Ams Test 4 Scc - Reproductive System

Front 1

What is the leading cause of cancer deaths in men age 15-35?

Back 1

testicular cancer

Front 2

What things could lead to testicular cancer?

Back 2

trauma, orchitis, family hx, cryptochidism (undescended testicles), DES exposure, exposure to carcinogens

Front 3

What are some symptoms of testicular cancer?

Back 3

often subtle, mass or swelling, heavy or dragging sensation in testicles

Front 4

Why wouldn't the doctor perform a biopsy to see if the testicular mass was cancerous?

Back 4

all testicular masses are considered malignant and must be removed

Front 5

What are some treatment options for testicular cancer?

Back 5

orchiectomy (removal of testicle), radiation/chemo depending on type of cancer

Front 6

What are some nursing considerations for your pt. with testicular cancer?

Back 6

acknowledge body image issues
effect on reproduction (sperm banking can be done)
high risk for bleeding/DVT if radical node dissection performed, may have ejaculatory dysfunction, must follow up

Front 7

How would you advise your pt. on the prevention of testicular cancer?

Back 7

do a TSE (testicular self exam)
Good prognosis when detected early

Front 8

What is the most common cancer in american men?

Back 8

prostate cancer

Front 9

What are some risk factors in getting prostate cancer?

Back 9

normal aging, diet high in animal fat, smoking, occupational exposure, hormones, STD, family hx, African american

Front 10

What are some ways to help prevent prostate cancer?

Back 10

Digital rectal exam (DRE) yearly after age 40, PSA (prostate specific antigen)yearly after age 50
unless African american then after age 40

Front 11

What are some s/s of prostate cancer?

Back 11

often none early on, similar to BPH, often presents with back pain due to mets

Front 12

How is prostate cancer diagnosed?

Back 12

exam and PSA(prostate specific antigen), transrectal ultrasound, biopsy, mets workup

Front 13

What are the treatment options for your pt. diagnosed with prostate cancer?

Back 13

watchful waiting - if low PSA, age>80 (risk factor)
radiation
chemo - limited effect, last resort
antiandrogens, estrogens, GNRH analog
surgery

Front 14

What are some possible side effects if your prostate cancer pt. undergoes radiation?

Back 14

cystitis, proctatitis, voiding problems if seed implants

Front 15

What are your major concerns for your post op prostate surgery pt?

Back 15

hemorrhage, infection, urine leakage (will have some immed. post op. but should decrease rapidly)

Front 16

What is the average age in which most women go through menopause?

Back 16

51

Front 17

How can your pt. help to prevent osteoporosis later in life?

Back 17

maximize bone density in early years, HRT, calcium, exercise, avoid red meat, alcohol and smoking, identify eating disorders

Front 18

What are some ways that your pt. can help with early detection of breast cancer?

Back 18

BSE (breast self exam) and yearly physicals, mammograms yearly starting at 40 unless family hx (1st degree relative - mom or sister) then at 30

Front 19

What are some NORMAL findings on BSE?

Back 19

one breast larger then the other, bilateral nipple retraction, bilateral milky discharge, fibrocytic changes(feels like peas)

Front 20

What does a breat tumor feel like upon self examination?

Back 20

they are hard, single, solid masses that can't be moved

Front 21

What test would be administered to detect cervical cancer?

Back 21

pap smear

Front 22

At what age should a girl start her menarche (period) and when should it be a concern?

Back 22

average age is 12 (8-16 range)
concern:
if starts before the age of 8
if no menarche by age 14 without secondary sexual characteristics
if no menarche by age 1 with secondary sexual characterisitcs

Front 23

Explain menopause

Back 23

average age 51, declining estrogen levels, defined as 6 months without a period, diagnosed with FSH>30

Front 24

What are some menopausal symptoms?

Back 24

hot flashes, mood changes, vaginal dryness

Front 25

What are some other issues that menopause can cause?

Back 25

osteoporosis (due to loss of estrogen), CV disease, colon cancer, alzheimer's, macular degeneration, edentia

Front 26

How is menopause treated?

Back 26

HRT (hormone replacement therapy), treatment for osteoporosis if needed, treatment for CVD, if needed

Front 27

When is HRT contraindicated?

Back 27

in breast cancer, uterine cancer, active liver disease, thromboembolic disease

Front 28

If your menopause pt. is getting HRT and they have not undergone a hysterectomy, what hormones is it important that they receive?

Back 28

estrogen and progesterone

Front 29

What are some risk factors for breast cancer?

Back 29

age, hx, family hx, nulliparity, early menarche, late menopause, diest high in animal fat, ETOH, obesity, exogenous hormones, at risk if never had children

Front 30

What are s/s of breast cancer?

Back 30

palpable mass (non-tender, firm, fixed, irregular), unilateral nipple discharge, retraction or dimpling of skin, pos. axillary nodes

Front 31

What are some treatment options for your pt. with breast cancer?

Back 31

surgery, chemo or radiation either before or after surgery, tamoxifen

Front 32

What is tamoxifen?

Back 32

anti-estrogen, causes menopausal symptoms, must monitor pt. for DVT, abnormal vaginal bleeding

Front 33

Explain the different surgeries for breast cancer

Back 33

partial mastectomy - lumpectomy and nodes
modified radical mastectomy - breast and nodes
radical mastectomy - breast, nodes and muscle

Front 34

What are some nursing implications when you have a pt. with breast cancer?

Back 34

body image/sexuality, pain, wound care (drains, dressings), check circulation and sensations to hands if nodes are removed, no BP,injections or blood draws on the effected side(for life)

Front 35

If your pt. just has breast surgery, how should they be positioned?

Back 35

on unoperative side with effected arm higher then the heart (elevated)

Front 36

What is some discharge teaching you should give to your breast cancer pt who has had surgery?

Back 36

wound care, exercises, lymphedema, no bra until incision healed, no shaving for 2 weeks under effected arm, no deodorant, medications

Front 37

What is the best ways to help prevent breast cancer?

Back 37

avoid animal fats, incr. fruits and veggies, decr. protein, exercise

Front 38

What are uterine fibroids(leiomyoma)?

Back 38

benign growths stimulated by estrogen

Front 39

How does a pt. with uterine fibroids usually present?

Back 39

abnormal bleeding (menorrhagia, metrorrhagia)

Front 40

How are uterine fibroids usually treated?

Back 40

medically (GNRH) or surgically (myomectomy or TAH)

Front 41

What are some risk factors for endometrial cancer?

Back 41

obesity, nulliparity (no children), usually older women, late menopause, unopposed estrogen stimulation(needs progesterone)

Front 42

What are s/s of endometrial cancer?

Back 42

abnormal uterine bleeding

Front 43

How is endometrial cancer diagnosed?

Back 43

pap smear, endometrial biopsy

Front 44

What are some treatment options for endometrial cancer?

Back 44

TAH-BSO, radiation/chemo(worse prognosis)

Front 45

What is cervical cancer associated with?

Back 45

HPV(human papilloma virus)

Front 46

What are some risk factors for cervical cancer?

Back 46

early first intercourse, multiple partners(remember: it is an STD), smoking(make HPV grow faster), Hx of STDs

Front 47

What are some s/s of cervical cancer?

Back 47

discharge, dysparunia(pain w. intercourse), metrorrhagia(spotting between periods)

Front 48

How is cervical cancer diagnosed?

Back 48

pap smear, colposcopy, biopsy

Front 49

What are some treatment options for cervical cancer?

Back 49

laser, cryo, LEEP, cone, radiation, TAH

Front 50

What are some ways of preventing cervical cancer?

Back 50

wear condoms, routine pap smears, vaccine against HPV(gardasil)

Front 51

What are some risk factors for ovarian cancer?

Back 51

family hx, high fat diet, nulliparity, early menarche, late menopause

Front 52

What are the s/s of ovarian cancer?

Back 52

none early, then GI symptoms

Front 53

How is ovarian cancer diagnosed?

Back 53

exam, ultrasound, MRI, CA125

Front 54

How is ovarian cancer treated?

Back 54

radical surgery to remove as much tumor as possible, chemo