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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Compromise of 1850
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a series of bills that wanted to resolve the territorial and slavery controversies arising from the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). There were 5 laws which balanced the interests of the slave states of the South of Missouri and the free states to the north.
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Popular Sovereignty
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a pre-Civil War doctrine asserting the right of the people living in a newly organized territory to decide by vote of their territorial legislature whether or not slavery would be permitted there
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Underground Railroad
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an underground tunnel that helped slaves in the south escape to the north, being as Harriet Tubman has one of the conductors.
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Harriet Tubman
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a conductor of the Underground Railroad.
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Uncle Tom's Cabin
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an anti-slavery novel written by Harriet Breecher Stowe, through nothing is talked about slavery it shows the hardship of which slaves endured.
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Election of 1860
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the 19th quadrennial presidential election. The election was held on Tuesday, November 6, 1860 and served as the immediate impetus for the outbreak of the American Civil War.
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Advantages of the North
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-Had almost 4 times as many free citizens
-Had many people to grow food and to work in factories making supplies -Had more than 70% of the nation's rail linesHad more than 70% of the nation's rail lines -Had a strong navy and a large fleet of private trading ships |
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Advantages of the South
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-Defending their homeland gave them a strong reason to fight
-Had skills that made them good soldiers -Many of the best officers in the United States were from the South |
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Disadvantages of the North
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-Northern soldiers had to conquer a huge area to bring the South back into the Union
-They were invading unfamiliar land |
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Disadvantages of the South
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-Had few factories to produce weapons, railroad tracts, and other supplies
-Had few railroads to move troops and vital supplies -The South had a small population, about 9 million lived in the Confederacy and 22 million in the Union -More than 1/3rd of the population was enslaved; therefore they had fewer people that could be soldiers |
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Anaconda Plan
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the name widely applied to an outline strategy for subduing the seceding states in the American Civil War.
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Emancipation Proclamation
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an order issued to all segments of the Executive branch (including the Army and Navy) of the United States by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, during the American Civil War.
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Gettysburg Address
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a speech by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, considered one of the best-known in American history. November 19, 1863, at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, four and a half months after the Union armies defeated those of the Confederacy at the Battle of Gettysburg.
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Thirteenth Amendment
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the United States Constitution outlaws slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.
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Fourteenth Amendment
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the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments.
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Fifteenth Amendment
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the United States Constitution prohibits each government in the United States from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude" (for example, slavery).
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Black Codes
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laws in the United States after the Civil War with the effect of limiting the civil rights and civil liberties of blacks.
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Impact of Buffalo on Native Americans
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Everything!
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Conflicts between Native Americans and white settlers
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1.Broken treaties, promises (dishonorable conduct, one of the highest Indian laws common to all tribes, punishable by death)
2. Constant aggression by European settlers 3. Invasions upon native lands (people breaking Indian law on Indian lands) 4. constant encroachment and pushing back the native populations 5. unfair treatment and trade negotiations 6. Failure of the natives to recognize the Catholic Church, or Rulers in Europe as divine, or supreme rulers (from De Indius De Jure Bella (of Indians and Lawful war) F. Victoria, 1532) |
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Dawes Act
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adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians.
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Assimilation
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To separate from a country
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Homestead Act
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several United States federal laws that gave an applicant ownership of land, typically called a "homestead", at little or no cost.
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"Cross of Gold" Speech
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delivered by William Jennings Bryan, a former United States congressman from Nebraska, at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago on July 9, 1896. In the address, Bryan supported bimetallism or "free silver", which he believed would bring the nation prosperity.
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Inventions and inventors of the Industrial Revolution
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-The Cotton Gin:
Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. This device separates useable cottom from cotton seeds. By using this device one man can easily perform a task that would normally take a full day for many in a group. -The Steel Plow: Invented by John Deere in 1837. Deere realized that cast-iron plows used in the east could not handle tough Midwest soil. Deere created a plow made of easy polished steel materials that sliced through hay and soil easily. -The Steamboat: Built the first steamboat in 1807. This was a steampowered boat known as the North River Steamboat & reached speed up to 6mph to go upstream. Passenger service between NYC & NJ. It was a commercial success. -The Sewing Machine: Invented by Elias Howe in 1845. Major improvement was that he put a groove in the needle running away from the point, starting from the eye. Popular design that when going to Europe, people stole his design. -The Telegraph: Invented by Samuel Morse in 1835. Signals could be transmitted by wire using pulses of cu |
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Effects of the Railroads
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If farmers wanted to ship their crops to market, it had to go by riverboat or train. Towns that had railroads prospered; town's that didn't dried up and blew away.
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Treatment of Industrial Workers
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clearly not..they had unfair work..low pay..high wages..lots of hours each day and the conditions that existed in the factories were unsafe and dangerous.
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Social Darwinism
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Theory that persons, groups, and “races” are subject to the same laws of natural selection as Charles Darwin had proposed for plants and animals in nature. "Survival of the Fittest".
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Vertical Integration
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When a company expands its business into areas that are at different points on the same production path, such as when a manufacturer owns its supplier and/or distributor.
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Horizontal Integration
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The acquisition of additional business activities that are at the same level of the value chain in similar or different industries.
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Laissez faire
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a doctrine opposing governmental interference in economic affairs beyond the minimum necessary for the maintenance of peace and property rights
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Rise of unions
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Unions opposed an increase in the number of people willing to work for low wages and who are unlikely to join unions.
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Strikes of the industrial revolution
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the Homestead strike or the Ludlow Massacre, ended in violence as industry owners hired armed guards to break the strikes.
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Old immigrants
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started coming to the "New World" or North America from 1820-1860 from northern or western Europe [German, English, and Norwegian]. Mostly Protestants. Literate and skillful in professions. Came to America with families and had money/wealth. Experienced in democracy.
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New Immigrants
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started coming to North America from 1880-1924 from southern or eastern Europe [Italians, Poles, eastern Europe Jews]. Religions were either Catholic, Orthodox, or Jewish. Illiterate and unskilled (with some exceptions, for example some of the Jews were tailors). They came alone and with little to no money on them (again with some exceptions).
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Push Factors
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reasons people would leave a place to go somewhere else/ offers a better life somewhere else.
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Pull Factors
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a positive factor exerted by the locality towards which people move.
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Ellis Island
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in Upper New York Bay, was the gateway for millions of immigrants to the United States as the nation's busiest immigrant inspection station from 1892 until 1954.
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Angel Island
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in San Francisco Bay that offers expansive views of the San Francisco skyline, the Marin County Headlands and Mount Tamalpais.
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Nativism
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the political position of demanding a favored status for certain established inhabitants of a nation as compared to claims of newcomers or immigrants.
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Chinese Exclusion Act
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passed by Congress and signed by President Chester A. Arthur. This act provided an absolute 10-year moratorium on Chinese labor immigration. For the first time, Federal law proscribed entry of an ethnic working group on the premise that it endangered the good order of certain localities.
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Problems in urban areas
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Dirty streets, sanitation, transportation
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Goals of political machines
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it used both, legal and illegal, methods to get candidates elected to public office.
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Services provided by political machines
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he machine provided immigrants with social services and jobs in return for their vote
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Booker T Washington
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an African-American educator, author, orator, and advisor to Republican presidents
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W.E.B. Du Bois
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an American sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, author and editor
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Plessy v Ferguson
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a landmark United States Supreme Court decision in the jurisprudence of the United States, upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal."
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Jim Crow Laws
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state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. They mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities in Southern states of the former Confederacy, with, starting in 1890, a "separate but equal" status for African Americans.
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Poll Tax
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used as a de facto or implicit pre-condition of the exercise of the ability to vote. This tax emerged in some states of the United States in the late 19th century as part of the Jim Crow laws.
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Grandfather clause
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a situation in which an old rule continues to apply to some existing situations, while a new rule will apply to all future situations.
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Goals of the Progressive Movement
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1. Protecting Social Welfare.
2. Fostering Efficiencey. 3. Moral Improvement. 4. Economic Reform. |
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Role of women in the Progressive Movement
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There were more women going on to higher educated during this period, a lot of women were going to university, and many educated women were choosing to stay single to pursue careers rather than marrying.
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Initiative
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a means by which a petition signed by a certain minimum number of registered voters can force a public vote.
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Recall
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a procedure by which voters can remove an elected official from office through a direct vote before his or her term has ended.
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Referendum
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a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal, usually a piece of legislation which has been passed into law by the local legislative body and was signed by the pertinent executive officials.
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Seventeenth Amendment
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the United States Constitution established direct election of United States Senators by popular vote .
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Strategy for Women Suffrage
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--They wrote books--such as "The Great Lawsuit; Man vs. Woman" by Margaret Fuller, and writings by Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, etc.
--They obtained a hearing before every Congress from 1969-1919 ("they" being the National American Woman Suffrage Association) |
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Meat Inspection Act
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a United States Congress Act that works to prevent adulterated or misbranded meat and meat products from being sold as food and to ensure that meat and meat products are slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions.
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Pure Food and Drug Act
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The purpose was to protect the public against adulteration of food and from products identified as healthful without scientific support.
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Sixteenth Amendment
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to the United States Constitution allows the Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on Census results.
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Causes of Imperialism
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1. Political (nationalism, to be the most powerful country by ruling many other countries).
2. Economical (to use other country's resources, recieve cheap labor, have a market for their goods. i.e. Africa). 3. Religious (to spread their religion. i.e. missionaries) 4. Idealogical (believed that their race was better and had to civilize other people by teaching them. i.e. The White Man's burden) 5. Exploratory (people wanted to explore new lands for mapping, etc.) |
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Yellow Journalism
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is a type of journalism that presents little or no legitimate well-researched news and instead uses eye-catching headlines to sell more newspapers.
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Roosevelt Corollary
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to the Monroe Doctrine that was articulated by President Theodore Roosevelt in his State of the Union Address in 1904.
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Arguments against imperialism
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-to annex colonies would violate the "consent of the governed" philosophy in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.
-Despotism abroad might well beget despotism at home. -Imperialism was costly and was unlikely to turn into a profit. -annexation would propel the U.S. into the political and military cauldron of East Asia. |
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Arguments for imperialism
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-played possible trade profits.
-"civilizing mission" |
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"Splendid Little War"
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Ambassador John Hay, writing from London to Theodore Roosevelt, declared that from start to finish it had been "a splendid little war." EASY.
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Open Door Policy
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a concept in foreign affairs, which usually refers to the policy in 1899 allowing multiple Imperial powers access to China, with none of them in control of that country.
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Treaty of Paris
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signed on September 3, 1783, ended the American Revolutionary War between Great Britain on one side and the United States of America and its allies on the other.
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Panama Canal
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a 48-mile (77.1 km) ship canal in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean (via the Caribbean Sea) to the Pacific Ocean.
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Spanish American War
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a conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States, effectively the result of American intervention in the ongoing Cuban War of Independence. American attacks on Spain's Pacific possessions led to involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately to the Philippine–American War.
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Role of Florida in Spanish American War
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In 1898 national attention focused on Florida as the Spanish-American War began. The port city of Tampa served as the primary staging area for U.S. troops bound for the war in Cuba. The arrival of over 30,000 troops, including Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt and his Rough Riders cavalry unit, changed Tampa from a small town into a city.
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Causes of WWI
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began in central Europe in late July 1914, included intertwined factors, such as the conflicts and hostility of the four decades leading up to the war. Militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism played major roles in the conflict as well.
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U.S. policy at beginning of WWI
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Isolationism
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Lusitania
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a British ocean liner, holder of the Blue Riband and briefly the world's biggest ship. She was launched by the Cunard Line in 1907, at a time of fierce competition for the North Atlantic trade. In 1915 she was torpdoed and sunk by a German U-boat, with heavy loss of life.
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Zimmerman Note
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a 1917 diplomatic proposal from the German Empire to Mexico to make war against the United States.
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Unrestricted submarine warfare
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a type of naval warfare in which submarines sink merchantmen without warning, as opposed to attacks per prize rules (also known as "cruiser rules").
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Weapons used during WWI
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Rifle, Machine Gun, Zeppelin, Tank, Planes, Torpedeos.
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Treatment of minorities during WWI
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although African Americans were earning higher positions in the Army, that did not necessarily mean they were getting equal treatment.
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Great Migration
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the movement of 6 million African Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the Northeast, Midwest, and West from 1910 to 1970.
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Trench Warfare
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a form of occupied fighting lines consisting largely of trenches, in which troops are significantly protected from the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery.
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Selective Service Act
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Selective Draft Act, enacted May 18, 1917, for the American entry into World War I
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Committee on Public Information
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also known as the CPI or the Creel Committee, was an independent agency of the government of the United States created to influence U.S. public opinion regarding American participation in World War I.
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Espionage Act
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is a United States federal law passed on June 15, 1917, shortly after the U.S. entry into World War I.
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Sedition Act
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was an Act of the United States Congress that extended the Espionage Act of 1917 to cover a broader range of offenses, notably speech and the expression of opinion that cast the government or the war effort in a negative light or interfered with the sale of government bonds.
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War Industries Board
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a United States government agency established on July 28, 1917, during World War I, to coordinate the purchase of war supplies.
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Food Administration
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the responsible agency for the administration of the Allies' food reserves during the United States' participation in World War I
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Treaty of Versailles
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one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
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Fourteen Points
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a statement of principles contained in a speech given by United States President Woodrow Wilson to a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1918. The points encompassed war aims as forwarded by Wilson, and a general guideline for a post-war order and frontiers.
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Nativism
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the political position of demanding a favored status for certain established inhabitants of a nation as compared to claims of newcomers or immigrants.
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Isolationism
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the policy or doctrine of isolating one's country from the affairs of other nations by declining to enter into alliances, foreign economic commitments, foreign trade, international agreements, etc., seeking to devote the entire efforts of one's country to its own advancement and remain at peace by avoiding foreign entanglements and responsibilities.
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Red Scare
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denotes the promotion of fear of a potential rise of communism or radical leftism, used by anti-leftist proponents.
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Palmer Raids
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attempts by the United States Department of Justice to arrest and deport radical leftists, especially anarchists, from the United States.
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Sacco and Vanzetti
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were suspected anarchists who were convicted of murdering two men during a 1920 armed robbery of a shoe factory in South Braintree, Massachusetts, United States. After a controversial trial and a series of appeals, the two Italian immigrants were executed on August 23, 1927.
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Impact of the automobile
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changed the US's landscape because there was more roads being constructed, gas stations were being built and also tourist destinations, motels, shopping centers sprung up all over America. It also liberated the isolated rural families because now it was easier to travel to faraway places and it also allowed workers to live miles away from their work. There was an urban sprawl in cities all over the country.
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