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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are that contributors for the amino acid pool? What are the uses for the pool?
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Contributors: Body protein, dietary protein, synthesis of nonessential amino acids.
Use: Body protein, glucose, glycogen, CO2, ketone bodies, fatty acids, steroids, synthesis of nitrogen containing compounds. |
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What two conditions are associated with protein malnutrition?
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Marasmus and Kwashiorkor
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What is responsible for activation of pepsinogen? Trypsinogen? Chymotrypsinogen, proelastase, procarboxypeptidase?
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Pepsinogen activated by hydrogen.
Trypsinogen activated by enteropeptidase. Chymotrypsin, elastase, and carboxypeptidase activated by trypsin. |
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How are amino acids absorbed from the intestinal lumen?
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Cross the lumenal border by an amino acid-sodium cotransporter powered by the Na/K ATPase.
Cross the venous border by facilitated transport. |
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Through what amino acid do other amino acids go through to break down into urea?
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Aspartate
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What is the function of transaminases in the degradation of amino acids? What enzyme is used?
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Transfers other amino acids to aspartate so they can enter the urea cycle.
Uses pyridoxal phosphate. |
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Why can free ammonium not circulate through the body for excretion?
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pH of 9.3 is very caustic to the body and will cause tissue damage.
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What reaction gets rid of the ammonium in tissues?
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alpha-ketoglutarate conversion to glutamate.
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Through what intermediates do amino acids in the muscle go through before being broken down in the liver?
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Amino acid converted to glutamate via alpha-ketoacid. Glutamate converted to alanine with pyruvate.
Alanine transferred to the liver and converted to carbon and nitrogen sources. Carbon source forms glucose and is transported back to the muscle. Nitrogen enters the urea cycle. |
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Through what intermediates do most tissues go through to allow ammonium to be broken down in the liver?
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alpha-ketoglutarate forms glutamate with ammonium, which forms glutamine with more ammonium.
Glutamine is transferred to the liver and ammonium is released. |
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What steps of the urea cycle occur in the mitochondrion?
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Bicarbonate and ammonium to carbamoyl phosphate by CPS I.
Carbamoyl phosphate and ornithine form citrulline. |
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What steps of the urea cycle occur in the cystosol?
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Citrulline combines with aspartate, then releases fumarate to create arginine.
Arginine releases urea to form ornithine and start over. |
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How does ornithine form in the urea cycle?
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Glutamate from other tissues uses PLP to form ornithine and alpha-ketoglutarate.
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How is carbamoyl phosphate regulated?
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Activated by N-acetyl glutamate
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