Am. Hist. Ex#2; Ch.7-11

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What is the Virginia Plan (Articles of Confederation state proposal - drafting the constitution)?

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May 29th 1787, written by James Madison.
Called for: *Separate legislative, executive, & judicial branches & true national (strong+central)gov't laws binding states & individual citizens.
* the Bicameral (2 houses) Congress - Representatives & Senate. Congress could disallow state laws under the plan & would itslef define the extent of its & the states' authority.

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House of Representatives

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*lower
*# is determined by population
*chosen by popular vote

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House of Senate

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*upper
*2 from every state
*elected by the legislatures

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Great Compromise

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the bicameral (2 houses ) of Legislature (congress ) where the constitution was written.

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What is the New Jersey Plan?

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*June 15th
*written by William Paterson
*almost the same but wanted one legislative body with equal representation for each state, which gave congress power to levy taxes, regulate commerce, & name a plural executive (w/ no veto) & a supreme court.

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Federalist

Ch.7

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*1 of the 2 first national political parties
*preferred strong central Gov't.
*Northern states

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Anti-Federalist

Ch.7

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*Forerunners of Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican party
*opposed the Constitution as a limitation on individual and states' rights, which led to the addition of a Bill of Rights to the document.

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Federalist Papers

Ch.7

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*A collection of essays by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay.
*originally published between 1787 and 1788.
*Written in support of ratification of the Constitution. *Essays defended the principle of a supreme national authority, but at the same time sought to reassure doubters that the people and the states had little reason to fear usurpations and tyranny by the new government.
*new union will contribute to prosperity.

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Alexander Hamilton

Ch.7

Back 9

*New York Congressman and Federalist leader.
*The nation's first Secretary of the Treasury.
*Was poor orphan that became very successful.
*his experience, success, & ability provided the foundations for Amer. Capitalism & Amer. Gov't.

*established the Public Credit Report (1790) 'issue of generated debt from revolution+seen as national responsibility.
a)National Bank - issuance of Bank notes (paper $)
b)Report of Manufactures - to encourage manufacturing.

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Bill of Rights

Ch. 8

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*1st ten amendments to the US Constitution.
*Adopted in 1791 to guarantee individual rights & to help secure ratification of the Constitution by the states.

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Thomas Jefferson
Jeffersonian simplicity (1800)

Ch. 9

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*Republican
*Simple, non-glamourized role as president.
*He included men of his own party (leading figures) of his administration.
*included Federalists in his administration to avoid monarchy trappings
*Cabinet appointments (his men) Secretary of State - Madison.
*Judicial appointments
*wider public participation (election)

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War of 1812
(-1814)

Ch. 9

Back 12

Fought w/ Britain over lingering conflicts that included impressment of American sailors, interference w/ shipping, & collusion w/ NW Territory Indians; settled by the Treaty of Ghent in 1814.

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monarchy

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*kingdom
*supreme power or sovereignty held by a single person.

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anarchy

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*no (single) rulers

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tyranny

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*A government in which a single ruler is vested with absolute power.
*The office, authority, or jurisdiction of an absolute ruler.

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Era of Good Feelings

Ch. 10

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*Contemporary characterization of the administration of popular Democratic-Republican president James Monroe, 1817-25.

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Impressment (War of 1812)

Ch. 9

Back 17

the act of compelling men to serve in a navy by force and without notice.

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collusion (war of 1812)

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a secret understanding between two or more persons to gain something illegally, to defraud another of his or her rights, or to appear as adversaries though in agreement:

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War of 1812

Ch. 9

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A war between Britain and the United States, fought between 1812 and 1815. The War of 1812 has also been called the second American war for independence. It began over alleged British violations of American shipping rights, such as the impressment of seamen — the forcing of American merchant sailors to serve on British ships. American soldiers attacked Canada unsuccessfully in the war, and the British retaliated by burning the White House and other buildings in Washington, D.C. American warships frequently prevailed over British vessels (see “We have met the enemy, and they are ours”). The greatest victory for the Americans came in the Battle of New Orleans, in which Andrew Jackson was the commanding general — a battle fought, ironically, two weeks after the peace treaty ending the war had been signed, but before the armies could be informed. (See also “The Star-Spangled Banner.”)

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(James) Monroe Doctrine

Ch. 10

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*President Monroe's declaration to Congress on 12/2/1823, that the Amer. continents would be thenceforth closed to colonization but that the US would honor existing colonies of European nations.

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Missouri Compromise

Ch. 10

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Deal proposed by Kentucky senator Henry Clay to resolve the slave/free imbalance in Congress that would result from Missouri's admission as a slave state; in the compromise of 3/20/1820, Main's admission as a free state offset Missouri, & slavery was prohibited in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory north of the southern border of Missouri.

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Articles of Confederation
(1781-1789)

Ch. 7

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*the infant Republic (13 Amer. states), adopted in 1781.
*prompted formulation of a national constitution intended to balance central & local authority; and thus replaced in 1789 by the Constitution of the United States.

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The Confederation Congress

Ch. 7

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*weaknesses:

1. had little authority
2. could make treaties w/ foreign countries but couldn't enforce them
3. poor financial status
4. couldn't issue taxes to pay off debt & gain profit

*positives:
1. concluded the Treaty of Paris 1783.
2. Formulated principles plan for land distribution "Land Ordinance of 1785"
3. developed commitee system - a)foreign affairs, b)finance, c)war
4. decide disputes between states
5. started banking & postal system

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Constitutional Convention

Ch. 7

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Meeting in Philadelphia, May 25-September 17, 1787, of representatives from twelve colonies-excepting Rhode Island-to revise the existing Articles of Confederation; convention soon resolved to produce an entirely new constitution.

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Constitution & Ratification

Ch. 7

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*39 delegates
Washington, Franklin, Madison, Mason
*checks-&-balances
*separation of powers(legislative, executive, judicial branches)
*defend principle of a supreme national authority

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Washington's Government

Ch. 8

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*Dept. of State: Jefferson
*Leadership of the Dept. of the Treasury: Hamilton
*Attorney General: Randolph

cabinet(advisory body) for which the Constitution made no formal provision.

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Whiskey Rebellion

Ch. 8

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Violent protest by western Pennsylvania farmers against the federeal excise tax on corn whiskey, 1794.

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Marbury v. Madison

Ch. 9

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(1803) 1st Supreme Court decision to declare a federal law - the Judiciary Act of 1801 - unconstitutional; President John Adam's "midnight appointment" of Federalist judges prompted the suit.

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Louisiana Purchase

Ch. 9

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President Jefferson's 1803 purchase from France of the important port of New Orleans & 828,000 sq.miles west of the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains; it more than doubled the territory of the US at a cost of only $15 million.

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Lewis & Clark

Ch. 9

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Meriwether Lewis & William Clark, the leaders of the "Corps of Discovery," a gov't funded a mapping & scientific expedition to the Far NW beyond the Mississippi River.

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Rush - Bagot Agreement
(1817)
*relations w/ Britain
*Amer. resumed trade (1815)
*followed Treaty of Ghent

Ch. 10

Back 31

*1 of 2 important compacts - resulted from an exhange of notes between Acting Secretary of State Richard Rush & British minister to US, Charles Bagot.
*the threat of naval competition on the Great Lakes vanished w/ an arrangement to limit forces there to several federal ships collecting customs duties.
*exchange made no reference to the disputed land boundary between the US+Canada.

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McCulloch v. Maryland

Ch. 10

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(1819) US Supreme Court decision in which Chief Justice John Marshall, holding that Maryland could not tax the 2nd Bank of the US, supported the authority of the federal gov't vs. the states.

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Gibbons v. Ogden

Ch. 10

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(1824)US Supreme Court decision reinforcing the "commerce clause" (the federal govt's right to regulate interstate commerce) of the Constitution; Chief Justice John Marshall ruled against the State of NY's granting of steamboat monopolies.

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Webster - Hayne Debate
(1830)
"Question of federally-owned land.
during Jackson admin.

Ch. 11

Back 34

*S.Carolina suffered from agricultural depression; ppl blamed the protective tariff, b/c it:
**tended to raise the prices of manufactured goods.
**discouraged the sale of foreign goods in the US
**reduced the ability of British & French traders to buy southern cotton.

^^Debate sharpened the lines between states' rights & the Union.

*Hayne defended states' rights; right of state could interpose its authority over a federal law in order to thwart an unjust federal statute.
*Webster pursued coalition with the West; offered nationalistic view of the Constitution; stated "Liberty & Union, now & forever, one & inseparable"

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Indian Removal Act of 1830

Ch. 11

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(1830) Signed by President Andrew Jackson, the law permitted the negotiation of treaties to obtain the Indians' lands in exchange for their relocation to what would become Oklahoma.

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Trail of Tears

Ch. 11

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Cherokees' own term for their forced march, 1838-39, from the southern Appalachians to Indian lands (later Oklahoma); of 15,000 forced to march, 4,000 died on the way.

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Worcester v. Georgia

Ch. 11

Back 37

*In 1830 a Georgia law had required whites in the territory to get licenses authorizing their residence there, and to take an oath of allegiance to the state.
*Two New England missionaries among the Indians refused and were sentenced to four years at hard labor.
*On appeal their case reached the Supreme Court as Worcester v. Georgia (1832), and the Court held that the Cherokee Nation was "a distinct political community" within which Georgia law had no force. The Georgia law was therefore unconstitutional.

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Nicholas Biddle

Ch. 11

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*President of the Bank of the US.
*US president Andrew Jackson felt the bank held too much financial power, and vetoed a bill to recharter the bank.

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Cherokee Nation v. Georgia - Cherokees sought relief in the Supreme Court.
(Trail of Tears)
led to Worcester v. Georgia
Ch. 11

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Cherokees adopted a constitution in which they pointedly declared that they weren't subject to any other state or nation (1827). Next yr., Georgia declared after 6/1/1830, the authority of state law would extend over the Cherokees living w/in the boundaries of the State.

*Supreme Court, John Marshall, ruled Court lacked jurisdiction b/c they were a 'domestic dependent nation' but added they had 'an unquestionable right' to their land until they wished to cede it to the US.

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Fletcher v. Peck
(1810)

Ch. 10

Back 40

*Supreme Court, John Marshall, struck down a state law as unconstitutional.
*Part of the long and sordid history of the Yazoo land scandals.
*Marshall holds that the deed is warrantable, because he concludes that the 1796 Act repealing the sale of land is unconstitutional.