Allence Bio 9

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summation

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a term that refers to the way that several small potential changes can combine to produce one larger change in potential differnce across the membrane

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myelinated neurones

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Myelin is a fatty white substance that surrounds the axon of some nerve cells, forming an electrically insulating layer. It is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system. It is an outgrowth of a type of glial cell.

The main purpose of a myelin layer (or sheath) is to increase the speed at which impulses propagate along the myelinated fiber.

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non-myelinated neurones

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The non-myelinated nerve cells pertains to any of the nerve cells without the myelin sheath along the axons. Compared to myelinated neurons, non-myelinated neuronss are slower in terms of conducting impulses and are found in the peripheral nervous system (especially visceral nervous system) and the gray matter of the nervous system.

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Demyelination

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When myelin in lost from nerves that should have it. Occurs in certain disease states such as mutliple sclerosis

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hormones

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Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted directly into the blood, which carries them to organs and tissues of the body to exert their functions. There are many types of hormones that act on different aspects of bodily functions and processes. Some of these include: Development and growth.

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endocrine gland

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Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct. The major glands of the endocrine system include the pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, hypothalamus and adrenal glands.

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exocrine gland

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Exocrine glands are glands that produce and secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct. Examples of exocrine glands include sweat, salivary, mammary, ceruminous, lacrimal, sebaceous, and mucous.

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target cells

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those that possess a specific receptor on their plasma membrane. The shape of the receptor is complementary to the shape of the hormone molecule. Many similar cells together form a tissue.

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Adenyl cyclase

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receptor for many hormones, including adrenaline

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first messenger

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is the hormone that tranmits a signal around the body

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second messenger

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is cAMP, which transmits a singal inside the cell

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adrenal glands

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The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol. They are found above the kidneys. Each gland has an outer cortex which produces steroid hormones and an inner medulla.

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Adrenaline

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an amino acid derivative unable to enter the target cell.

normally produced by both the adrenal glands and certain neurons. It plays an important role in the fight-or-flight response by increasing blood flow to muscles, output of the heart, pupil dilation, and blood sugar. It is found in many animals and some one cell organisms.[

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pancreas

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The pancreas /ˈpæŋkriəs/ is a glandular organ in the digestive system and endocrine system of vertebrates. In humans, it is located in the abdominal cavity behind the stomach. It is an endocrine gland producing several important hormones, including insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide which circulate in the blood. The pancreas is also a digestive organ, secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes that assist digestion and absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. These enzymes help to further break down the carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in the chyme.

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pancreatic duct

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The pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct just prior to the ampulla of Vater, after which both ducts perforate the medial side of the second portion of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla.

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islets of Langerhans

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The islets of Langerhans make the hormones insulin and glucagon. Small patches of tissue in the pancreas that have an endocrine function.

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insulin

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hormone, causes blood glucose levels to go down

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glucagon

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hormone that causes blood glucose levels to rise

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hepatocytes

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are liver cells. They are specialised to perform a range of metabolic functions.

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know the difference between glucose, glucagon and glycogen

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glucose - Glucose is a carbohydrate, and is the most important simple sugar in human metabolism. Glucose is called a simple sugar or a monosaccharide

glucagon -Glucagon is a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells of the pancreas. It works to raise the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream.

glycogen -Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in animals and fungi. The polysaccharide structure represents the main storage form of glucose in the body.

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diabetes mellitus

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Diabetes mellitus (or diabetes) is a chronic, lifelong condition that affects your body's ability to use the energy found in food.

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hyperglycaemia

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an excess of glucose in the bloodstream, often associated with diabetes mellitus.

hyper means above

glyc means glucose

aemia means blood

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hypoglycaemia

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blood glucose levels are too low

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glycogenesis

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the formation of glycogen from sugar

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gluconeogenesis

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Gluconeogenesis (GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates

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glycogenolysis

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Glycogenolysis is the biochemical breakdown of glycogen to glucose whereas glycogenesis is the opposite, the formation of glycogen from glucose. Glycogenolysis takes place in the cells of muscle and liver tissues in response to hormonal and neural signals.