Allied Anat. Chap. 1 -2

Front 1

systems

Back 1

a group of organs arranged in such a way that they can together perform a more complex function than can any organ alone

Front 2

physiology

Back 2

the study of the functions of living organisms and their parts

Front 3

anatomy

Back 3

the study of the structure of an organism and the relationship of its parts. derived from the greek words "a cutting up"

Front 4

cell

Back 4

the smallest living units of structure and function in our body

Front 5

homeostasis

Back 5

a state of relative constancy of the body's normal internal environment

Front 6

positive feedback loop

Back 6

amplifies a change that is occurring (stimulatory) ie. increase in uterine contractions before giving birth or increasing platelets to form a blood clot to stop bleeding.

Front 7

negative feedback loop

Back 7

most common -opposes or negates a change in a controlled condition (inhibitory) ie. body becomes cold, start to shiver to raise body temperature.

Front 8

dissection

Back 8

cutting apart the human body

Front 9

disease

Back 9

any significant abnormality in the body's structure or function that disrupts a person's well being (or maintaining internal stability)

Front 10

tissue

Back 10

an organization of many cells that act together to perform a common function.

Front 11

organs

Back 11

a group of several different kinds of tissues arranged so that they can act together as a unit to perform a special function

Front 12

Anatomical Order

Back 12

1. atoms
2. molecules
1 & 2 = chemical
3. cell
4. tissue
5. organ
6. system

Front 13

human organism

Back 13

the body as a whole - all the atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, and systems together

Front 14

anatomical position

Back 14

the body, the way it moves, its posture, or the relationship of one area to another (standing up, arms slightly extended palms facing forward, feet separated)

Front 15

supine position

Back 15

body is lying facing upward

Front 16

prone position

Back 16

body is lying facing downward

Front 17

superior (S)

Back 17

towards the head, upper or above

Front 18

inferior (I)

Back 18

towards the feet, lower, or below

Front 19

anterior (A)

Back 19

front, in front of

Front 20

posterior (P)

Back 20

back, or in back of

Front 21

ventral

Back 21

toward the belly

Front 22

dorsal

Back 22

toward the back, behind

Front 23

medial (M)

Back 23

toward the midline of the body (big toes) (heart lies medial to the lungs)

Front 24

lateral (L)

Back 24

toward the side of the body or away from its midline (little toes) (lungs lie lateral to the heart)

Front 25

proximal (P)

Back 25

toward or nearest the trunk of the body, or nearest the point of origin of one of its parts (elbow on the arm)

Front 26

distal (D)

Back 26

away from or farthest from the trunk or point of origin on the body. (hand on the arm)

Front 27

superficial

Back 27

nearer the surface

Front 28

deep

Back 28

farther away from the body surface

Front 29

sagittal plan

Back 29

divides body into left and right sides

Front 30

frontal (coronal) plane

Back 30

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

Front 31

transverse plane

Back 31

divides the body into upper and lower portions

Front 32

two major cavities of the body

Back 32

Ventral and dorsal

Front 33

axial portion of the body

Back 33

contains: head, neck, and torso (trunk)

Front 34

appendicular portion of the body

Back 34

contains: upper and lower extrimities

Front 35

atrophy

Back 35

the degeneration process that often results from disease

Front 36

Ventral Cavity

Back 36

1. Thoracic cavity - mediastinum and Pleural cavities
2. Abdominopelvic cavity - Abdominal and Pelvic cavity and the abdominopelvic regions

Front 37

Dorsal Cavity

Back 37

1. Crainial Cavity - brain
2. Spinal cavity - spinal cord

Front 38

levels of organization from smallest to largest

Back 38

1. Chemical level
2. Cellular level
3. Tissue level
4. Organ
5. Organ system
6. Organism

Front 39

pelvic cavity

Back 39

contains:
1. reproductive organs
2. urinary bladder
3. lowest part of the colon

Front 40

midsagittal

Back 40

divides the body into two equal halves

Front 41

parts of the feedback loop

Back 41

1. Sensor
2. Control Center
3. Controlled condition
4. Effector

Front 42

biochemistry

Back 42

the study of the chemical aspects of life

Front 43

matter

Back 43

anything that occupies space and has mass

Front 44

atom

Back 44

smallest unit of matter. has a nucleus composed of positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons.

Front 45

molecules

Back 45

particles of matter that are composed of one or more atoms (most chemicals are in this form in the body)

Front 46

subatomic particles

Back 46

protons, electrons and neutrons

Front 47

atomic number

Back 47

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Front 48

atomic mass

Back 48

the number of protons and neutrons combined in an atom (nucleus)

Front 49

energy level (shell)

Back 49

region surrounding an atomic nucleus that contains electrons.

Front 50

orbitals

Back 50

the limits in which electrons move around the nucleus.

Front 51

elements

Back 51

pure substances, composed of only one of more than a hundred types of atoms that exist in nature

Front 52

4 main types of atoms

Back 52

make up 96% if the human body

oxygen
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen

Front 53

compounds

Back 53

substances whose molecules have more than one element in them.

Front 54

isotope

Back 54

two atoms that have the same atomic number but different atomic masses (weight)

Front 55

radioactive isotope

Back 55

an isotope that emits radiation

Front 56

ionic bond

Back 56

a bond that forms when positive and negative ions are drawn to each other because of electrical attraction. transfer electrons to each other.

ie. NaCl

Front 57

dissociate

Back 57

when a compound breaks apart in water

Front 58

electrolytes

Back 58

molecules that form ions when dissolved in water.

Front 59

ion

Back 59

an atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving the atom a net positive or negative electrical charge.

Front 60

covalent bond

Back 60

a bond that is formed when atoms share their outer energy to fill up and become stable (doesn't normally dissociate in water)

Front 61

hydrogen bond

Back 61

do not create molecules, but rather weakly bond neighboring molecules. Present in water, DNA and proteins.

Front 62

organic compounds

Back 62

compound whose large molecules contain carbon and include C-C (Carbon-Carbon) bonds and/or C-H (Carbon - Hydrogen) bonds

Front 63

inorganic compound

Back 63

compound whose molecules do not contain carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen hydrogen bonds. ie. water

Front 64

solvent

Back 64

a substance in which the solute is dissolved or mixed

Front 65

solutes

Back 65

a substance that is dissolved in another substance (solvent)

Front 66

aqueous solution

Back 66

a mixture that utilizes water as the solvent

Front 67

Dehydration synthesis

Back 67

reactants combine only after hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms are removed. These leftover H and O atoms come together, forming H2O or water. (water is removed from small molecules so they can form a larger molecule)

Front 68

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Back 68

a chemical compound that provides energy for body use.

Front 69

alkaline

Back 69

any substance that, when dissolved in water, contributes to an excess of OH-ions (high pH)

Front 70

acid

Back 70

any substance that, when dissolved in water, contributes to an excess of (Hydrogen) H+ ions (low pH)

Front 71

bases

Back 71

compounds that produces an excess of (hydroxyl) OH- ions (or a decrease in H+ ions)

Front 72

pH

Back 72

mathematical expression of H+ concentration (acidity); pH value higher than 7 is a base, pH value less that 7 is acidic, pH value of 7 is neutral

Front 73

buffers

Back 73

chemicals in the blood that maintain pH

Front 74

carbohydrates

Back 74

an organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in certain specific proportions. attach to the surface of cells and aid in cell type identification. ie. sugars, starches, and cellulose.

Front 75

lipids

Back 75

fats and oils
1. triglycerides
2. Phospholipids (the foundation for the cell membrane)
3. Cholesterol

Front 76

proteins

Back 76

a nitrogen-containing organic compound composed of a folded strand of amino acids. poke holes through the plasma membrane, allowing water and dissolved substances to flow through it.

Front 77

nucleic acids

Back 77

made up of nucleotide units that direct overall body structure and function by directing the formation of structural and functional proteins. ie. DNA and RNA

Front 78

peptides

Back 78

a compound made of two or more amino acids connected by peptide bonds

Front 79

structural proteins

Back 79

shaped in ways to allow them to form essential structures of the body

Front 80

functional proteins

Back 80

participate in chemical processes of the body. ie. hormones, growth factors, receptors.

Front 81

enzymes

Back 81

chemical catalyst. they help a chemical reaction occur but are not reactants or products themselves.

Front 82

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Back 82

genetic material of the cell that carries the chemical "blueprint" of the body. A double stranded molecule. bases include: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. sugar is deoxyribose,

DNA Pairs:
Adenine binds to thymine
cytosine bineds to guanine

Front 83

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Back 83

a nucleic acid found in the cytoplasm that is crucial to protein synthesis. A single stranded molecule. bases include:adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine. sugar is ribose

Front 84

nucleotide

Back 84

a compound consisting of one or more phosphate groups, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

Front 85

double helix

Back 85

DNA molecule were nucleotides are arranged in a twisted, double strand

Front 86

hydrolysis

Back 86

chemical reaction in which water is added to the sub-units of a large molecule to break it apart into smaller molecules.

Front 87

chemical reactions

Back 87

always involve energy transfers, as when energy is used to build ATP molecules.

Front 88

mixture

Back 88

a blend of two or more kinds of molecules

Front 89

strong acid

Back 89

an acid that completely, or almost completely dissociates to form H+ ions

Front 90

weak acid

Back 90

dissociates very little and therefore produces few excess H+ ions in solution

Front 91

acidosis

Back 91

low blood pH

Front 92

alkalosis

Back 92

high blood pH

Front 93

monosacharide

Back 93

basic unit of carbohydrate molecules

Front 94

glucose

Back 94

dextrose (sugar) - used by cells as their primary source of energy

Front 95

disaccharide

Back 95

a molecule made of two saccharide units or double sugar

Front 96

polysaccharides

Back 96

when many saccharide units join together ie. glycogen and starch

Front 97

fats

Back 97

lipids that are solid at room temperature ie. fat in butter

Front 98

oil

Back 98

lipids that are liquid at room temperature. ie. corn oil

Front 99

electron

Back 99

negatively charged particle

Front 100

proton

Back 100

positively charge particle that is a fundamental compound of the nucleus of all atoms

Front 101

neutron

Back 101

a non charge particle in the nucleus of an atom.

Front 102

salts

Back 102

the result of a strong acid and a strong base mixing and neutralizing each other, in addition to forming water.

Front 103

triglyceride

Back 103

lipid molecules formed by a glycerol unit joined to three fatty acids.