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180 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In the election of 1824, who were the four towering candidates?
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Andrew Jackson of TN, Henry Clay of KY, William Crawford of GA, and John Quincy Adams of Mass.
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All four candidates called themselves…
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Republicans
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Henry Clay was the
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Speaker of the House of Representatives
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Jackson got the most…
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popular votes and electoral votes, but failed to get the electoral college majority.
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Who came second in popular and electoral votes?
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John Quincy Adams
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Crawford was fourth in
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the popular vote but third in the electoral votes.
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Clay was 4th in the…
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electoral vote
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12th Amendment:
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Top 3 electoral vote getters would be voted upon in the House and the majority would be elected president.
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Clay was eliminated since…
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He was in 4th
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What about Clay gave him power over who won?
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He was the Speaker of the House
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Crawford had…
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recently suffered a paralytic stroke
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Clay hated _____, so he threw his support behind…
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Jackson, John Quincy Adams, helping him become president.
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Clay was appointed…
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Sec of State, a traditional stepping-stone to the presidency
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Jackson said that he'd been…
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Swindled out of the presidency by career politicians in Washington D.C.
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So Jackson did what in protest?
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Resigned from the Senate
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What three positive traits do the notes ascribe to JQA's character?
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Man of puritanical honor, commanding respect rather than popularity, and competent.
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JQA lacked the…
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People's Touch
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JQA was renowned as
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One of America's greatest diplomats and Secretary for State
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JQA created what doctrine?
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Monroe Doctrine
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JQA only removed 12…
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public employees, refusing to kick out efficient officeholders in favor of his own
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Adams urged Congress to construct…
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Roads and canals, and proposed a national university
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Adams tried to curb…
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Over-speculation of land territories and to deal fairly with Cherokee Indians
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Jacksonians did not give up, and they turned…
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public opinion against an honest and honorable president
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Jackson's supporters fought Adams at…
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Every chance in Congress, limiting his success
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Adams ran for reelection in 1828, but
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Lost 178-83 to Jackson
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Adams and his father were
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The only two presidents not re-elected in America's first 48 years
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Adams defied tradition, and was
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elected to the House of Representatives for 9 terms until he died in 1848
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Jackson was also known as
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Old Hickory
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When Jackson became president, he personified…
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The new West; a genuine folk hero
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Jackson was born in the
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backwoods of the Carolinas
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Jackson was orphaned
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early
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Jackson moved to _____ where he became
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Tennessee, a judge and a congressman
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Jackson had a violent…
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Temper
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What kind of stuff did Jackson get into because of his temper?
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Many duels, fights, and stabbings.
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Jackson was a Western aristocrat [T/F]
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True
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Jackson owned many ______, lived in a fine _______, and he shared many of the…
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slaves, mansion, prejudices of the masses.
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Jackson was from what ideology?
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Anti-federalist, believing federal government was for the privileged only.
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Jackson commanded fear and respect from
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his subordinates
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Jackson ignored what on several occasions?
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Supreme Court
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Jackson used the veto…
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12 times
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How many times had the veto ever been used before Jackson?
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10
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In 1824, Congress…
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increased the general tariff from 23% to 37%
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Wool manufacturers…
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wanted higher tariffs
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In 1828, the general tariff was…
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Raised to 45% and heavy tariffs on raw materials like wool
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Southerners fought the tariff because they…
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sold their cotton without tariffs, but the products they bought were heavily taxed
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Cotton prices were…
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falling and land was growing scarce
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Tariffs led the U.S. to buy…
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less British products and vice versa
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Which part of the country prospered because of the tariffs?
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Northeast
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John C. Calhoun (SC) denounced
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the tariff and called for nullification of the tariff by all states.
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Congress passed the Tariff of
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1832, which lowered the tariff to 35%
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Many southerners still
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hated the tariff
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In 1832, the S.C. legislature
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declared the tariff of 1832 to be void within S.C. boundaries
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SC also threatened
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secession against the Union, causing a huge problem
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Jackson issued a proclamation
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against SC
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Governor Hayne issued a
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counter-proclamation
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Secession loomed…
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dangerously
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Compromise Tariff of 1833 gradually…
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reduced tariff by 10% over 8 years.
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Federal policy was to acquire land from Indians through
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formal treaties
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But oftentimes, the Indians were…
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Tricked
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Cherokkees were among the few that tried to…
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adopt American ways
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What four things did the Cherokees do to adopt American ways?
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Settled agriculture, devised an alphabet, legislated legal code in 1808, and adopted a written constitution in 1827
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In 1828, Congress declared Cherokee tribal council illegal and
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asserted its jurisdiction over Indian lands and affairs
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The Cherokees won
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in the Supreme Court
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But Jackson refused to…
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recognize decision
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Jackson proposed Cherokee be…
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transferred West of the Mississippi
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1830: Congress passé the
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Indian Removal Act and moved Cherokee from the deep South to Oklahoma.
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Thousands died on the
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Trail of Tears, after being uprooted from their sacred lands that had been theirs for centuries
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What three tribes are mentioned to have been uprooted?
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Cherokee, Muscogee, and Seminoles
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1832: In Illinois and Wisconsin, the
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Sauk and Fox tribes revolted but were crushed
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Seminoles waged
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Guerrilla warfare, but were broken after Osceola was tricked and seized
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Some Seminoles fled deeper
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into the Everglades of Florida
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Some Seminoles moved to
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Oklahoma
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Jackson the Democrat ran in 1832 for reelection against
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Henry Clay, the Republican
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New third party, the Anti-Masonic Party, shared
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Jacksonian ideals, but was against Jackson because he was a mason.
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For the first time, national conventions
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were held to nominate candidates
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Clay had money and the
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support of the press, but Jackson won, handing Clay his third loss
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Jackson spent much of his second term dealing with
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banking issues
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In 1835 was the
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first attempted assassination of a president failed
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Under Jackson, the modern _________ came into being
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two-party system of politics
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Opponents of Jackson despised his
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iron-fisted nature
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Opponents of Jackson coalesced into the
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Whig Party, united only by their dislike of Jackson and a belief in the supremacy of Congress over the president
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Jackson was too old to
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run again in 1836
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Jackson selected who to succeed him?
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Martin Van Buren
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On the last day of his presidency, Jackson admitted two regrets:
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"that he had been unable to shoot Henry Clay or to hang John C. Calhoun"
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Whigs were disorganized, but hoped that no one would
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win an electoral majority and that they could win the election in the House of Representatives
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Van Buren barely…
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Won
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Van Buren was the first president to have been
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born in U.S.A.
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When did Mexico gain independence?
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1823
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Stephen Austin made an agreement to…
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bring about 300 families into a huge tract of granted land to settle
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What were the stipulations that these families needed to meet?
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Must become Mexican citizens, must become Catholic, no slavery allowed
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What happened to these stipulations?
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They were largely ignored by the new settlers
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In 1830, Mexico…
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freed its slaves and prohibited them in Texas, much to the anger of citizens
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In 1833, Stephen Austin…
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Went to Mexico City to clear up differences and was jailed for 8 months
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In 1835, Dictator Santa Anna…
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Raised an army against Texans
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In 1836, the Texans…
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declared independence
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After slaughters at the Alamo and at Goliad, Sam Houston did what three things?
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defeated Santa Anna, captured him, and forced him to sign a treaty later negated on grounds of duress
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Texas was supported by…
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the U.S.
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Jackson didn't recognize Texas independence until
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his last day in office after Van Buren was his successor
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Many Texans wanted to join the U.S. but
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slavery blocked this
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Before 1793 invention of Eli Whitney's cotton gin…
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slavery was a dying business
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What about slavery was dying?
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South was burdened with depressed prices, unmarketable goods, and over-cropped lands
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Then growing cotton became…
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wildly profitable, easier, and more slaves were needed
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The North transported the cotton to
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England and Europe, so they were partly responsible for the slave trade
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The South produced more than half of
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the world's cotton
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Cotton ruined the soil and always needed
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more land
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But Cotton profits were…
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quick and high
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Economic structure of the cotton industry became…
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increasingly monopolistic: smaller farmers sold their land to the large estate owners when their land gave out.
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Slaves were valuable, but might
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run away and be killed by disease
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Cotton led to a
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one-crop economy whose price level was at the mercy of world markets
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In 1850, only 1,733 families…
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owned more than 100 slaves
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These 1,733 families were a
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wealthy aristocracy with big houses and huge plantations
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Beneath the 1,733, were
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whites that owned one or two, or a small family of slaves who worked alongside them to cultivate the land.
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3/4ths of the South were
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slaveless whites that raised corn and hogs and lived simply and poorly
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Many slaveless whites defended slavery because
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they hoped to own slaves one day
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By 1860, free blacks in the South numbered about
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250,000
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Many free blacks owned…
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property
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Free blacks couldn't work in some jobs, and were
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forbidden to testify against whites
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Free Blacks were also unpopular where?
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In the North
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Some states denied the entrance of who?
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Free Blacks
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Most denied free blacks what two things?
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The right to vote and most barred them from public schools
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Slave importation banned when?
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1808
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Smuggling of slaves continued due to
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their high demand
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Slaves were an investment, and thus
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treated better and spared the most dangerous jobs
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Slavery created majorities or near-majorities
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of slaves in the Deep South
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Slave revolts had never been successful, but
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the 1831 Nat Turner revolt terrified whites
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By 1860, virtually all slaves were
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not Africans, but native-born African-Americans
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January 1st, 1831: William Lloyd Garrison
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published The Liberator, anti-slavery newspaper
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Black abolitionist escaped slave Frederick Douglas looked to
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politics to solve the slavery problem
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Douglass and others backed what three parties?
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Liberty Party (1840), Free Soil Party (1848), Republican Party (1850s)
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Many northern free blacks were
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persecuted and harassed
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In the South, abolitionists increasingly…
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came under attack
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Abolitionists were unpopular even in the North because
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many people believed in the value of slavery compromises in the Constitution
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Many abolitionists' speeches provoked
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violence and mob outbursts in the North
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1835: William Lloyd Garrison escaped
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a mob that dragged him around the streets of Boston
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1837: Reverend Elijah Lovejoy printing press was
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destroyed 3 times in St. Louis
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Lovejoy's printing presses were destroyed three times, so he
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moved across the river to free-state Illinois
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His fourth printing press was
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destroyed and he died in a shoot out with a mob.
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South owed the North
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$300 million by the late 1850s
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Northern factories depended on
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Southern cotton
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Whig leaders Henry Clay and Daniel Webster planned to control
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newly-elected President William Harrison
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Harrison contracted
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pneumonia, and died four weeks after inauguration.
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Harrison was the first president to
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die in office
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New president was
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John Tyler, a Virginian who did not agree with Whigs pro-bank, pro-tariff, or pro-internal improves, but was more of a (southern) Democrat
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Succession issue:
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Acting President or President?
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Tyler signed a financial reform law ending
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Ending the independent treasury system
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Tyler vetoed a
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new Bank of the U.S. bill, but since Clay didn't try hard enough to work with Tyler and get it passed, Tyler vetoed it
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After Tyler vetoed the bill, the entire cabinet
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resigned except for Webster (Sec of State)
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Texas had made treaties with what countries for protection against Mexico?
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France, Holland, and Belgium
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Britain wanted an independent Texas to
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check American expansionism
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U.S. wanted Texas
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in the Union
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U.S. couldn't just annex Texas without
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a war with Mexico
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Texas would boost U.S.
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cotton production and provide much more land
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Who was nominated for the 1844 election?
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Democrats selected James Polk, Whigs picked Henry Clay
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Henry Clay was a
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popular Whig who'd lost twice before
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James Polk was
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a dark-horse candidate because Democrats couldn't agree on anyone else
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Polk had been
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Speaker of the House and governor of TN
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Democrats advocated
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Manifest Destiny: The concept that the U.S. was destined to expand across the continent and get as much land as possible
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Polk won
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170-105
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Polk said his election was a
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mandate for manifest destiny
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1845: Texas
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invited to become the 28th State
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Under Polk, the Oregon border issue was
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settled
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England said the border was at
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Columbia River 42°
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U.S. wanted the border at
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54°40 latitude
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England proposed a line where?
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At the 49° parallel (excluding Vancouver)
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U.S. got a bit more land than
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England did, but "Why all of Texas and not all of Oregon?"
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Polk wanted California but
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U.S.-Mexican relations were strained
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Polk sent an envoy to buy California for
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$25 Million, but Mexico refused to see him
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Polk forced a showdown on January 13, 1846
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Ordering 4000 men to march to the Rio Grande, provocatively near Mexican troops
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April 1846: Mexican troops
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cross the Rio Grande and kill or wound 16 Americans
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Polk pushed Congress for a
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declaration of war
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Polk hoped to beat
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Mexico up and get California
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General Kearny led 1,700 troops to
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Santa Fe
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General Zachary Taylor invaded Mexico and
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repelled 20,000 Mexicans with only 5,000 men
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General Winfield Scott led
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troops into Mexico City
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, February 2, 1848:
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Gave to U.S. all Mexican territory from Texas to California north of the Rio Grande; U.S. paid $15 million to Mexico, forgave $3.5 million in debts
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U.S. lost
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13,000 soldiers, mostly by disease
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U.S. soldiers got
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valuable battle experience (Grant and Lee)
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Wilmot Proviso:
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No slavery in the Mexican territories
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The Wilmot Proviso never
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passed the Senate (north and south equal)
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Wilmot Proviso raised the question of
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slavery 13 years before the start of the Civil War
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