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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sociology
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the study of the social worlds that people create, organize, maintain, and change through their relationships with each other
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Social World
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an identifiable sphere of everyday actions and relationships
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Social World are made up of 3 sections
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culture, social interaction, social structure
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Culture
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part of the social world that people share ways of life and shared understandings that people develop as they live together
ex) pre-game ritual |
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Social Interaction
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part of the social world that people taking each other into account causing influencing each other
ex) team meal |
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Sociology
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the study of the social worlds that people create, organize, maintain, and change through their relationships with each other
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Social World
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an identifiable sphere of everyday actions and relationships
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Social World are made up of 3 sections
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culture, social interaction, social structure
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Culture
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part of the social world that people share ways of life and shared understandings that people develop as they live together
ex) pre-game ritual |
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Social Interaction
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part of the social world that people taking each other into account causing influencing each other
ex) team meal |
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Social Structure
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part of the social world where established patterns of relationships and social arrangements take shape as people live, work, and play with each other
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Sports
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well-established, officially governed competitive physical activities in which participants are motivated by internal and external rewards
*help us distinguish from play and dramatic spectacle |
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play
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an expressive activity done for its own sake
ex) pick-up games |
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dramatic spectacle
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performance meant to entertain the audience
ex) WWE or All-Star Game |
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Social Constructions
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parts of the social world that are created by people as they interact with one another under particular social, political, and economic conditions
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3 Reasons Why we study sports:
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1) sports are socially significant activities for many people
2) reaffirm (4) important ideas and beliefs in many societies 3) sports are integrated into major spheres of social life |
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Ideologies
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webs of ideas and beliefs that people use to give meaning to the world and make sense of their experiences
*4 of them reaffirmed |
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Gender Ideology
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a web of ideas and beliefs about masculinity, femininity, and male-female relationships in the organization of social worlds
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Racial Ideology
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a web of ideas and beliefs that people use to give meaning to skin color and evaluate people and forms of social organization in terms of racial classification
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Class Ideology
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a web of ideas and beliefs people use to understand economic inequalities and make sense of their own positions and the positions of others in an economic hierarchy in society
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Dominant Ideology
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perspectives and ideas favored by people who have power and influence in society
ex) clothing |
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Who ever studies sports in society want to understand 4 things:
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1) social and cultural contexts in which sports exist
2) connections between those contexts and sports 3) social worlds that people create as they participate in sports 4) experiences of individuals and groups associated with those social worlds |
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Social Research
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investigations in which we seek answers to questions about social worlds by systemically gathering and analyzing data
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Social Theories
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logically interrelated explanations of the actions and relationships of human beings and the organization and dynamics of social worlds
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Personal Theories
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summaries of our ideas and explanations of social life and the contexts in which they occur
ex) superstitutions |
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Multistep process for producing knowledge:
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*Mike Messner used it to connect sports and gender
1) Observe 2) Identify issues, review past research, use theories and knowledge of research methods to design research 3) Collect and analyze data 4) Use research results to produce knowledge 5) Publish claims so they can be evaluated 6) Claims are publicly rejected or accepted 7) Use research and scholarly knowledge to inform decisions, actions, policies, and programs |
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Step 2 consists of:
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1) Cultural theories
2) Interactionist theories 3) Structural theories |
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Cultural Theories
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explain what we know about the ways that people think and express their values, ideas, and beliefs as they live together and create social worlds
ex) values, norms, symbols, language |
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Interactionist Theories
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explain what we know about the origins, dynamics, and consequences of social interaction among people in particular social worlds in connection with sports
ex) role model, self-concept, identity |
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Structural Theories
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what we know about forms of social organization that influence actions and relationships
ex) status, roles, authority |
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Step 3 consists of:
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Symbols
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Symbols
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concrete representations of the values, beliefs, and moral principles around which people organize their ways of life
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Gender is Mike Messner's Research
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boys didn't name their team name "Barbie Boys"
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Quantitative Approach
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collect info. about people and social worlds, converting the info. into numbers, and analyzing the numbers by using statistical procedures and tests
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Qualitative Approach
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identifying patterns and unique features, and analyzing the info by using interpretive procedures and tests
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Knowledge Claims
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statements that explain the "how and why" about a particular topic
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Fieldwork
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"on-site" date collection
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Ethnography
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fieldwork that involves observation and interviews
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Socialization
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process of learning and social development which occurs as we interact with one another and become familiar with the social world in which we live
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Process of Becoming An Athlete
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1) Introduction through parents or youth league
2) developing commitment 3) identity formation |
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Identity Formation
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acceptance into culture
1) knowledge 2) interaction in sport 3) learning how participation occurs and expectation 4) recognized and fully accepted *accepted as an athlete by other athletes for respect |
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Sports build character?
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No, experiences are different for others
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Obesity-Sports Relationship
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Sports do not inspire exercise and obesity has increased with the increase of popularity of sports
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Burn-out
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high stress creates an athlete to have less fun and stop playing the sport they are involved with
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Sports in Ancient Greece
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-grounded in mythology and religious beliefs
-competitors were wealthy and respected -had money -young males competed -women, children, and older people often played but never in Olympia -women were prohibited from the whole entire event -but held their own games *different from today b/c of religion based, lacked complex administrative structures, no measurements or record keeping |
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Sports in Rome
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-used contests to train soldiers
-spectators bet heavily -slaves participated -men and women were forced into combat with lions, tigers, panthers -gladiators fought -women were allowed to spectate but not compete -sometimes in ball games |
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Sports in Medieval Europe
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-consisted of folk games played by peasants,tournaments staged for knights and nobles, archery contests, and activities where animals were brutalized
-peasants maimed or killed animals -tournaments and archery were for military training -ball games represented conflict -religion and sports were closely related -ball games in peasant villages had little structure -ownership of horses lead to horse involving sports -once again women seldom participated -men's property and activities were clearly differentiated |
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Renaissance and Enlightenment
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-kings and bishops pronounced peasant games but they kept doing them and used them as a rallying point against authority
-women had to work but sometimes got to play -upper-class women got to participate in sometimes -Puritans believed sports undermined the work ethic |
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Two healthiest Sports and Why
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20 minutes of basketball and 45 minutes of volleyball
*less injury and less medical expenses |
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Influences by Socialization
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teammates
parents coaches significant others fans mentors officials |
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Four Phase Process to being accepted as an Athlete
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1) acquiring knowledge about the sport
2) interacting with people involved 3) learning how participation occurs and what people expect from each other 4) being recognized and fully accepted *so they can be accepted by other athletes |
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Young People decided to Play because:
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-helped them extend control over their lives
-achieve development and career goals -present themselves as competent |
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Reasons Why They Stop Playing
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-burn-out
-getting on with life -change personal investments in sports career |
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6 Character Building Overlooks
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1) diverse experience
2) people who choose or are selected to play sports often have different traits than those who do not play 3) sport experiences vary from person to person 4) as people change and grow older they often alter the meanings they give to their sport experiences and integrate them into their lives in new ways as they develop new ideas and values 5) Socialization occurs through the social interaction 6) the socialization in sports may occur in other activities |
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Social World
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a way of life and an associated mind-set that revolve around a particular activity and encompass all the people and relationships connected with it
*used by interactionist theory |
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discourses
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the combination of commentaries, images, and other representations of people, events, and things that "create" sports and give them meaning
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5 Topics that are central to understanding youth sports today
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1) origin and development of organized youth sports
2) major trends 3) variations in the organization and in the sport experiences 4) youth sports and issues related to access, psycho-social development, and family dynamics 5) Recommendations for improving youth sports |
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5 Changes that are relevant to the growth of organized youth sports
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1) number of families with both parents working outside the home has increased dramatically
2) a major cultural shift towards being a "good parent" 3) growing belief that informal, child-controlled activities inevitably lead to trouble 4) world outside the home is very dangerous through media 5) the visibility of high-performance and professional sports has increased people's awareness of organized competitive sports as a valued part of culture |
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5 Major Trends that are changing social significance
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1) organized programs are becoming increasingly privatized
2) increasingly emphasize the "performance ethic" 3) increase in private, elite sport-training facilities 4) parents increasingly involved 5) participation in alternative and action sports has increased |
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Performance Ethic
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a set of ideas and beliefs emphasizing that the quality of the sport experience can be measured in terms of improved skills, especially in relation to the skills of others
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How do children define fun in terms of organized sports
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-action by altering or eliminating certain rules
-exciting challenges to eliminate blowouts with "do-overs" -personal expression -reaffirming friendships |
