American History Exam

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tobacco

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Cash Crop used primarily for smoking.

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tobacco significance

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Cultivation and exports formed an essential component of the American colonial economy during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. plantations were distinct from other cash crops in terms of agricultural demands, trade, slave labor, and plantation culture. Many influential American revolutionaries, including Thomas Jefferson and George Washington, owned tobacco plantations, and were financially devastated by debt to British tobacco merchants shortly before the American Revolution.

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proprietary colony

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were grants of land in the form of a charter, or a license to rule, for individuals or groups. They were used to settle areas rapidly with British subjects at the proprietors' expense during the costly settlement years. Also, they could be used by the Crown to repay a debt to, or bestow a favor upon, a highly placed person.

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proprietary colony significance

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Charters replaced the trading company as the dominant settlement device, beginning with Maryland's royal grant in 1632.

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virginia plan

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was a proposal by Virginia delegates for a bicameral legislative branch.[1] The plan was drafted by James Madison while he waited for a quorum to assemble at the Constitutional Convention of 1787.[2][3]

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virginia plan significance

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It was notable for its role in setting the overall agenda for debate in the convention and, in particular, for setting forth the idea of population-weighted representation in the proposed national legislature.

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french and indian war

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is the American name for the North American theater of the Seven Years' War. The war was fought primarily between the colonies of British America and New France, with both sides supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France.

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french and indian war significance

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Was important because it ended the period of Salutary Neglect of the English colonies in North America. The British government began to tax the colonies in new ways to repay for the expense of their defense, and to support the troops posted in the colonies. The colonists felt that they should be able to settle west of the Appalachian mountains. Instead the British wanted to keep it unsettled so they could profit from the fur trade developed by the French there. The colonists bitterly resented the Line of Demarcation that kept them out of the new territory.

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articles of confederation

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The original constitution of the United States, ratified in 1781, which was replaced by the US Constitution in 1789.

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articles of confederation significance

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was significant because the 13 colonies for the first time vested certain powers in a national government. After the revolution, these colonies went back to holding the power of government unto themselves until the continental congress discarded it and replaced them with the US Constitution.

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enlightenment

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was a cultural movement of intellectuals in the 17th and 18th centuries, which began first in Europe and later in the American colonies.

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enlightenment significance

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It marks a time when philosophers across Europe as well as in the North American colonies presented a fundamental challenge to many long-held beliefs and traditional dogmas, resulting in significant societal upheaval, most notably the American and French Revolutions.

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stamp act

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imposed a direct tax by the British Parliament specifically on the colonies of British America, and it required that many printed materials in the colonies be produced on stamped paper produced in London, carrying an embossed revenue stamp.

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stamp act significance

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hese taxes were forced on the people without their consent. remember in school " no taxation without representation?" that's where that comes from! today we send people to congress to vote on whether a tax is needed or wanted. this was the act that tipped the balance over in deciding to go to war for independence.

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intolerable acts

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was the Patriot name for a series of punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 relating to Massachusetts after the Boston Tea party.

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intolerable acts significance

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The acts stripped Massachusetts of self government and historic rights, triggering outrage and resistance in the Thirteen Colonies. They were key developments in the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1775.

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lexington and concord

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were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War.

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lexington and concord significance

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The battles marked the outbreak of open armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its thirteen colonies in the mainland of British North America.

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common sense

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a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine.

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common sense significance

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presented the American colonists with an argument for freedom from British rule at a time when the question of seeking independence was still undecided

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columbian exchange

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was a dramatically widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations (including slaves), communicable disease, and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres following the voyage to the Americas by Christopher Columbus in 1492.

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columbian exchange significance

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it greatly affected almost every society on earth, bringing destructive diseases that depopulated many cultures, and also circulating a wide variety of new crops and livestock that, in the long term, increased rather than diminished the world human population

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mercantilism

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is the economic doctrine that government control of foreign trade is of paramount importance for ensuring the military security of the country.

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mercantilism significance

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endorsed the use of a monopoly to control access to and from markets such as the East India Companies set up by the British and Dutch or VOC (French). These companies would hold a monopoly over the trade to a licensed area and the colonies fit into the theory as a market for the goods developed in the home country to be exported outward and also for raw materials to be fed from the colonial possessions back to the home country for production

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first great awakening

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Was a Christian revitalization movement that swept Protestant Europe and British America, and especially the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s, leaving a permanent impact on American religion.

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first great awakening significance

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the Colonists realized that religious power resided in their own hands, rather than in the hands of the Church of England, or any other religious authority. After a generation or two passed with this kind of mindset, the Colonists came to realize that political power did not reside in the hands of the English monarch, but in their own will for self-governance (consider the wording of the Declaration of Independence).

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townshed acts

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were a series of acts passed beginning in 1767 by the Parliament of Great Britain relating to the British colonies in North America

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townshed acts significance

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The acts posed an immediate threat to established traditions of colonial self-government, especially the practice of taxation through representative provincial assemblies. They were resisted everywhere with verbal agitation and physical violence, deliberate evasion of duties, renewed nonimportation agreements among merchants, and overt acts of hostility toward British enforcement agents, especially in Boston.

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three fifths clause

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was a compromise between Southern and Northern states reached during the Philadelphia convention of 1787 in which three-fifths of the enumerated population of slaves would be counted for representation purposes regarding both the distribution of taxes and the apportionment of the members of the United States House of Representatives

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three fifths clause significance

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increased Southern political power. Five states had significant numbers of slaves; these five states represented roughly a 38 percent fraction of the new nation. But at the first U.S. Congress, in the wake of the Three-Fifth Compromise, these slave-holding states had roughly 45 percent of the representatives.

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albany plan

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a proposal to create a unified government for the Thirteen Colonies, suggested by Benjamin Franklin, then a senior leader of 48 and a delegate from Pennsylvania

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albany plan significance

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More than twenty representatives of several northern and mid-Atlantic colonies had gathered to plan their defense related to the French and Indian War, the front in North America of the Seven Years War between Great Britain and France. The Plan represented an early attempt to form a union of the colonies "under one government as far as might be necessary for defense and other general important purposes.

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declaratory act

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was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain, which accompanied the repeal of the Stamp Act 1765.

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declaratory act significance

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Parliament repealed the Sugar Act because boycotts were hurting British trade and used the declaration to justify the repeal and save face. The declaration stated that Parliament's authority was the same in America as in Britain and asserted Parliament's authority to pass laws that were binding on the American colonies.

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new jersey plan

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Was a proposal for the structure of the United States Government presented by William Paterson at the Constitutional Convention on June 15, 1787.

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new jersey plan significance

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The plan was created in response to the Virginia Plan, which called for two houses of Congress, both elected with apportionment according to population.The less populous states were adamantly opposed to giving most of the control of the national government to the more populous states, and so proposed an alternative plan that would have kept the one-vote-per-state representation under one legislative body from the Articles of Confederation. was opposed by James Madison and Edmund Randolph (the proponents of the Virginia Plan).

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"all men are created equal"

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has been called an "immortal declaration", and "perhaps [the] single phrase" and popularized as "theory of prediction" of the United States Revolutionary period with the greatest "continuing importance".[1][2] Thomas Jefferson first used the phrase in the Declaration of Independence. It was thereafter quoted or incorporated into speeches by a wide array of substantial figures in American political and social life in the United States.

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northwest ordinances

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was an act of the Congress of the Confederation of the United States, passed July 13, 1787. The primary effect of the ordinance was the creation of the Northwest Territory.

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northwest ordinances significance

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the first organized territory of the United States, from lands south of the Great Lakes, north and west of the Ohio River, and east of the Mississippi River.