis (when the emotion is actually felt, the emotion is expressed).

Front 29

describe hemispheric specialisation in terms of recognition of emotion.

Back 29

the right hemisphere is specialised for emotional expression and left is specialised for the meaning of emotion.

Front 30

does the amygdala play a larger role than just emotional responses?

Back 30

yes, it also plays a role in the recognition of of emotions, particularly the recognition of fear.

Front 31

name the two pathways for visual input into the Amygdala.

Back 31

1. Magnocellular system.

2. Parvocellular system.

Front 32

what is the role of Gaze direction cells?

Back 32

they are involved in recognising the direction of gaze.

found in the the superior temporal sulcus.

Front 33

what is the common sense theory of emotion?

Back 33

an emotion provoking stimulus produces the feeling of an emotion, and then this produces physiological changes and behaviour.

Front 34

what is James-Lange theory of emotion?

Back 34

Behaviours and physiological responses are directly elicited by situations and that feelings of emotions are produced by feedback from these behaviours of responses.

Front 35

what is the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

Back 35

the initial component is a cognitive appraisal of the situation, which then simultaneously leads to the emotional feeling, visceral changes and appropriate behaviour.

Front 36

what is the facial feedback hypothesis?

Back 36

When participants are asked to display different emotional expressions, these produced different changes in autonomic NS activity which correspond to the emotion being expressed.