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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Main Function of Respiratory System |
Gas Exchange |
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What is the flow of air through the body? |
Mouth > Pharynx > Larynx > Bronchi > why is Bronchioles > Alveoli ducts > Alveoli Sacs |
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What is ventilation? |
The movement of gas between the atmosphere and body |
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What is patency? |
Means that the airways are open and unobstructed |
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To be able to move the gas through the atmosphere and the body the airways must be what? |
Patent |
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How is Air warmed by the body and is filtered to remove foreign objects accomplished by? |
Mucus lining |
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What affect does SNS and PNS have on the lungs? |
SNS- dilates the lungs PNS- Constricts |
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What are things the lungs do? |
Gas exchange Inactivate vasoactive substances such as Bradykinin Convert angiotensin 1>2 Serve as reservoir for blood storage |
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Alveoli |
Actual site of gas exchange Gives surface area of 500-1000sq ft |
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Type of Alveoli? |
Type 1- Makes up 95% of the cell body Type 2- Makes up the remaining 5% (synthesize pulmonary surfactant) |
Think A new balloon (hard to blow up for the first time) |
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What happens to the lungs when a decrease in compliance happens? |
Lungs are stiff or chest wall is too stiff |
Think an old balloon (a used balloon is easy to inflate) |
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What happens to the lungs when an increase compliance happens? |
Lungs are abnormally easy to inflate |
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What is the presence of resistance in similarity to SNS? |
Larger the diameter = less resistance |
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What is the presence of resistance in similarity to PNS? |
Smaller the diameter = more resistance |
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What is lung volume? |
Refers to how much air is exchanged during ventilation |
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What is tidal volume ? |
Refers to volume of air inspired or exhaled during each breathe |
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What is hypoxemia? |
Refers to a low amount of oxygen in the blood |
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What happen to blood vessels when exposed to hypoxia ? |
They will undergo marked vasoconstriction |
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What is regional Hypoxemia? |
Vasoconstriction to a specific area until hypoxic area of lung are no longer hypoxic |
Occurs in atelectasis (blood flow eventually restored) |
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What is generalized hypoxia ? |
Is prolonged hypoxia, will lead to pulmonary hypertension, increase workload on right side of heart. Result in core pumonale |
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What are manifestations of hypoxia? |
Cyanosis (bluish discoloration) hypoxia (mild/severe chronic) |
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What is peripheral cyanosis? |
Bluish discoloration in nailbeds, ears, feet and hands |
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What is Central cyanosis? |
Bluish discoloration on the tongues, lips, mouth, nose. WORSE ONE |
Hypoxic all over |
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Mild hypoxia |
Change in level of consciousness -think confusion Vision changes Hyperventilation SNS Activation |
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Severe hypoxemia |
Personally changes Restlessness Agitation or combative behavior Impaired judgement Problems with coordination Euphoria (intense excitement) Stupor leading to coma (state near unconsciousness) Can lead to hypoxic cell injury in results of lactic acid |
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Chronic hypoxemia |
Increase RR (regular rate 12-20) Pulmonary vasoconstriction Increased production of RBCs Increase HR |
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Hypercapnia |
Increase CO2 in blood
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What is the Manifestation in hypercapnia? |
Decrease pH (especially Respiratory acidosis) Confusion Can be asymptomatic due to the patients ability to adapt to changes over time |
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What is Affinity ? |
How easy the oxygen binds to a hemoglobin molecule |
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What is Affinity determined by? |
pH, CO2 levels and temperature |
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Increased Affinity |
Alkalosis, decreased CO2 and hypothermia (not released to tissue) |
Binds easier |
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Decreased Affinity |
Acidosis, increased CO2 and hyperthermia |
Releases easier |
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Lung Receptors |
Monitor breathing patterns and lung function |
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Pneumonias |
Defined as an inflammation of the lung parenchyma and causes infectious and noninfectious |
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What are the three classifications of pneumonia ? |
By Agent Area of Location Setting |
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What is Community Acquired? |
Got infection before coming to hospital |
Diagnosed within 48hrs to facility |
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Why is hospital Acquired? |
Got while in hospital |
Diagnosed after 48hr mark |
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Acute Bacterial Pneumonia |
If defense mechanism are intact the infection will not occur, despite an infectious or noninfectious exposure. Factors that increase Risk of colonization: Diabetes, antibiotic therapy, smoking, viral infection |
Productive cough |
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Primary Atypical Pneumonia |
Mycoplasma Pneumonia Walking Pneumonia |
Non-productive cough |
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Tuberculosis (TB) |
Tiny droplets that can remain in the air for hours |
Thrive in oxygen rich environments. |
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What are the Characteristics of a Small Cell Carcinoma ? |
Malignant cells grow in clusters Strongly associated with smoking Highly malignant Metastasis evident at time of diagnosis Brain metastases common Poor prognosis |
Oat Cell (20-25%) |
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What are the characteristics of squamous cell carcinoma? |
Common in men Associated with smoking Originates in central bronchi |
25-40% |
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What are the characteristics of Adenocarcinoma? |
North America most common in women and non-smokers Originate in bronchial/ alveolar tissue Associated with areas or scaring in lung tissue |
Common in women and non-smokers 25%-40% |
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What are characters of Large-Cell Carcinoma? |
Invades subsegmental bronchi and larger airways Poor prognosis -spreads very early |
Spreads very early (10%-15%) |
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What are characteristics of Large-Cell Carcinoma? |
Invades subsegmental bronchi and larger airways Poor prognosis -spreads very early |
Spreads very early (10%-15%) |
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What is pleural Effusion? |
A collection of fluid in the pleural cavity. |
SOB & Decreased lung expansion and decreased breath sounds |
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What is pleural Effusion? |
A collection of fluid in the pleural cavity. |
SOB & Decreased lung expansion and decreased breath sounds and Pleuritic chest pain |
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What is hemothorax ? |
A pleural effusion of blood (blood in chest) |
Due to trauma , surgery, malignancies |
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Sever hemothorax |
Fills 1/2 or more of chest. Results of a bleed in high pressure blood vessels such as the mammary artery or intercostal artery |
REQUIRES IMMEDIATE INTERVENTION |
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What is Moderate Hemothorax? |
1/3 of the pleural space is involved; leads to compression of the lunch and loss of intravascular volume. |
Intervention needed (not immediate but it is needed) |
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What is Moderate Hemothorax? |
1/3 of the pleural space is involved; leads to compression of the lunch and loss of intravascular volume. |
Intervention needed (not immediate but it is needed) |
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What is minimal hemothorax? |
Presence of 250mL blood |
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What are the manifestations of hemothorax? |
SOB (dyspnea) Decreased lung expansion Decrease breath sounds HYPOVOLEMIA (shock can occur) HYPOXEMIA |
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What is Pneumothorax ? |
Air in the pleural space. |
Can cause complete or partial collapse of the affected lung |
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Spontaneous Pneumothorax |
Caused by a rupture of an air filled Bleb or blister on the surface of the lung |
Not caused by injury. Common in tall men and smoke. Underlying lung disease. |
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Traumatic Pneumothorax |
Can be penetrating; such as a knife wound or non-penetrating (disease) |
Caused by injury |
