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164 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Christopher Columbus
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1492 discovered the Americas
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Columbian Exchange
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the transatlantic trade of crops, technology, and culture between the Americas and Europe, Africa, and Asia that began in 1492 with Columbus's first voyage to the Americas.
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1607
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first permanent colony established in the North America called Jamestown
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French and Indian War
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1756-1763, struggle between the British and the French, the British won and took ober certain French possessions in North America, created a huge war debt for Great Britain which will be a cause for the American Revolution, the British started taxing the colonists to relieve themselves from the war debt.
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Magna Carta
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1215, cornerstone in English justice and influenced our Founding Fathers, it contained due process and the right to a fair and speedy trial
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English Bill of Rights
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English document passed in 1698, guarantees certain rights to English citizens and declared elections for Parliament would happen frequently, influenced the writers of the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution.
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Mercantilism
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an economic theory which states that a nation's wealth is based on the amount of gold and silver in its treasury, trade was an alternative to the gold and silver, America contributed to the system by providing raw materials to England
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Declaration of Independence
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a document adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, it established the colonies as free and independent states, free form rule by Great Britain, written by Thomas Jefferson
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1776
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year that the American colonies declared themselves independent from the British
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King George III
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king of England during the American Revolution
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Federalism
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the distribution of power between a federal government and the states within a union
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Checks and Balances
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US Constitution authorizes that each branch of government to share its pwers with other branches and thereby check their activities and power
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Separation of Powers
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separating the powers of government between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches
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Popular Sovereignty
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the concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government
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Representative Government
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power is held by the people and exercised through the efforts of representatives elected by those people
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Republicanism
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a philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving the will of the people
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Individual Rights
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rights in the Bill of Rights that protect economic rights relatid to property, political rights related to freedom of speech and press, and personal rights related to the right to bear arms and maintain a private residence
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Unalienable (Inalienable) Rights
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fundamental rights or natural rights guaranteed to people naturally instead of by law
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Marbury vs. Madison
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landmark Supreme Court case, established the principle of judicial review
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Judicial Review
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the judicial branch is responsible for interpreting and applying laws and ensuring they are constitutional, judges review laws and determine constitutionality of laws
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Mayflower Compact
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1620, drafted by the Pilgrims, first written form of government in America and set example of majority rule
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Articles of Confederation
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The USA's first constitution, limited the national government's power, most of the power was held by the states, will be replaced by the US Constitution in 1787
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Federalist Papers
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a series of articles written to persuade the colonist to vote for the new Constitution, it explained the republican form of government, written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay
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Federalists
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those favoring the US Constitution and the federalist form of government
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Anti-Federalists
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those opposed to the US Constitution
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Philadelphia Convention of 1787
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its purpose was to revise the Articles of Confederation, instead it was scrapped and the US Constitution was written
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1787
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year the US Constitution was written
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U.S. Constitution
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a document that outlines the powers of government
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Bill of Rights
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1st ten amendments, protects individual rights, added to the US Constitution to please the Anti-federalists
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1st Amendment
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freedom of speech, religion, press, petition, assembly
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2nd Amendment
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right to bear arms
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3rd Amendment
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no quartering of soldiers
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4th Amendment
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search and seizures
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5th Amendment
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rights of accused, double jeopardy
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6th Amendment
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fair and speedy trial
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7th Amendment
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jury trial in federal cases
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8th Amendment
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no cruel and unusual punishment and no excessive bail
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9th Amendment
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rights to the people
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10th Amendment
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powers to the states
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George Washington
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1st president of the USA and the leader of the Continental Army during the American Revolution
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Thomas Jefferson
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wrote the Declaration of Independence and 3rd United States president
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James Madison
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known as the "Father of the Constitution", wrote the US Constitution and the Bill of Rights
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Founding Fathers
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those individuals that played an important role in declaring independence, fighting the Revolutionary War and writing the US Constitution
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Thomas Paine
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wrote Common Sense, a pamphlet calling the colonists to unite against the abuses of the British
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George Mason
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His writings, especially the Virginia Declaration of Rights, were models for the US Constitution
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Ben Franklin
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founding father, helped write the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution, responsible for the alliance with France
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Samuel Adams
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Helped organize the Sons of Liberty to protest British government
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Marquis de Lafayette
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French citizen that played an important role in the American Revolution
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Battle of Lexington and Concord
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battle that started the American Revolution
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Battle of Saratoga
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French joined us after we defeated the British at Saratoga
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Battle of Yorktown
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British surrendered and the war was over
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1803
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USA acquired the Louisiana Purchase from the French
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Bessemer Steel Process
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process of removing impurities from iron to make steel, cheap and fast way to produce steel, increased the Industrial Revolution
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Industrial Revolution
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new sources of power freed manufacturers to experiment with new ways to make products, a period of rapid industrial growth, machine made products were cheaper and more profitable
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1861 - 1865
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years of the Civil War
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Plantation System
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a system of agricultural production based on large scale land ownership and the exploitation of labor and the environment
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Nullification Crisis
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Congress passed a high tariff to protect US interest from competition from foreign trade, it angered southerners who dealt with foreign merchants, southerners favored freedom of trade, South Carolina declared the tariff null within its borders, to prevent a civil war the tariff was reduced slowly
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John C. Calhoun
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spokesman for states rights in the early 1800s, person that led South Carolina to nullify the Tariff of 1828
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Dred Scott vs Sandford
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a landmark Supreme Court case in 1857 which confirmed the status of slaves as private property
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Slave trade
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millions of Africans came to the Americas on slave ships from the 1490s to the 1790s for labor in the New World
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abolitionist movement
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movement to abolish slavery
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Frederick Douglass
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writer and orator, spoke about Civil Rights and freedom
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Sojourner Truth
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abolitionist
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Robert E. Lee
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Confederate (South) general during the Civil War
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Jefferson Davis
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president of the Confederate States of America (South)
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Ulysses S. Grant
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Union general during the Civil War and future president of the USA
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Abraham Lincoln
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president of the Union during the Civil War, preserved the unity of the USA and took steps to end slavery
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Emancipation Proclamation
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issued by Lincoln, declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states to be free on January 1, 1863
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Gettysburg Address
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1863, Lincoln's speech at the site of the Battle of Gettysburg to dedicate a national cemetery
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13th Amendment
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Freed the slaves, passed during Reconstruction
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14th Amendment
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protected the rights of citizens, gave freed slaves citizenship, passed during Reconstruction
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15th Amendment
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granted male black men the right to vote, passed during Reconstruction
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Radical Reconstruction Congress
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Radical Republicans of the north wanted harsh treatment of the South and quick incorporation of the freedman into citizenship with full privileges including voting rights for all African Americans, government seizure of land from plantations for redistribution to freedmen, and funding of schools for African Americans
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Reconstruction
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1867 - 1877, post-Civil War period, rebuilding the South and re-admitting the southern states into the Union
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1877
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military Reconstruction ends in the South
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Transcontinental Railroad
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first railroad to connect the east and west coasts, built by immigrants
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Manifest Destiny
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belief that America was destined to have land from sea to sea, as we moved westward it increased conflict between the Americans and the Native Americans and Mexicans
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Homestead Act
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government gave 160 acres of land to settlers in the west for a small price
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Great Plains
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the high grassland region of Central North America
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Populist Party
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third party that wanted an increased circulation of money, the unlimited minting of silver, an income tax and government ownership of transportation and communication systems
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Interstate Commerce Act
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1887, effort to regulate the railroad monopolies
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William Jennings Bryan
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politician and orator that supported reforms that helped ordinary people, he favored women's suffrage, an income tax, and prohibition, ran for president three times and lost, was a lawyer in the Scopes trial and denounced the teaching of evolution in schools
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Dawes Act
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1887, dissolved the Native American tribes, gave the heads of family 160 acres to farm, Act tried to assimilate Native Americans, some Natives refused and stayed on the reservations
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Indian Policies
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American government tried to kill them, remove them and finally put them on reservations
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Andrew Carnegie
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one of the wealthiest men in the world, earned fortune through the steel industry
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Growth of Labor Unions
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the rights of laborers were undermined as industrialization grew in America, Workers unionized to protect their rights as a worker, to fight for increase in pay, shorter working hours
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Immigrants
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immigration increased from 1850 - 1900, most immigrant moved into urban areas
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Ellis Island
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immigrant processing center in New York
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Angel Island
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immigrant processing center in San Francisco
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Nativism
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favoring native born Americans over immigrants
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Gilded Age
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1870-1915, a time of corruption in American history
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Civil Sevice Reform
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1833, to reduce the power of political machines, congress created standards for political service, it established a commission to develop a test to administer to those seeking a job in the government
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Political Machines
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informal organizations that controlled government, created by elected officials to stay in power
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Child Labor
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children worked in factories up until the late 19th century
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Big Business
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a. Trust
b. Monopoly c. Sherman Antitrust Act |
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Sherman Antitrust Act
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1890, government tried to control monopolies, the act outlawed trusts which monopolized and restrained free trade
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Progressives
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group that takes over due to the Gilded Age. They wanted to reform the corruption in government from the Gilded Age.
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Progressive Era
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political movement of the early 1900's, purpose was to reform the government, society, and economy, it is a reaction of the Gilded Age
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Initiative
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the process by which special interest groups, through voter participation, propose bills to their legislature for a vote
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Recall
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voters hold the power to remove an elected official from office befor the next scheduled election
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Referendum
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the process by which voters approve bills offered by legislation through voting
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Third Parties
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a minority party seeking to voice reforms, they reflect change and often contribute new ideas to politics, a third party is any party that is not one of the two dominate parties, Republican or Democrat.
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Robert LaFollette
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led the Progressive Party in the 1920's favored the breakup of corporate monopolies and trusts, public control of the nation's resources, farm relief, and reduced income taxes
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Eugene Debs
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supported unionization and labor reforms, opposed strikes and favored negotiation as a means to improve the conditions for laborers
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16th Amendment
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gave Congress the power to tax income, 1913
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17th Amendment
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guaranteed direct elections of senators by the voters, 1913
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W.E.B. DuBois
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leading African American leader, first African American to earn a Ph.D., he earned it from Harvard University, active in the formation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
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Booker T. Washington
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African American leader, he wanted all African Americans to become financially independent by learning a trade
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Susan B. Anthony
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a leading force in the woman's suffrage movement
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton
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Author of the Declaration of the Rights of Women, wanted the vote for women and organized the first women's rights convention, the Seneca Falls Convention
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19th Amendment
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women suffrage
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Suffrage
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voting
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Shirly Chisholm
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first African American woman elected to Congress and the first to run as a candidate for president
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Imperialism
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go out and take countries over and bring civilization to them
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Expansionism
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look to foreign markets for investment, seeking control of foreign trade to bolster the domestic economy
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Monroe Doctrine
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1823, a statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere
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Roosevelt Corollary
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addition to the Monroe Doctrine by Teddy Roosevelt, stated that America had the right to interfere with any country in the Western Hemisphere
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1898
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Spanish American War
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Spanish American War
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Spanish American War is triggered by the explosion of the USS Maine on the island of Cuba, America defeats the Spanish and acquire Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, Cubans receive their freedom from the Spanish by the Americans
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Henry Cabot Lodge
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senator that supported American expansionism as a way to increase national pride, spread civilization and gain world power
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Alfred Thayer Mahan
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an admiral and historian whose theories on the relationships of sea power and world commerce influenced foreign policy development in the 1880s and 1890s, he wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History
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Theodore Roosevelt
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president of the USA, built the Panama Canal, fought in the Spanish American War, supported expansionism, created national parks (known for conservation), prosecuted big business, supported ppassage of the Pure Food and Drug Act
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Dollar Diplomacy
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adopted by President Howard Taft to encourage investment by American banks and businesses in Latin America and the Far East
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Open Door Policy
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1899 - 1900, all nations would have equal trading rights in China
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Panama Canal
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started in 1901 by Teddy Roosevelt and finished in 1914, canal was built for quicker and safer access to the east and west, changed the world's systems of transportation, communication and economics
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Causes of War in Europe
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Militarism, imperialism, Nationalism, Alliances
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Militarism
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military build up of men and weapons
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Imperialism
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taking over other countries to establish colonies for raw materials and markets
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Nationalism
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loyalty and devotion to one's nation, doing anything for your country
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Alliances
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association of nations banned together for protection and assistance
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Spark that started the Great War
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the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
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1914 - 1918
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years of World War I
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Allied Powers
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Great Britain, France, Russia and eventually USA
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Central Powers
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Austria-Hungary, Germany
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1917 - 1918
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years of American involvement of World War I
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Reasons why America entered the War
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Unrestricted submarine warfare, Zimmerman Letter
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Unrestricted submarine warfare
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Germany was sinking all vessels in the sea that they felt were a threat
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Zimmerman Letter
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letter sent to Mexico by Germany asking them to attack us to keep us out of the war
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Trench Warfare
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most of the fighting was fought in trenches
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Battle of Argonne Forest
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the last major offensive of the war
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John J. Pershing
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US Army general of WWI
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Life on the Home Front
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bonds were sold to finance the war, people rationed to send food to the troops, Victory gardens were planted to conserve store-bought food
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Woodrow Wilson
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president of the USA during WWI, also known for being a Progressive
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Wilson's Fourteen Point
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1918, suggestions made by Wilson after the war:
a. Freedom of the Seas b. Equal Trade c. Reduction of armaments d. Self determination of the new nations e. Creation of the League of Nations f. End of all Alliances |
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Treaty of Versailles
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1919, the formal agreement that ended WWI, established the League of Nations, Charged Germany with blame of the war and made them pay billions of dollars in war reparations, it took all of Germany's colonies away, and it created new countries out of the defeated countries in Europe, it will eventually sow the seeds of WWII
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Roaring Twenties
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1920 - 1929
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Isolationism
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not get involved with other countries
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Clarence Darrow
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lawyer for John T. Scopes, Scopes was charged with violating a Tennessee statute against teaching evolution in the schools, he defended freedom of speech
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John T. Scopes
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arrested and put on trial for teaching evolution in the public schools in Tennessee, found guilty but eventually it was overturned by the higher court, he had a right to freedom of speech
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Henry Ford
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perfected the assembly line, helped created a mobile society by mass producing the Model T
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Charles Lindbergh
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hero of the 1920s, flew nonstop across the Atlantic in his airplane, the Spirit of St. Louis
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Georgia O'Keefe
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a noted representational expressionist painter
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Harlem Renaissance
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the rebirth of African American culture in Harlem, New York, African American authors, poets, artists, musicians, and movie stars found greater freedom of expression
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Prohibition
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idea emerged out of the Progressive Movement, the 18th Amendment would make alcohol illegal in America, this amendment would be repealed in 1933
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18th Amendment
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banned alcohol at the national level and had negative consequences, rise in organized crime
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Red Scare
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the fear of communism in the 1920's
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Teapot Dome
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President Harding brough his friends to work with him in Washington and they leased the Teapot Dome oil reserves to oilmen who paid them kickbacks
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Charles Lindbergh
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hero of the 1920s, flew nonstop across the Atlantic in his airplane, the Spirit of St. Louis
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Georgia O'Keefe
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a noted representational expressionist painter
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Harlem Renaissance
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the rebirth of African American culture in Harlem, New York, African American authors, poets, artists, musicians, and movie stars found greater freedom of expression
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Prohibition
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idea emerged out of the Progressive Movement, the 18th Amendment would make alcohol illegal in America, this amendment would be repealed in 1933
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18th Amendment
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banned alcohol at the national level and had negative consequences, rise in organized crime
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Red Scare
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the fear of communism in the 1920's
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Teapot Dome
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President Harding brough his friends to work with him in Washington and they leased the Teapot Dome oil reserves to oilmen who paid them kickbacks
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