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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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DEFINITIONS OF STRESS
Which three factors are thought to contribute to the development of stress in an individual? |
FRUSTRATION
CONFLICT PAIN |
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DEFINITIONS OF STRESS
Which Psychologist and in what year made reference to three models of stress? |
COX 1978
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DEFINITIONS OF STRESS
Name Cox's three models of stress |
ENGINEERING MODEL
PHYSIOLOGICAL MODEL TRANSACTIONAL MODEL |
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DEFINITIONS OF STRESS
The engineering model of stress is related to what? |
EXTERNAL STIMULI
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DEFINITIONS OF STRESS
The physiological model of stress means what? |
The biological progression as the body responds to a stressor
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DEFINITIONS OF STRESS
The transactional model of stress is based on what? |
A cognitive account based on the interpretation of a situation
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DEFINITIONS OF STRESS
Which four areas of stress are covered in the topic of Stress? |
LIFE-CHANGES
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES WORK-PLACE STRESS DISRUPTION OF CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS |
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DEFINITIONS OF STRESS
Name three types of individual differences |
PERSONALITY TYPE
GENDER CULTURE |
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STRESS - MAJOR LIFE CHANGES
Who examined the hospital records of 5000 patients and identified 43 life events that precipitated the onset of illness? |
HOLMES & RAHE
1967 |
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STRESS - MAJOR LIFE CHANGES
What was emphasised in Holmes & Rahes 1967 research with regards to stressful life events? |
CHANGE
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STRESS - MAJOR LIFE CHANGES
What is the name of Holmes & Rahe's 1967 scale of stressful events? |
SOCIAL READJUSTMENT RATING SCALE
S.R.R.S |
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STRESS - MAJOR LIFE CHANGES
How did Holmes & Rahe rate different stressors and what did they relate them to? |
By giving life changing events a numerical rating. They began by assigning marriage the stress value of 50 and related all other stressors according to whether they were more stressful or less stressful than marriage.
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STRESS - MAJOR LIFE CHANGES
What did Holmes & Rahe discover about stress related illness through their 1967 research? |
That there was a positive correlation between high SRRS scores in a period of one year and the occurence of illnes around the same time
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STRESS - MAJOR LIFE CHANGES
Which two methods of study did Holmes and Rahe base their research on? |
RETROSPECTIVE - assessing previous stress at a time of illness
PROSPECTIVE - assessing life stresses and then observing participants over a period of 2 months |
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STRESS - MAJOR LIFE CHANGES
What SRRS score did Holmes & Rahe suggest caused a 30% increase in stress related illness? |
150
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STRESS - MAJOR LIFE CHANGES
What SRRS score did Holmes & Rahe suggest caused a 50% increase in stress related illness? |
300
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STRESS - MAJOR LIFE CHANGES
Although the correlation between illness and SRRS scores was relatively small who backed Holmes and Rahe by agreeing that HIGH SRRS scores are associated with illness of one sort or another? |
COHEN ET AL
1998 |
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STRESS - MAJOR LIFE CHANGES
Why is the SRRS scale unreliable? |
Because each individual reacts to the same stresses in very different manners eg. One person may find divorce stressful the other may find it a relief
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STRESS - MAJOR LIFE CHANGES
What is the major criticism of correlation studies regarding stress? |
There is no control of variables and there may be other significant factors in the illnesses around the times of stress eg. heavy drinking causing illness rather than the stress itself
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STRESS - MAJOR LIFE CHANGES
What needs to be defined if a link between poor health and stress levels is to be traced? |
WHAT CONSTITUTES GOOD OR BEAD HEALTH?
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STRESS - MAJOR LIFE CHANGES
The SRRS sees CHANGE as a stressor without defining that change as positive or negative. Why do researchers believe this is a flase representation of the affects of stress? |
Negative changes are far more stressful than positive changes thereofre change in itself is an unreliable measure of stress.
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STRESS - MAJOR LIFE CHANGES
Why is the retrospective nature of the SRRS flawed? |
Distorted memories, misplaced attributions and unreliable self-assessment mean that retrospective self-reporting is unreliable.
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STRESS - MAJOR LIFE CHANGES
Why is the SRRS cross-culturally unreliable? |
A stressful situation in one country might be of no or little concern in another
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STRESS - MAJOR LIFE CHANGES
Who devised the Life Experiences Survey (LES) and in what year? |
SARASON ET AL
1978 |
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STRESS - MAJOR LIFE CHANGES
Who devised the HASSLES SCALE and in what year? |
KANNER ET AL
1981 |
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STRESS - MAJOR LIFE CHANGES
HASSLES cause more or less stress than major life events acoording to Kanner et al (1981)? |
MORE
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STRESS - MAJOR LIFE CHANGES
How many everyday irritations did Kanner et Al include on their Hassles Scale of 1981? |
117
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STRESS - MAJOR LIFE CHANGES
In contrast to the Hassles scale what did Kanner et al devise? |
UPLIFTS SCALE
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STRESS - MAJOR LIFE CHANGES
How many uplifting events were identified by Kanner et al in their UPLIFTS SCALE? |
135
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STRESS - MAJOR LIFE CHANGES
How did Kanner et al.'s uplifts sclae correlate to illness? |
NEGATIVELY
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STRESS - MAJOR LIFE CHANGES
Who found that when comparing the SRRS and the Hassles Scales Hassles showed a greater correlation with illness than Major Life Events? |
DeLONGIS ET AL
1982 |
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STRESS - MAJOR LIFE CHANGES
Who streamlined the SRRS by replacing it with 8 major life events and what was this cale called? |
MOOS & SWINDLE
1990 LIFE STRESSORS AND SOCIAL RESOURCES INVENTORY (LISRES) |
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STRESS - INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Name the 5 personality types |
TYPE A
TYPE B TYPE C TYPE D TYPE ER |
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STRESS - INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
What are the attributes of a Type A personality? |
HARD-DRIVEN
AMBITIOUS CONTROLLING HOSTILE |
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STRESS - INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
What are the attributes of a Type B personality? |
LAID BACK
CHILLED OUT OPPOSITE OF TYPE A |
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STRESS - INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
What are the attributes of a Type C personality? |
REPRESSED EMOTIONS
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STRESS - INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
What are the attributes of a Type D personality? |
ANXIOUS
GLOOMY WORRIER |
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STRESS - INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
What are the attributes of a Type ER personality? |
EMOTIONAL RESPONDER
VOLATILE MOOD SWINGS |
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STRESS - INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Who claimed that Type A personalities are more susceptible to stress? |
FREIDMAN & ROSENMAN
1974 |
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STRESS - INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Who pinpointed the Type A personality trait of hostility as being linked to heart disease? |
MATTHEWS & HAYNES
1986 |
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STRESS - INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Who defined Type C personality type as having a repressive character? |
TEMOSHOK
1987 |
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STRESS - INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Tenuous links to which illnesses and medical conditions have been made to Type C personality? |
LOW SPERM COUNT
CANCER |
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STRESS - INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Which 2 female hormones are thought to protect against coronary heart disease? |
OESTROGEN
OXYTOCIN |
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STRESS - INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Who found that women didn't produce the same adrenaline rush when faced with stressful situations than men did? |
FRANKENHAUSER
1976 1983 |
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STRESS - INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
When females worked in traditionally male roles they produce male levels of stress related adrenalin, what does this evidence suggest? |
That there may not be a biological basis for differences between stress-levels in the sexes, but a socialisation basis.
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STRESS - INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
The gap between age of death in male and females is lessening, why could this be happening? |
Because more women are being integrated into full-time work roles, traditionally the domain of men.
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STRESS - INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Who suggested that men suffer from stress more because of their way of dealing with it in contrast to women's methods of dealing with stress? |
TAYLOR ET AL
2000 |
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STRESS - INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
According to Taylor et al. How do men react to stressful situations? |
FIGHT OR FLIGHT
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STRESS - INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
According to Taylor et al. How do women react in stressful situations? |
TEND AND BEFRIEND
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STRESS - INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Who found that men and women adopted similar tactics in dealing with stress in post Iraq invasion Kuwait? |
SANDMAN
1990 |
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STRESS - INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Name some obvious physical factors that cause stress |
POVERTY
POOR DIET/FAMINE |
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STRESS - INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Who found Racism to be a chronic stressor for Afro-Americans living in the USA? |
ANDERSON
1991 |
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STRESS - INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Name two psychological factors inc ome countries that cause stress |
ULTRA COMPETITIVE CULTURE - eg Japan
RACIAL DISCRIMINATION |
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STRESS - INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
What is meant by Anderson's term 'acculturative stress'? |
Additional stresses on top of everyday hassles and major life events caused by being part of a minority group
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STRESS - INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Who suggested that different coping strategies are adopted by different cultural and ethnic groups such as recreational activities, religion and family? |
KIM & McKENRY
1998 |
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STRESS - INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
Who studied the Abkarsian people of Georgia and found that a much higher proportion of the population lived to be 100? |
WEG
1983 |
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STRESS - WORKPLACE STRESS
In what decade did research into employment stress begin? |
1970s
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STRESS - WORKPLACE STRESS
Which types of career are known to be mroe stressful than others? |
NURSING
SOCIAL WORK TEACHING POLICING/EMERGENCY SERVICES |
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STRESS - WORKPLACE STRESS
Who foudn that lower levels of control in the workplace caused more stress than being in a higher position of control? |
MARMOT ET AL
1997 |
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STRESS - WORKPLACE STRESS
Who found that women have more stress in the workplace than men? |
LONG & KAHN
1993 |
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STRESS - WORKPLACE STRESS
What other factors can exacerbate stress in the workplace?? |
'OFFICE' RELATIONSHIPS
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT - poor work conditions, space, lighting LACK OF PROGRESS OPPORTUNITIES - dead end job TOO LITTLE OR TOO MUCH WORK - too much = time management issues too difficult = mentally demanding too little = boredom and frustration JOB INSECURITY ROLE AMBIGUITY |
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STRESS - WORKPLACE STRESS
In which country and by which psychologist is work place stress being taken seriously? |
SWEDEN
JOHANNSON ET AL 1978 |
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STRESS - WORKPLACE STRESS
Who found high correlations between work place stress adn aggressive behaviour in the workplace when they questioned 400 employees? |
CHEN & SPECTOR
1992 |
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STRESS - WORKPLACE STRESS
Who found that working mothers suffered less stress than full time mothers? |
KAHN & CUTHBERTSON
1998 |
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STRESS - DISRUPTION OF CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS
What kind of work is known to cause stress by the disruption of sleep patterns |
SHIFT WORK
LONG DISTANCE TRAVEL |
