• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/63

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

63 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
3 classes of hormones
-steroids
-amines
-peptides
SIADH
-excessive ADH secretion
-cannot excrete dilute urine
-retain fluids and develop sodium deficiency
Diabetes Insipidus
-insufficiency of ADH
effects of diabetes insipidus
-polyuria
-polydipsia
-inability to concentrate the urine
neurogenic diabetes insipidus
absence of ADH
nephrogenic
inadequate response to ADH
psychogenic
partial resistance to ADH
pathophysiology of diabetes insipidus
insufficient ADH secretion --> excretion of large amts of dilute urine --> polydipsia
gonadotropin deficiency can be caused by problems with these two structures
-hypothalamus (GnRH)
-pituitary (gonadotropin)
most common anterior pituitary deficiency in adults
gonadotropin deficiency
what hormones are included when discussing gonadotropin deficiency?
-FSH & LH (women)
-ICSH (men)
female manifestations of gonadotropin deficiency
-breast atrophy
-amenorrhea
-decreased libido
male manifestations of gonadotropin deficiency
-testicular atrophy
-decreased libido
growth hormone deficiency genetic transmission
autosomal recessive results in dwarfism
growth deficiency problems can be found in these two places
-hypothalamus (GRH)
-pituitary (growth hormone)
growth hormone excess ocrruing before puberty
gigantism
growth hormone excess occuring after puberty
acromegaly
with excessive growth hormone, the problem is seen in these two places & other occuranc
-hypothalamus (increased GRH)
-pituitary (increased growth hormone)
-GH secreting adenoma
hypothyroidism
-inadequate secretion of T3 & T4
-elevated TSH (negative feedback mechanism)
most common cause of hypothyroidism
hashimoto's thyroiditis
S/S of hypothyroidism
-extreme fatigue
-brittle/dry hair
-change in emotional/mental responses
-menstrual irregularities
-intolerance to cold
-constipation
-wt gain
-hoarseness
-brittle nails
myxedema
syndrome resulting from prolonged severe hypothyroidism
clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism
-changes in connective tissue (boggy edema of skin, eyes, feet)
-thickening of tongue (slurred speech)
-decreased cardiac output (CHF)
-decreased appetite
-dry, flaky skin
-brittle, dull hair
-decrease T3 & T 4 levels
congenital hypothyroidism in children will lead to what?
cretinism
most common cause of hyperthyroidism is what?
Grave's Disease
what is Graves Disease
autoimmune disease causing toxic stimulation of receptors on thyroid gland
clinical manifestations of Graves Disease
-goiter
-warm, flushed skin
-tachycardia
-increased nervousness
-increased appetite with wt loss
-heat intolerance
-profuse perspiration
adrenal medulla secretes what two hormones?
-epinephrine
-norepinephrine
what 3 things does the adrenal cortex secrete?
-glucocorticoids
-mineralcorticoids
-androgens
Adrenal Corticotropic Hormone Deficiency is also known as ?
Addison's Disease
Addison's Disease is usually due to what?
autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex
clinical manifestations of Addison's Disease
-weakness
-fatigue
-anorexia
-NVD
-hypoglycemia
Adrenal Corticotropic Excess is also known as what?
Cushing's Disease
diabetes mellitus is what?
glucose intolerance
DM is characterized by what?
-chronic hyperglycemia
-other chronic disturbances of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism
there is an increased risk for what with DM?
Cardiovascular Disease
normal blood glucose
80-110
type 1 diabetes mellitus
-less common
-result of a genetic-environmental interaction
metabolism of fat, proteins and carbohydrates cause what?
wt loss
ketoacidosis
sweet fruity odor of the breath
when the renal threshold for glucose is reached, what happens to it?
it begins to appear in the urine
clinical manifestations of type 1 diabetes
-polydipsia
-polyuria
-polyphagia
-weight loss
-fatigue
type 2 diabetes mellitus
-more common
-primarily affects people after 40
most powerful risk factor for type 2 DM
OBESITY
clinical manifestations of type 2 DM
-recurrent infections
-genital pruritis
-visual changes
-paresthesias
-fatigue
hypoglycemia aka
insulin shock, insulin reaction
hypoglycemia is defined as blood glucose levels at:
below 45-60mg/dl
hypoglycemia occurs most frequently in what type of diabetes and what can cause it?
type 1; can occur in anyone taking insulin
pathophysiology of hypoglycemia
activation of sympathetic nervous system or from an abrupt cessation of glucose delivery to brain
S/S of hypoglycemia
-tachycardia
-diaphoresis
-tremors
-pallor
-severe anxiety
S/S if BS not corrected
-headache
-visual disturbances
-mental status changes
-seizures
-coma
-death
diabetic ketoacidosis aka
hyperglycemia
what is diabetic ketoacidosis?
absolute deficiency of insulin and an increase in counterregulatory hormones: catecholamines, cortisol, glucagons, and growth hormone
S/S of hyperglycemia
-polyuria
-polydipsia
-dehydration
-ketonuria
-glycosuria
-Kussmaul respirations
-fruity breath odor
-CNS depression (lethargy-->coma)
counterregulatory hormones have what affect?
increase production of glucose
pathophysiology of hyperglycemia
-not enough insulin
-blood glucose levels increase
-body mobilizes fatty acids
-formation of ketone bodies
somogyi effect
hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia
chronic complications of DM
diabetic neuropathies (decreased sensation in lower extremities)
microvascular disease associated with DM
thickening of capillary membranes progressively lead to decreased perfusion of affected tissue
most commonly affected tissues of microvascular disease are what?
-retina
-kidneys
major cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes
macrovascular disease
macrovascular disease causes what?
premature development of atherosclerosis
why is infection a risk with diabetes?
increase blood sugar levels make the blood more susceptible to microorganisms (glucose is energy for bacteria)