Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
3 classes of hormones
|
-steroids
-amines -peptides |
|
SIADH
|
-excessive ADH secretion
-cannot excrete dilute urine -retain fluids and develop sodium deficiency |
|
Diabetes Insipidus
|
-insufficiency of ADH
|
|
effects of diabetes insipidus
|
-polyuria
-polydipsia -inability to concentrate the urine |
|
neurogenic diabetes insipidus
|
absence of ADH
|
|
nephrogenic
|
inadequate response to ADH
|
|
psychogenic
|
partial resistance to ADH
|
|
pathophysiology of diabetes insipidus
|
insufficient ADH secretion --> excretion of large amts of dilute urine --> polydipsia
|
|
gonadotropin deficiency can be caused by problems with these two structures
|
-hypothalamus (GnRH)
-pituitary (gonadotropin) |
|
most common anterior pituitary deficiency in adults
|
gonadotropin deficiency
|
|
what hormones are included when discussing gonadotropin deficiency?
|
-FSH & LH (women)
-ICSH (men) |
|
female manifestations of gonadotropin deficiency
|
-breast atrophy
-amenorrhea -decreased libido |
|
male manifestations of gonadotropin deficiency
|
-testicular atrophy
-decreased libido |
|
growth hormone deficiency genetic transmission
|
autosomal recessive results in dwarfism
|
|
growth deficiency problems can be found in these two places
|
-hypothalamus (GRH)
-pituitary (growth hormone) |
|
growth hormone excess ocrruing before puberty
|
gigantism
|
|
growth hormone excess occuring after puberty
|
acromegaly
|
|
with excessive growth hormone, the problem is seen in these two places & other occuranc
|
-hypothalamus (increased GRH)
-pituitary (increased growth hormone) -GH secreting adenoma |
|
hypothyroidism
|
-inadequate secretion of T3 & T4
-elevated TSH (negative feedback mechanism) |
|
most common cause of hypothyroidism
|
hashimoto's thyroiditis
|
|
S/S of hypothyroidism
|
-extreme fatigue
-brittle/dry hair -change in emotional/mental responses -menstrual irregularities -intolerance to cold -constipation -wt gain -hoarseness -brittle nails |
|
myxedema
|
syndrome resulting from prolonged severe hypothyroidism
|
|
clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism
|
-changes in connective tissue (boggy edema of skin, eyes, feet)
-thickening of tongue (slurred speech) -decreased cardiac output (CHF) -decreased appetite -dry, flaky skin -brittle, dull hair -decrease T3 & T 4 levels |
|
congenital hypothyroidism in children will lead to what?
|
cretinism
|
|
most common cause of hyperthyroidism is what?
|
Grave's Disease
|
|
what is Graves Disease
|
autoimmune disease causing toxic stimulation of receptors on thyroid gland
|
|
clinical manifestations of Graves Disease
|
-goiter
-warm, flushed skin -tachycardia -increased nervousness -increased appetite with wt loss -heat intolerance -profuse perspiration |
|
adrenal medulla secretes what two hormones?
|
-epinephrine
-norepinephrine |
|
what 3 things does the adrenal cortex secrete?
|
-glucocorticoids
-mineralcorticoids -androgens |
|
Adrenal Corticotropic Hormone Deficiency is also known as ?
|
Addison's Disease
|
|
Addison's Disease is usually due to what?
|
autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex
|
|
clinical manifestations of Addison's Disease
|
-weakness
-fatigue -anorexia -NVD -hypoglycemia |
|
Adrenal Corticotropic Excess is also known as what?
|
Cushing's Disease
|
|
diabetes mellitus is what?
|
glucose intolerance
|
|
DM is characterized by what?
|
-chronic hyperglycemia
-other chronic disturbances of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism |
|
there is an increased risk for what with DM?
|
Cardiovascular Disease
|
|
normal blood glucose
|
80-110
|
|
type 1 diabetes mellitus
|
-less common
-result of a genetic-environmental interaction |
|
metabolism of fat, proteins and carbohydrates cause what?
|
wt loss
|
|
ketoacidosis
|
sweet fruity odor of the breath
|
|
when the renal threshold for glucose is reached, what happens to it?
|
it begins to appear in the urine
|
|
clinical manifestations of type 1 diabetes
|
-polydipsia
-polyuria -polyphagia -weight loss -fatigue |
|
type 2 diabetes mellitus
|
-more common
-primarily affects people after 40 |
|
most powerful risk factor for type 2 DM
|
OBESITY
|
|
clinical manifestations of type 2 DM
|
-recurrent infections
-genital pruritis -visual changes -paresthesias -fatigue |
|
hypoglycemia aka
|
insulin shock, insulin reaction
|
|
hypoglycemia is defined as blood glucose levels at:
|
below 45-60mg/dl
|
|
hypoglycemia occurs most frequently in what type of diabetes and what can cause it?
|
type 1; can occur in anyone taking insulin
|
|
pathophysiology of hypoglycemia
|
activation of sympathetic nervous system or from an abrupt cessation of glucose delivery to brain
|
|
S/S of hypoglycemia
|
-tachycardia
-diaphoresis -tremors -pallor -severe anxiety |
|
S/S if BS not corrected
|
-headache
-visual disturbances -mental status changes -seizures -coma -death |
|
diabetic ketoacidosis aka
|
hyperglycemia
|
|
what is diabetic ketoacidosis?
|
absolute deficiency of insulin and an increase in counterregulatory hormones: catecholamines, cortisol, glucagons, and growth hormone
|
|
S/S of hyperglycemia
|
-polyuria
-polydipsia -dehydration -ketonuria -glycosuria -Kussmaul respirations -fruity breath odor -CNS depression (lethargy-->coma) |
|
counterregulatory hormones have what affect?
|
increase production of glucose
|
|
pathophysiology of hyperglycemia
|
-not enough insulin
-blood glucose levels increase -body mobilizes fatty acids -formation of ketone bodies |
|
somogyi effect
|
hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia
|
|
chronic complications of DM
|
diabetic neuropathies (decreased sensation in lower extremities)
|
|
microvascular disease associated with DM
|
thickening of capillary membranes progressively lead to decreased perfusion of affected tissue
|
|
most commonly affected tissues of microvascular disease are what?
|
-retina
-kidneys |
|
major cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes
|
macrovascular disease
|
|
macrovascular disease causes what?
|
premature development of atherosclerosis
|
|
why is infection a risk with diabetes?
|
increase blood sugar levels make the blood more susceptible to microorganisms (glucose is energy for bacteria)
|