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33 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Civil Rights

Generally, all rights rooted in the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of equal protection under the law.

Separate-but-Equal Doctrine

The doctrine holding that separate-but-equal facilities do not violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

White Primary

A state primary election that restricted voting to whites only. Outlawed by the Supreme Court in 1944.

Grandfather Clause

A device used by southern states to disenfranchise African Americans. It restricted voting to those whose ancestors had voted before 1867.

Poll Tax

A special tax that had to be paid as a qualification for voting. The twenty-fourth Amendment to the Constitution outlawed the poll tax in national elections, and in 1966, the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional in state elections as well.

Literacy Test

A test administered as a precondition for voting, often used to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote.

De Jure Segregation

Racial segregation that occurs because of laws or administrative decisions by public agencies.

De Factor Segregation

Racial segregation that occurs because of patterns of racial residence and similar social conditions.

Civil Disobedience

A nonviolent, public refusal to obey allegedly unjust laws.

Reverse Discrimination

Discrimination against individuals who are not members of a minority group.

Strict Scrutiny

A judicial standard for assessing the constitutionality of a law or government action when the law or action threatens to interfere with a fundamental right or potentially discriminates against members of a suspect classification.

Suspect Classification

A classification, such as race, religion, or national origin, that triggers strict scrutiny by the courts when a law or government action potentially discriminates against members of the class.

Intermediate, or Exacting, Scrutiny

A judicial standard used to determine whether a law or government action unconstitutionally discriminates against women.

Rational Basis Review

A judicial standard for assessing a law or government action that is employed when neither strict nor intermediate scrutiny apply.

Affirmative Action

A policy in educational admissions or job hiring that gives special attention or compensatory treatment to traditionally disadvantaged groups in an effort to overcome present effects of past discrimination.

Hispanic

Someone who can claim a heritage from a Spanish-speaking country. Hispanics may be of any race.

Latino

An alternative to the term Hispanic that is preferred by many.

Suffrage

The right to vote.

Feminism

The movement that supports political, economic, and social equality for women.

Gender Discrimination

Any practice, policy, or procedure that denies equality of treatment to an individual or to a group because of gender.

Sexual Harassment

Unwanted physical or verbal conduct or abuse of a sexual nature that interferes with a recipient's job performance, creates a hostile work environment, or carries with it an implicit or explicit threat of adverse employment consequences.

The Separate but equal doctrine was announced by the Supreme Court:

Plessy v. Ferguson

Barriers to African American voting established between the Civil War and the civil rights movement except:

Property qualifications.

Segregation that does not follow from discriminatory laws or government actions, but from other causes, is called:

de facto segregation.

The Fourteenth Amendment requires that no state shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without:

due process of law

The federal courts employ the following standard when evaluating differential treatment by race:

Strict scrutiny.

In educational admissions and employment, affirmative action programs have:

awarded preferences to minority group members.

Currently, the largest number of immigrants in the United States comes from:

Mexico.

The courts have placed serious restrictions on the rights of persons who are:

subject to deportation.

In the years following the European discovery of America, the number of American Indians:

fell because of the introduction of new diseases.

The Equal Rights Amendment Today requires:

nothing at all, because the Equal Rights Amendment never passed.

Sexual harassment in the workplace can involve all except:

rules that provide unequal pay for women.

The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) provided for all of the following except:

states were not required to recognize divorces obtained in other states.