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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis (Batson, 1991)
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Theory that says when we feel empathy for a person we will attempt to help him/her
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Bystander Effect
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The more people who witness an emergency the less likely that the victim will be helped
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Diffusion of Responsibility
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The more people who witness a victim needing help the less personally responsible each person feels to help the victim
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Pluralistic Ignorance
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When it is unclear whether or not there is an emergency helping situation, we look around to see how others are reacting to tell us how we should act
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3 Conditions of Darley Seizure Study
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1) subject +victim =100% after 3 min
2) subject+bystander +victim = 82% after 3 min 3) subject+4 bystanders+victim = 60% after 3 min |
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Two Conditions in Elaine Study
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1)Easy escape=people with low empathy (18%); people with high empathy (91%)
2) Difficult escape=people with low empathy (64%); people with high empathy (82%) |
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2 Reasons for helping others
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1) PERSONAL DISTRESS-feelings of alarm, distress and being troubled that occur as a result of seeing another in need
2) EMPATHETIC CONCERN |
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Social Exchange Theory
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Theory that states human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one's rewards and decrease one's costs
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Kin Selection Theory
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The idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection, that natural selection should favor altruistic acts directed towards genetic relatives
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Norm of Reciprocity
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The assumption that others will treat us the way we treat them
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Norm of Responsibility
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The idea that we have an obligation to help those that are less fortunate
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Psychological Reactance
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Negative arousal you feel when someone blocks your ability to do something
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Pennebaker (1979) Bar study illustrated what
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Psychological reactance- study asked people to rate attractiveness of others in a bar, their perceived attractiveness increased in a linear manner the closer it got to closing time
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LaRochefocauld view on altruism
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The ultimate goal for everything that people do, including helping others, is more or less subtle self benefit. The motivation to gain self benefit by helping others is called egoism
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The 3 characteristics of the perceiver of attractiveness
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1) Self-esteem
2) Need for affiliation 3) Need for intimacy |
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4 Characteristics of the target of attraction
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1) Aesthetic appeal
2) Law of Averageness 3) "What is beautiful is good" stereotype 4) Assimilation |
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Attraction
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The motive to approach someone else
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Minimax Principle
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Theory of attraction where in any relationship we are motivated to maximize our rewards and lower our costs
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Theory of Equity
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Attraction theory where one weighs the ratio of their own costs and rewards in the relationship versus the other's ratio of costs and rewards
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5 Characteristics of compatibility
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1) Complementary- "opposites attract" relationships tend to not be as successful as those based on similarities
2) Resource Exchange (Buss, 1989) 3) Similarity in demographics, attractiveness, attitude, etc 4) Proximity 5) Familiarity |
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Darley Emergency Tree
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1) Notice event
2) Interpret event as an emergency 3) Assume responsibility 4) Know appropriate form of assistance 5) Implement decision 6) Intervene/offer assistance |
