Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is Altruism?
|
Altruism is an act that is motivated by the desire to benefit another at a cost to oneself
|
|
|
What are the branches of Altruism
|
- Kin Altruism
- Reciprocal Altruism - Prisoners Diemma - The role of empathy -Why we fail to help in emergencies |
|
|
Kin altruism:
What was Darwin's issue with evolution of altruism? |
If we give a warning call, it will save other but kill the altruist, why would somebody do this?
|
|
|
What did Hamilton 1963 suggest?
|
The unit of selection is the gene not the individual
-Our genes exist in relatives -Coefficient of genetic relatedness should be related to altruism |
|
|
Multiplying paths and coefficients?
How related are mum and dad? How related are Dad and dad sibling? How related are Dad and child? How related are you and uncle? |
0.00
0.50 0.50 0.25 |
|
|
What was Hamilton's rule?
What could this explain? What evidence can be found for this? |
People offer help when the cost to themselves is less than benefit to self times by relatedness
Sibling rivalry 0.5 for sibling 1 for you Fire at a holiday complex people will search for family and not friend |
|
|
What is another piece of evidence?
Who proposed a theory of reciprocal Altruism? Why do people participate in reciprocal Altruism? |
Organ donation is higher to kin than
Trivers 1971 Payback of Altruistic acts where benefit to recipient is high and cost to altruist is low means that positions are likely to be reversed in the future. |
|
|
What are the necessary conditions for reciprocal Altruism?
|
Social species, stable groups, good face recognition, good long term memory and non-cooperation resulting in punishment
|
|
|
What theory is used for mutual cooperation
What is the prisoners dilemma? |
The prisoners dilemma
If you confess and partner does not you are free to go If you both confess you will both get 3 years If you confess and they do not you go down If neither of you confess you go away on a lesser charge |
|
|
What options does the prisoner have?
|
Both defect - fairly bad, neither get help
You defect and they stay silent, good for you but not partner You keep silent and partner defects, bad for you Both keep silent, fairly good as you both gain |
|
|
What should be the solution?
|
Defect, if they defect it is best for you to defect
and if they stay silent it is best for you to defect |
|
|
What are the different strategies for iterated games?
What happens in tit-for-tat? |
Tit-for-tat
Generous tit-for-tat Cooperate of first move, results in a kind response, cooperation works but a single unattended betrayal triggers round of difections |
|
|
What happens in generous tit-for-tat?
|
Cooperate of first move, subsequently responds kind, cooperate on every 3rd move
|
|
|
Why do humans beings take part in reciprocal altruism?
|
In it for the long hail and indirect and reciprocity and reputation can spread leading to a long term benefit for you?
|
|
|
What does the equity theory state?
|
Relationships are table when each parties pay-offs are equal and proportionate to their costs (people what to get out what they put in)
|
|
|
How can it differ?
|
Ratio can be 1:3 or 2:6 but both will remain happy selves as long as input and output are the same
|
|
|
What does the exchange theory state?
When does the theory state are the costs and rewards for helping? |
Humans follow a maximum principle which consists of the equation rewards-costs
Cost - time and effort, reward - feel good |
|
|
What does the theory state are the costs and rewards of refusing help?
|
Save time and effort - feel guilty
|
|
|
Why does the theory state help is given?
When can the cost/benefit calculations only occur? |
Cost of guilt is high
In the absence of empathy |
|
|
What is empathy?
|
A feeling of compassion and tenderness upon viewing another victims situation
|
|
|
Why do we fail to help in emergencies?
Give two famous examples of people failing to help in an emergency: |
Don't notice the event?
Do not interpret at an emergency? Do not assume responsibility? Don't know what do to? Implement decision? Kitty Genovese, Palivian |
|
|
What research was done for noticing the event?
What was the study? |
Darley and Bartson
Seminar students were asked to create a speech either on the good samariton on modern ministry, asked to fill out questionnaires, told they were late or early, on way there individual in path collapses Small effect on lecture topic but high on early vs late |
|
|
What study was done for interpret as an emergency?
What does this demonstrate? |
Filling out a questionnaire, smoke poors through ventilators, how long till someone reacts? alone 50% after 2 mins, together 12%
Pluralistic ignorance, look to other to take control and assume responsibility |
|
|
What study was done for assume responsibility?
What happened? |
Latane
Participants in cubicles with headphones Take part in discussion Experimenter leaves stooge has epileptic fit |
|
|
What did the results find?
What does this show? |
When just victim and participant 85% help
Victim + participant +2 62% help Victim + Participant + 4 31% help Diffusion of responsibility |
