Amino Acid Metabolism-Urea Cycle

Front 1

Amino Acid Metabolism

Back 1

Happens in Liver

nitrogen is by product

Front 2

Major events in Proteolytic breakdown

Back 2

Parietal cells release HCL in stomach to denature protein
Cheif cells secrete pepsinogen
gatrin stimulates hcl and pepsin
pancreas pumps hco3 into intestine to neutralize ph
fats get emulsified with bile acids from liver
intestinal cells uptake amino acids and pass them to blood as single amino acids

Front 3

Nitrogen Removal

Transamination

Back 3

N cant get into TCA
remove nitrogen and use carbon skeleton (alpha keto acid)

aminotransferase

Front 4

Transamination

Back 4

amino acid hands N group to Piridoxyl phosphate(cofactor) then passed to alpha keto glutarate to become glutamate

Front 5

P

Back 5

PLP=useful because of ring and aldehyde group

helod in enzyme by non covalent bond
when sustrate bonds with PLP makes a shiff base, internal
extenal schiff is more reactive

Front 6

Urea Cycle

Back 6

Happens in LIver, makes TCA cycle intermediate

begins in matrix and ends in cytosol

Front 7

urea cycle in matrix

Back 7

carbamoyl phosphate made by hco3 and atp and nitrogen group (carbamoyl phosphate synthase)

the nitrogen group comes from glutamate into alpha keto glutarate by glutamate dehydrog. and nitrogen released for use

carbamoylphosphate combines with ornithine to make citruline (ornithine trans carbamolyase)

Front 8

continuing urea cycle in cytosol

Back 8

1=citrulline into cytosol
combines with aspartate (2nd nitrogen source) to become argininosuccinate(argininosuccinate synthetase)


2=arginocuccinate becomes arginine and fumarate (TCA cycle)(argininosuccinase)

3=arginine with water turns into orhitine and urea (arginase)

urea diffuses out of cytosol to blood to kidney to get filtered

Front 9

Connections between Urea cycle and TCA cycle

Back 9

insert pic. 63 pg 17

Front 10

ALT alanine aminotransferase

Back 10

transfers the amino group form alanine to alpha ketoglutarate which forms pyruvate and glutamate

Front 11

AST aspartate aminotransferase

Back 11

transfers amino groups grom gutamate to oxaloacetate froming aspartate which is used as a nitrogen source in the urea cycle

Front 12

Glutamine

Back 12

the transfer molecule of amonia
made by glugamate and amonia
takes it to kidney for filtration
abundant in cells