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26 Cards in this Set
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unilateral action (national) |
Independence acts of foreign policy undertaken by a nation without the assistance or coordination of other nations. |
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multilateral action (national) |
Foreign policy carried out by a nation in coordination with other nations or international organizations. |
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isolationalism |
the idea that a country should refrain from involvement in international affairs. |
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internationalism |
the idea that a country should be involved in the affairs of other nations, out of both self-interest and moral obligation. |
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realism |
the idea that a country's foreign policy decisions are motivated by self-interest and the goal of gaining more power. |
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idealism |
the idea that a country's foreign policy decisions are based on factors beyond self-interest, including upholding important principles or values. |
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constructivism |
the idea that foreign policy is shaped by how a state's leaders define the national interest, ideology, and other factors. |
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Monroe Doctrine |
the American policy initiated under President James Monroe in 1823 stating that the United States would remain neutral in conflicts between European nations, and that these nations should stop colonizing occupying areas of North and South America. |
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Cold War (1945-1991) |
the period of tension and arms competition between the United States and the Soviet Union. |
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containment |
an important feature of American Cold War policy in which the United States used diplomatic, economic, and military strategies in an effort to prevent the Soviet Union from expanding its influence.
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mutually assured destruction |
two nations that possess large stores of nuclear weapons would both be annihilated in any nuclear exchange, thus making it unlikely that either country would launch a first attack. |
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detente |
- begin in 1970 s - an approach to foreign policy in which cultural exchanges and negotiations are used to reduce tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. |
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after Cold War: Human rights, trade, terrorism, and other concerns Bush Doctrine |
the United States would use military force preemptively against threats to its national security. |
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Department of State - head - the secretary of state |
official spokesperson for the United States in foreign relations and is an important adviser to the president.` |
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the Department of Defense |
- carries out military actions as ordered by civilian authorities, ranging from full-scale wars to smaller operations such as the ongoing drone attacks against Al Qaeda forces throughout the Middle East. -deliver humanitarian aid and help American citizens evacuate from areas of conflicts. (not only the use of military force) |
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civilian control |
the idea that military leaders do not formulate military policy, but rather implement directives from civilian leaders. |
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Department of Homeland Security |
- was formed after the 911 attacks - to secure America's borders, prevent future terrorist attacks, and coordinate intelligence gathering. |
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how can Congress influence on foreign policy |
- the power of purse - the Senate has the power to approve treaties and confirm the appointments of senior members of the president's foreign policy team. -the Constitution grants Congress the power to declare war on other nations (must occur before hostilities) |
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the federal courts |
through judicial review - determine whether laws, regulations, and presidential actions are consistent with the Constitution. |
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International Monetary Fund (IMF): nongovernmental organization (1944); help stabilize the international monetary system, improve economic growth, and aid developing nations. |
World Bank: nongovernmental organization(1944); provides financial support for economic development projects in developing nations. |
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weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) |
weapons that have the potential to cause large-scale loss of life, such as nuclear bombs and chemical or biological weapons. |
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the tools of foreign policy |
-diplomacy(useful but limited) -trade and economic policies -foreign aid -alliances and treaties -military force |
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1. diplomacy: - using personal contact and negotiations with national leaders and representatives to work out international agreements or persuade other nations to change their behavior. -the threat of military action or economic sanctions, or incentives such as economic assistance or other forms of aid.many behind-the-scenes efforts to help resolve international disputes |
2. trade and economic policies main tool: tariffs and trade agreements tariff- a tax levied on imported and exported goods. trade agreement- sets tariff levels or limits the quantities of particular items that can be imported and exported. high tariffs on imports help American producers charge lower prices than foreign producer can, and low tariff on exports help American producer sell to oversea markets. |
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World Trade Organization (WTO): an international organization created in 1995 to oversee trade agreements between nations by facilitating negotiations and handling disputes. |
most-favored-nation status: a standing awarded to countries with which the United States has good trade relations, providing the lowest possible tariff rate. WTO members must give another this preferred status. |
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economic sanctions: Penalties applied by one country or group of countries on another, usually in the form of tariffs or other trade barriers. |
3. foreign aid -reflect the desire to provide basic assistance to satisfy fundamental human needs - serves to stimulate economic growth in other nations and to facilitate international agreements. |
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4. alliance and treaties enables the US to commit itself to a course of actions or signal its intentions to other nations |
5.military force -military forces serve throughout the world as a deterrent to conflict; military exercises by US troops, aircraft, and ships serve to remind potential adversaries of America's military power. - has fought wars and lesser conflicts to further its foreign policy goals |
