Allied Mechanisms Of Disease

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Pathophysiology

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the organized study of the underlying physiological processes associated with disease. It does not deal directly with the treatment of disease; rather, it explains the processes within the body that result in the signs and symptoms of disease.

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basic mechanisms of disease

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disturbances to homeostasis and the body's responses

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etiology

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the study of the factors involved that cause disease

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pathogenesis

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actual pattern of a disease's development

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acute

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short in duration. the sudden appearance of signs and symptoms of a disease that persist for a short time and disappear

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chronic

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long lasting

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endemic

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A disease that is native to a local region (smallest)

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epidemic

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If a disease spreads too many individuals at the same time

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Pandemic

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epidemics that affect large geographic regions, perhaps even spreading throughout the world.

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epidemiology

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the study of the occurrence, pattern, and spread of disease in humans

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pathology

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the study of disease. a study in the nature of disease and the effects on body tissues and organs as a result of disease.

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risk factors

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Certain predisposing conditions may make the development of a disease more likely to occur.
* do not directly cause the disease, just make you more susceptible.

1. Genetic makeup
2, age
3. lifestyle
4. environmental factors
5. preexisting conditions
6. stress

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attenuated

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killed (weakened) microorganisms. used to make vaccines.

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virus

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microscopic, intracellular parasites that consist of nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes a lipoprotein envelope. usually classified by shape, DNA or RNA content, and method of multiplying.

The smallest of the infectious organisms, viruses invade cells and insert their own genetic code into the host. They are considered parasites because they reproduce within the living cells of a host.
ie. warts and infectious monoucleosis

*considered non living

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bacterium

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tiny cell without a nucleus, can be rod shaped. they are much larger than viruses. can be gram positive or negative

most bacteria are protected by a cell membrane and cell wall.

can secrete toxic substances that damage human tissues.

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vector

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an organism that spreads disease to other organisms

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anaerobic

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requiring an absence of oxygen for survival

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yeasts

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resistant to chemicals, heat, and dry conditions. small single-celled fungi.

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spores

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small, single-celled fungi.

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incubation

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the hidden stage of an infectious disease

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remission

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temporary reversal of a chronic disease that appears to be a recovery

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communicable

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type of disease that can be transmitted from one person to another

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signs

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objective abnormalities that can be seen or measured by someone other than a patient

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idiopathic

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disease with undetermined cause

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antivirals

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classification of medications that are used to treat viral infections. they directly attack the virus and are not antibiotics. ie. flu, HIV, genital herpes, viral hepatitis

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bacteria classification

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by size and shapes:

1. Bacilli—rods. cause tetanus, botulism, anthrax and salmonella
2. Cocci—spheres, round, arranged in patterns, strings, or chains, or clusters. cause UTI, meningitis, and pneumonia, Sporozoa
3. Curved or spiral rods -single or in strands. cause lyme disease, diarrhea, cholera
4. Small bacteria - parasites. cause Rickettsia and Chlamydia. must reproduce in a host

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spore

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survive under adverse environmental conditions, bacteria can produce resistant pathogens forms called spores

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Fungi

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simple organisms without chlorophyll that grow best in dark, moist environments. ie. Molds and yeasts
* fungi parasitize (consume) tissue on or near the skin.
* causes mycotic infections ie. athletes foot

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Tinea

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ie. ringworm, jock itch, and athlete's foot

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Aerobic

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requires oxygen for metabolism

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Mycotic

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type of fungal infections that often resist treatment and can become serious.

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Candida

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organism that causes thrush and mucous membrane infections

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San Joaquin fever

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systemic fungal infection that can disrupt the entire body

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Gram-positive

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bacteria that stain purple

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4 types of Protozoa

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complex, single-celled organisms larger than bacteria. Their DNA is organized in a nucleus. Protozoa are found in the soil and in most bodies of water. ie. trichomonas *** causes malaria

1. Amoebas - can extend membranes to form pseudopodia or false feet to pull them along
2. Flagellates - move along by whiplike extensions call flagella
3. Ciliates - move by means of short, hairlike projections called cilia
4. Sporozoa (coccidia)- have unusual organelles at their tips that allow them to enter host cells ie. malaria

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metazoa (pathogenic animals)

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pathogens larger than microorganisms include multicellular organisms such as parasitic worms and arthropods.

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Metazoa classifications

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1. Arthropods such as mites, ticks, lice, and fleas. live on the surface, act as vectors of disease. also wasps, bees, mosquitoes, spiders.
2. Nematodes, known as "roundworms, pinworms" - transmitted by food or by flies that bite.
3. Platyhelminths, often referred to as "flatworms, tapeworms and flukes"

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aseptic techniques

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Sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis, and isolation

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sterilization

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destruction of all living organisms
1. pressurized steam bath
2. radiation
3. extreme heat

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disinection

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destruction of most or all pathogens on inanimate objects but not necessarily all harmless microbes.
1. iodine
2. alcohol
3. chlorine
4. phenol
5. soap

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Antisepsis

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inhibition or inactivation of pathogens
1. alcohol
2. iodine
3. quaternary ammonium
4. dye

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Isolation

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separation of infectious people or materials from the non-infected.
1. sanitary transport
2. protective apparel
3. quarantine of patients
4. storage
5. disposal of body fluids, tissues and materials

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diplococci

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cocci bacteria arranged in pairs

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neoplasms

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tumor. abnormal growth of cells. can be either benign or malignant

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benign

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tumor that usually grows very slowly and does not spread to other tissues. usually not life threatening.
ie. papillomas (warts), nevi (moles),

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malignant

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tumors that are not encapsulated and do not stay in one place. cancerous. often travel through lymphatic vessels and the bloodstream. ie. melanomas, osteosarcoma

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Benign Epithelial tissue tumors

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1. Papilloma - wart, finger-like projection
2. Adenoma - glandular tumor
3. Nevus - moles, or tumor of the skin

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Benign connective tissue tumors

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1. Lipoma - tumor from fat tissue
2. Osteoma - tumor in bone tissues
3. Chondroma - tumor in cartilidge tissue

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Malignant epithelial tissue tumors

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Carcinoma
1. Melanoma - involves melanocytes, on skin cells.
2. Adenocarcinoma - malignant tumors of the glandular epithelium

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Malignant connective tissue tumors

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Sarcoma
1. Lymphoma - cancer of lymphatic tissue
2. Osteosarcoma - malignant tumor in bone tissue
3. Myeloma - malignant bone marrow tumor
4. fibrosarcoma - cancers involving fibrous connective tissues.

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stage of cancer

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classifying a tumor based on size and extent of metastasis. four stages using Roman numbers I - IV. Stage I small localized, usually curable. Stage IV usually represents inoperable cancer

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methods used to detect cancer

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1. Self-examination
2. Diagnostic imaging
3. Biopsy
4. Blood test

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tumor markers

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substances in the blood- usually proteins- that are produced by the body in response to cancer growth or by the cancer tumor itself.

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Types of cancer therapy

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1. Chemotherapy and radiation,
2. Laser therapy
3. Immunotherapy
4. Clinical trials involving gene therapy
5. Proton beam therapy

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Proton Beam Therapy

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Protons are better at waiting to release their cell-destroying energy once they've reached a tumor. Protons—positively charged subatomic particles—can pass through healthy tissue in front of tumors with little or no damage. The beam also stops at a precisely determined depth in cancer tissue, so it doesn't reach healthy cells on the other side.

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oncogenes

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genes sometimes present in some forms of cancer that are considered to be at risk of being inherited. will show up on a blood test.

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Inflammation

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the body's response to tissue damage from trauma or an irritant. If the irritant is a pathogen, the inflammation may be due to an infection.

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inflammatory response

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the body's attempt to minimize or repair injury to tissue.
1. redness
2. heat
3. swelling
4. pain

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inflammation process

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1. irritant enters tissue
2. cell damage occurs
3. inflammation mediators are released
4. blood vessels dilate, increase blood vessel permeability, chemotaxis
5. redness, heat, swelling (pain), blood proteins form
6. increase in white blood cells
phagocytosis of irritant

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local

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contained within a specific region

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systemic

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widespread throughout the body; not contained in a localized region.

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Inflammatory disease

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characterized by redness, warmth, edema, and pain. In systemic inflammation, it is also common for fever to be present.

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chronic inflammation conditions

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classified as inflammatory diseases. Tuberculosis, chronic cholecystitis, asthma, arthritis, and bronchiectasis are examples of chronic inflammatory diseases.

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immune system cell

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edema

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tissue swelling

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pus

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inflammatory exudate (fluid) that is thick with debris

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inflammation mediators

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1. histamine
2. prostaglandins
3. Compounds (kinins)

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chemotaxis

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the movement of white blood cells in response to chemical attractants

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symptoms

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subjective abnormalities felt only by the patient

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subacute

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disease with characteristics somewhere between acute and chronic

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idiopathic

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diseases with undetermined causes

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incubation

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an infectious disease in its latent stage

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convalescensce

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recovery period. body functions return to normal

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"cured"

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a state after remission is thought to be permanent

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casual relationships

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establish the cause of the disease outbreak. ie. food poisoning, flu, contaminated water, or toxic fumes

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Coincidental relationships

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events that coincide by chance. ie. wearing a sweater while getting sick.

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Prevention

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most effective way to fight disease

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therapy

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or treatment was the first strategy to treat disease.

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morbidity rate

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number of people with a disease

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mortality rate

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the number of deaths

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Mechanisms of disease

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1. Genetic mechanism
2. Infectious mechanism
3. Neoplastic mechanism
4. Traumatic mechanism
5. Metabolic mechanism
6. Inflammatory mechanism
a. Autoimmunity
b. Inflammation
7. Degeneration

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HIV

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finds and destroys a type of white blood cell (T cells called CD4 cells) that the immune system must have to fight disease.

*antiviral therapy prevents the immune system collapse but doesn't eliminate HIV virus.
*found primarily in blood, semen and vaginal fluid, mammary milk.
* Transmitted by:
1. Secual contact
2. Sharing needles and syringes
3. exposed during birth, before birth or breastfeeding.

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carcinogens

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chemicals that affect genetic activity causing abnormal cell reproduction.

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vaccine

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a killed or attenuated (weakend) pathogen given to a person to stimulate immunity

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pathogens can spread by:

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1. person to person contact
2. Environmental contact
3. Opportunistic invasion
4. Transmission by a vector

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sarcoma

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malignant tumors that arise from connective tissue.
1. Lymphoma - cancer of lymph tissue
2. Osteosarcoma - malignant tumor of bone tissue
3. Myeloma - malignant bone marrow tumor
4. Fibrosarcoma - cancers involving fibrous connective tissues

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carcinoma

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malignant tumors that arise from epithelial tissue.
1. Melanoma - involves melanocytes, the pigment producing cells of the skin.
2. Adenocarcinoma- malignant tumors of glandular epithelium

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Mutagens

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a cause of cancers that damages or changes DNA structure.

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Causes of cancer

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1. Genetic factors
2. Carcinogens - chemicals that affect genetic activity
3. Age
4. Enviornment - radiation, asbestos
5. Viruses - HPV

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antibiotic

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compounds produced by certain living organisms or in a laboratory that kill or inhibit pathogens.

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cachexia

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syndrome involving loss of appetite, severe weight loss, and general weakness. suffered by many cancer patients.

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chemotherapy

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chemical therapy using cytotoxic (cell killing) compounds or antineoplastic drugs to destroy the remaining malignant cells.

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Immunotherapy

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a newer type of cancer treatment, bolsters the body's own defenses against cancer cells.

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adema

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water leaking out of a vessel and tissue swelling

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inflammatory exudate

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fluid that accumulates in inflamed tissue