Altered Cellular And Tissue Biology Ch2

Front 1

decrease in cellular size and consequently a decrease in organ size and possibly function

Back 1

Atrophy

Front 2

an increase in cellular size and consequently an increase in the size of the affected organ, function can be compensatory or pathologic

Back 2

Hypertrophy

Front 3

an increase in the number of cells resulting from an increased rate of cellular division

Back 3

Hyperplasia

Front 4

Abnormal changes in the size, shape and organization of mature cells and is often called atypical hyperplasia

Back 4

Dysplasia

Front 5

Reversible replacement of one mature cell by another sometimes by less differentiated cell type.

Back 5

Metaplasia

Front 6

The most common cause of hypoxia is ______________.

Back 6

Ischemia

Front 7

Other causes of hypoxia include environmental decrease in the amount of _______________, loss of ___________________ (molecule that carries oxygen) through functional problem or blood loss, decrease in __________ blood cell production, disease of ____________________ or ______________________ systems or poisoning of the oxidative enzymes _________________ within the cells.

Back 7

Oxygen
Hemoglobin
Red
Resp or CV
Cytochromes

Front 8

During heart ischemia, within 3-5 minutes the ischemic portion of the myocardium ______________ to ______________ secondary to insufficient ATP.

Back 8

Cease to contract

Front 9

Hypoxic damage to cells causes acid hydrolases to leak from lysosomes and they digest cytoplasmic & nuclear components – Leakage of intracellular enzymes in peripheral circulation provides diagnostic tool for detecting tissue-specific cellular injury and death though blood samples. With myocardial damage - name the contractile protein ________________

Back 9

Troponin

Front 10

After hypoxic injury, ___________________ injury occurs via a metabolic process resulting in massive amounts of superoxide & hydrogen peroxide (radicals) that cause membrane damage and mitochondrial calcium overload.

Back 10

Reperfusion

Front 11

10. Oxidative stress – A free radical is an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having unpaired electrons. When this unstable molecule creates injurious chemical bond formations, there are 3 particularly important reactions in regards to cell injury. List the 3 reactive species:

Back 11

1. Lipid Peroxidation
2. Alteration of Proteins
3. Alteration of DNA

Front 12

Two methods the body uses to inactivate or terminate free radicals are _____________ and ________________.

Back 12

Antioxidant
Enzymes

Front 13

14. List the 4 major nutritional deficiencies as a consequence of alcohol abuse.

Back 13

1. Vitamin B6
2. Thiamine
3. Phosphorus
4. Magnesium

Front 14

15. Thimerosal (ethyl mercury) is a preservative previously used in vaccinations and was removed even though there is no evidence of a causal relationship between thimerosal and deficits in neuropsychologic functioning. Thimerosal was removed from vaccinations in __________ (year) by switching to ________________ dose vials.

Back 14

2003
Single

Front 15

Bleeding into the skin or underlying tissue is called a __________________;

Back 15

Contusion

Front 16

A collection of blood in the soft tissue or an enclosed space is called a ________________.

Back 16

Hematoma

Front 17

Contusions – In the picture below, the patient was hit by the bumper of a car to the right upper calf. Note the purple coloration at the ankle 3 days after the injury. Discoloration of the skin may be seen in areas not directly injured by the initiating blow because ____________ in deep structures may ____________ _____________ _______________ ____________.

Back 17

Blood
Dissect along fascial planes

Front 18

Lacerations to the liver, spleen, kidneys, and bowel may occur in cases of blows to the abdomen, often with no ____________ _______________ ___________ to the abdominal wall.

Back 18

externally visible injury

Front 19

Vitamin D deficiency affects immunity in the __________________ and ________________ by increasing cytokine regulation and immunoglobulin synthesis

Back 19

Macrophage and Monocyte

Front 20

Vitamin D deficiency affects 6 non skeletal tissues: _________________, _____________________, _____________________, ____________________ , _________________, _____________________ and skeletal bone by increasing calcium absorption in the ______________________.

Back 20

Kidney
Parathyroid
Pancreas
Breast
Colon
Intestine

Front 21

Hypothermia causes cellular injury through free radical reactions and Na+ accumulations. With continued exposure to freezing temperatures, vasodilation produces severe __________________.

Back 21

Swelling

Front 22

When a nurse practitioner freezes off a wart, which do you think is more effective – freezing for 60 seconds or freezing for 30 seconds, allowing thaw time, then freezing for another 30 seconds.

Back 22

Although the 60 second may expose cold to slightly deeper into the tissue, the freeze/thaw method is more effective at causing cellular damage – so shorter freeze/thaw technique is better.

Front 23

Hyperthermia related to over dressing infants in winter is associated with _______________ ___________ ____________ (SIDS).

Back 23

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Front 24

Denver has a decompression (hyperbaric) chamber at PSL (Presbyterian Saint Luke Hospital). The purpose of using the chamber for a person with painful symptoms of the bends is to _____________________ the gas bubbles in the ________________.

Back 24

Redissolve
Blood

Front 25

Exposure to radiation has its primary effect in the nucleus on the ________________.

Back 25

DNA

Front 26

True or False Lipid accumulations in the liver secondary to alcohol consumption can be reversed if all alcohol intake ceases.

Back 26

True

Front 27

Proteinuria in significant quantities indicates ___________________ ______________ and altered cellular function in the _______________ membrane.

Back 27

Cellular Injury
Glomerular

Front 28

List 2 types of cellular death: ___________________ and ______________________

Back 28

Necrosis
Apoptosis

Front 29

Which type of cell death is “programmed cell death?”

Back 29

Apoptosis

Front 30

Can apoptosis be normal/healthy and pathologic? Yes or no

Back 30

Yes

Front 31

There are 2 conceptual categories of aging. The first poposes that aging is the result of the acculation of ___________________ ________________ and ______________.

Back 31

Random Injuries and Events

Front 32

The second category of aging proposes that aging is the result of a ______________________ _________________ ___________________ ___________________ or built in self-destructive processes

Back 32

Genetically Controlled Developmental Program

Front 33

Relatively little “undisputable” knowledge exists on the subject of aging. In the box about emerging focus on biology of aging: Increased peripheral sensitivity to insulin and reduced circulating insulin can be achieved by __________________, ________________________and _______________________.

Back 33

Calorie Restriction
Daily Exercise
Weight Loss

Front 34

Other emerging focus in the biology of aging looks at adult stem cells and at chromosome _____________ shortening and lengthening in relation to aging and cancer.

Back 34

Telemeres

Front 35

_____________________, the post mortem reduction in body temp to reach room temp typically occurs within _____ hours.

Back 35

Algor Mortis
24 Hours

Front 36

Death by _______________may can cause post mortem body temp to continue to rise for a short duration.

Back 36

Infection

Front 37

The term livor mortis refers to the ___________________ __________________ caused by post mortem blood pooling in dependent areas.

Back 37

Purple Discoloration

Front 38

Muscular breakdown of carbohydrate and depletion of ____________, causes muscular stiffening or _____________ __________ and is evident in the smaller muscles by _______hrs after death.

Back 38

ATP
Rigor Mortis
6 Hours