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535 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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What were the military, religious, and economic reasons that Prince Henry the navigator funded voyages of discovery? |
Military: Wanted to learn the geography of Africa in order to outflank the Muslims Religious: Wanted to convert pagans Economic: Wanted to find an alternate route to the Indies |
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What Portuguese explorer rounded Cape of Good Hope in 1488? |
Bartholomew Diaz |
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What Treaty was created between Spain and Portugal in order to prevent a rivalry? |
Treaty of Tordesillas |
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What were the terms of the Treaty of Tordesillas? |
Spain gets land across the Atlantic, and Portugal gets land in Africa, India, Indonesia, and Brazil |
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What did the conquistadors use to overthrow empires? |
Firearms and Diseases |
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Who led the conquistadors to overthrow the Aztecs in Mexico? |
Cortez |
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Who led the conquistadors to overthrow the Incas in Peru? |
Pizarro |
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What was Magellan known for doing? |
Circumnavigating the world |
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What did De Soto discover? |
Florida and the Gulf of Mexico |
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What was the name of the system of colonization which forced natives to work on plantations in the Caribbean? |
Encomienda system |
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Who was the new world named after? |
Amerigo Vespucci |
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Where was the first permanent English settlement in America? |
Jamestown, VA |
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What's the name of France's first colony in North America? |
Quebec City |
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The Hudson River is named after what man and where was he from? |
Henry Hudson - from the Netherlands |
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What was the name of the settlement which eventually became New York City? |
New Amsterdam |
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What company from the Netherlands helped colonize America? |
Dutch West India Company |
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What were the new financial centers after the commercial revolution? |
London, Paris, Amsterdam |
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What were the financial centers before the commercial revolution? |
Venice, Lisbon, Madrid
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During the commercial revolution, what happened to cause widespread poverty? |
Gold and silver depreciated, causing inflation |
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Who were the bankers for the Hapsburgs (also engaged in mining in Central Europe)? |
The Fuggers of Ausburg |
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During the commercial revolution, what did investors do to take advantage of changing markets? |
Use profit from one industry to finance another growing industry |
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Who ended up beating out the guilds? |
Entrepreneurs |
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What was the enclosure movement during the commercial revolution? |
Common lands were bought by the wealthy and turned into enclosed pastures |
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What system was the textile industry's use of unskilled labor an example of? |
The putting-out system |
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What was the gathering-in system? |
"Gathering" workers and tools of production to the same place |
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What was the main benefit of the gathering-in system? |
Decreased costs |
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What is the name for groups of investors who would finance businesses? |
Joint-Stock Companies |
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Protection from huge losses is a big incentive to create what kind of business ventures? |
Joint-Stock Companies |
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Russia Company, East India Company, Dutch East India Company, and Dutch West India Company are all examples of what? |
Joint-Stock Companies |
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During the time of mercantilism, what did kings try to do? |
Have more exports than imports Keep more gold in the country |
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What economic theory led to kings increasing tariffs and exploiting overseas empires? |
Marcantilism |
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What were the first widespread trading commodities? |
Spices |
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After spices, what were the next widespread trading commodities? |
Cotton, silk, coffee, tea |
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What new weapon did the Turks use to take Constantinople? |
Cannons |
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What weapon increased naval power, changed military tactics and shortened sieges? |
Cannons |
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What religious people were purged during the St. Bartholemew's Day massacre? |
Huguenots |
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Who said the phrase "Paris is worth a mass" and what does it mean? |
Huguenot leader Henry IV Refers to him converting to Catholicism to placate is subjects |
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Why did King Henry IV issue the Edict of Nantes? |
To protect the Calvinists |
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Who revoked the Edict of Nantes? |
Cardinal Richelieu |
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What policy stated that the Huguenots must serve the French monarchy? |
Royal Absolutism |
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Who made alliances with the Protestants in order to weaken the Hapsburgs? |
Cardinal Richelieu |
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Who annexes Portugal, exiled the Moriscos, and brought the inquisition to the Netherlands? |
King Philip II of Spain |
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Who supressed Catholic uprisings in England? Who did this person execute? |
Elizabeth I Executed her cousin Mary |
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What did the Spanish Armada attack in retaliation for? |
Elizabeth's aid to the Dutch rebellion |
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What happened to the Spanish Armada? |
It was destroyed by a storm |
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What issue did the Stuarts and Parliament have with each other? |
Parliament would not approve funds for the Stuart kings |
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What did the Stuarts do when Parliament would not approve their funds? |
Raised it from somewhere else |
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Who did the roundheads support? Who did the cavaliers support? |
Roundheads - supported Parliament Cavaliers supported the King |
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Who won the civil war in England? |
Parliament won |
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Where did William the Silent lead a civil war? |
The Netherlands |
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When did the Netherlands declare independence? |
1581 |
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What did the Treaty of Westphalia declare? |
Spain's recognition of Dutch independence |
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Who had a monopoly on the spice trade as well as a huge naval fleet in the 1600s? |
Dutch (East India Company) |
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What were the 2 camps in the Thirty Years's War? |
Evangelical Union & Catholic League |
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What are the 4 phases of the Thirty Years' War? (chronologically) |
Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, French |
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In which phase of the thirty years' war was rebellion suppressed in Bohemia? |
Bohemian phase |
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In which phase of the thirty years' war was the Edict of Restitution issued? |
Danish phase |
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What was the effect of the Edict of Restitution? |
to return seized lands to the Catholics |
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In which phase of the thirty years' war did Cardinal Richelieu negotiate with the protestants? |
Danish Phase |
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In which phase of the thirty years' war was Denmark defeated by the Catholics? |
Danish Phase |
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Who took North and South germany from the Hapsburgs and Catholics? |
Sweden / Swedish King |
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Who was the Edict of Restitution for? |
Swedes and Hapsburgs |
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Who directly intervened in the Swedish phase? |
Cardinal Richelieu |
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Who allied against Hapsburg Spain during the French phase? |
Catholics and Protestants |
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What country was crushed during the French phase? |
Germany |
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What signified the end of the 30 Years War? |
Treaty of Westphalia |
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What was the most powerful European country after the Treaty of Westphalia? |
France |
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Which treaty ended the Holy Roman Empire by recognizing 300 states of the Empire as sovereign? |
Treaty of Westphalia |
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What recognized Calvinism? |
Treaty of Westphalia |
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What signaled the end of the 15th century persecution of witches? |
Age of Enlightenment |
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Who challenged Ptolemy's geocentric theory during the age of enlightenment? |
Copernicus |
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What did Copernicus use to challenge Ptolemy's Geocentric theory? |
Ockham's Razor |
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Who said that orbits are elliptical? Who popularized it? |
Kepler Popularized by Galileo |
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Who is known for deductive reasoning and saying "I think, therefore I am" |
Descartes |
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During the scientific revolution, who made arguments for god on the basis of reason alone? |
Descartes |
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Who did Pascal criticize? |
Descartes |
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Who criticized Descartes and later turned to Catholic reform? |
Pascal |
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Who determined that diseases come from foreign bodies? |
Paracelsus |
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What did Vesalius, Servetus, Harvey, and Paracelsus do? |
Made contributions to Medicine during the scientific revolution |
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What did Montaigne use essays to do? |
Criticize dogmas |
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Who wrote Don Quixote? |
Cervantes |
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What did Cervantes use "Don Quixote" to say? |
That chivalry is useless and society had become pragmatic |
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Who was the great humanist during the scientific revolution who was known for writing plays and sonnets? |
Shakespeare |
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Bernini was a part of what art period? |
Baroque |
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What art and architecture was known for being grandiose and flamboyant? |
Baroque |
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What art style came before baroque? |
Mannerism |
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What style of singing is associated with the baroque period? |
Opera |
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During the Middle Ages, what replaced Latin as the language of the Roman/Byzantine Empire?
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Greek
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What did Theodora convince Justinian to do, which made possible all of his later achievements?
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She got Justinian to risk his life staying and suppressing rebellion during the Nika riots
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What did the people in the Byzantine empire call themselves?
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Romans
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The Byzantine Empire defended against what Persian dynasty?
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Sassanian
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During the Byzantine empire, what was the name of the body of civil law that was used to codify Roman law?
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Corpus Juris Civilis
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Who did the historian Procopius publicly praise but secretly call tyrants and demon–worshippers?
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Justinian and Theodora
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According to Muslims, who is the Final Prophet?
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Muhammad
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What are the 5 pillars of Islam?
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1. Profession of God
2. Daily Prayers 3. Almsgiving 4. Fasting during the month of Ramadan 5. Hajj – Pilgrimage to Mecca |
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What does the word "Quran" translate literally to in English?
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"Translate"
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What is the "Hegira"?
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Muhammad's first trip to Medina
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What is the first year of the Muslim calendar called?
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Hegira
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Who was the first person to unite Arabia?
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Muhammad
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What is the main difference between Sunnites and Shiites?
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–Shiites want the caliph to be a descendant of Muhammad
–Sunnites want the caliph to be descended from one of the past caliphs appointed after Muhammad |
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How did Ali and his son Hussein die?
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In the civil wars between Sunnites and Shiites
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What people brought the capital from Mecca to Damascus?
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Umayyads
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Why didn't the Umayyads encourage mass conversions to Islam?
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Due to heavy taxes on non–Muslims
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Who did the Abbasids overthrow?
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The Umayyads
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Where did the Abbasids move the capital of the empire to?
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Baghdad by the Tigris
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A Umayyad muslim escapred and set up a rival caiphate where?
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Spain – Cordoba
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Where was the 3rd caliphate created, and who were they?
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N. Africa
The Fatimids |
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Who were the Fatimids overthrown by?
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Mongols
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What consequence did the division of the Muslims have for the Byzantine empire?
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The Byzantines were saved – nearly destroyed by Arab invaders
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What special defensive weapon helped Constantinople survive many attacks?
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Greek fire
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Who conquered Anatolia and the Balkans in the 9th century after constantly being on the defensive?
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Byzantium
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Where were the Germanic Kingdoms founded?
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In Gaul + Britain
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Who overthrew the Visigoths in Spain?
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N. African Muslims
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Who was the king to united all of the Franks under one ruler?
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King Clovis
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Under the late Merovingians, what happened that allowed skilled nobles to arrive?
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There was a lot of fighting after the willed land after fathers died. This competition led to nobles becoming skilled in fighting
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What dynasty followed the Merovingians?
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Carolingians
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Who fought at the Battle of Tours?
Who won? |
Carolingians vs. Muslim Raiders&
Carolingians won |
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Who was the first carolingian king?
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Pepin the Short
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Who was Pepin the Short king of?
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Carolingians
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What king received legitimacy of his power from the pope, and in turn gave territory captured from the Lombards to the papacy, founding papal states?
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Pepin the Short
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Who was Pepin's son?
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Charlemagne
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Which Roman Emperor, when crowned by the pope, was surprised and annoyed?
& Why was he annoyed? |
Charlemagne
& Because that implied that his authority CAME from the pope |
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Which Roman Emperor inherited a large amount of land from his father, and is credited with supressing an uprising in Italy?
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Charlemagne
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Did Charlemagne take good care of his kingdom? If so, how?
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Yes
–Founded schools –Created international center of learning |
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Who ruled during the Carolingian renaissance?
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Charlemagne
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What language did Charlemagne encourage everyone to speak so that everyone could communicate?
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Latin
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The Treaty of Verdun did what to the Carolingian Kingdom?
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Divided it among Louis the Pious' 3 sons
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What borders did the Treaty of Mersen establish?
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Borders of France and Germany
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Charles the Bald, Louis the German, and Lothair were whose sons?
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Louis the Pious
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What concessions did the Celtic church make at the Synod of Whitby?
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To accept the ritual practices and calculation of Easter given by the Latin church
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The northumbrian Monk, venerable Bede wrote what high quality book?
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History of the English Church and People
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Who did the German Ruler Oto the Great defeat at "the battle of Lechfield"?
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The Magyars
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Who does the Holy Roman Church consider to be the first pope?
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St. Peter
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Who convinced Attila not to attack?
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Pope Leo
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Which pope used papal estates to feed the poor of Rome, and is known for writing theological works? (dialogues)
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Gregory the Great
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What centuries did the Vikings invade Europe during?
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9th and 10th centuries
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Where did the Vikings, Saracens, and Magyars initially settle?
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Ireland, Normandy, England
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What controversy caused a schism between the Greek and Latin Churches?
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Filioque Controversy
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What two things made Benedictine monasticism and worship popular?
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1. Ideal balance of work, study, and prayer
2. Did not promote physical pain |
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What were the names of the 2 Peace Movements
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Peace of God
& Truce of God |
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What did the Peace of God and Truce of God decree, respectively?
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Peace of God – protected non–combatants
Truce of God – no fighting on Sundays and major holidays |
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What was the demesne and who was it reserved for?
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The best part of the manor, reserved for the lord
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What two things did the Lord charge people to use on his Manor?
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Water/wind mills
& Communal ovens |
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Who were the 3 classes of people in medieval society?
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Warriors
Religious/Men of Prayer Workers Merchants |
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What class of Medieval society was created with the rise of trade?
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Merchants
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What groups of people were the early forms of corporations, and would band together to protect each other?
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Merchant Guilds
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What would rulers and towns due to attract merchants of a region?
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Hold Fairs
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What were the most famous fairs?
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Fairs of Cherlemagne in France
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Who dominated maritime trade in the Mediterranean in the 12th century?
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Italian cities
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What was the name of the trading alliance between european trading cities from the 12th–16th centuries?
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Hanseatic League
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Where in Europe were the Cluniacs located?
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Eastern France
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Where did Church reform begin in the Middle Ages?
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Cluny – Eastern France
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When the church began to reform in the middle ages, what did they begin to do more strictly?
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Follow Benedictine Rule
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Why was Papacy reform attempted in the Middle Ages?
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Nobles were using the papacy for politics
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What did Pope John XII do that was looked down upon in the Middle Ages and led to Papacy reform?
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Crowned Otto I the Roman Emperor (seen as abusing his power and using the papacy for politics)
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Who was the man appointed Pope Sylvester II and expected to reform the papacy in the middle ages?
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Gerbert of Aurillac
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Why was Pope Sylvester not trusted with reform of the Papacy?
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Because he was French
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What was created by reformers as a new way to elect the pope in the middle ages?
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College of Cardinals
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Who was the first Pope elected by the College of Cardinals?
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Gregory VII
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What were the 3 Gregorian Reforms?
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1. Clerical Celibacy
2. Ending the sale of Church offices 3. End lay interference |
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What rule did the "canons regular" follow, and what was the other thing that they recommend priests do?
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Followed the rule of St. Augustine
Recommended that priests live together |
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Who was the Emperor who stood in the snow for 3 days seeking absolution from Pope Gregory?
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Emperor Henry
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What was the solution in 1122 AD to the Investiture Controversy?
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Concordat of Worms
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What was decided at the Concordat of Worms in 1122 AD?
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Churchmen give bishops spiritual authority
& The Emperor gives bishops political authority |
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When was power centralized in England & France, Spain, and Germany & Italy, respectively?
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England & France – 11th century
Spain – 15th century Germany & Italy – 19th century |
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Who did Frederick I Barbarossa lead? What did they try to do, and what was the result?
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Led the Hohenstaufens (Northern Italians)
Tried to take the southern Alps Defeated by the Lombard League |
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What caused the Great Interregnum?
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When Emperor of the Hohenstaufens (Frederick II) died, his son was only an infant
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Who did the Guelfs support? Who did the Ghibellines support?
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Guelfs – supported the Pope
Ghibellines – supported the emperor |
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Who was the emperor that tried to take the Swiss lands?
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Rudolf I Hapsburg of Austria
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What was the reaction to Rudolf I in Switzerland?
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The cantons banded together for defense
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What was the Golden Bull?
How did it work? |
Electoral college in Luxembourg
Majority (of 7) archbishops needed to choose the new emperor |
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Who united the Seven Anglo–Saxon kingdoms, and resisted the Danish Vikings?
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Wessex, led by Alfred the Great
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Who was the shire–reeve?
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(Sheriff) – he was the shire's connection to the centralized monarchy
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What were two characteristics of the Anglo–Saxon kingdom in the late 9th century?
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1. Advanced taxation
2. Balanced Government |
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What happened to control of England during the 11th century?
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England was under control of Danes & Normans
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What 2 systems did the Normans combine in England to create a powerful, centrally organized government?
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Shire system + Norman feudal system
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What was the "Domesday book" and what was its significance?
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It inventoried all property for taxation purposes in England under Norman rule
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Who was a vassal of the French King despite having much more power? What Empire was he from?
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Henry of the Angevin Empire
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Who was opposed by the Archbishop of Canterbury, tried to do away with the church courts, and promoted common law during 12th century England?
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Henry II
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What did Henry use to create a large empire (Angevin Empire)?
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Marriage + Dynastic ties
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What century was Henry king of the Angevin Empire?
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12th century AD
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Why was the Magna Carta originally created?
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To protect English barons from royal attempts to expand the monarchy (via raising taxes, illegal imprisonment, etc.)
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Who comprised English parliament at first?
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Representatives/Landowners from English towns
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What century was the English parliament split up?
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14th century
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What was English parliament split up into?
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1. House of Commons
2. House of Lords |
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Carolingians rules France until when?
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Late 10th century AD (987 AD)
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Who was the first person to rule France after the Carolingians?
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Hugh Capet – Capetian Dynasty
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What Capetian King seized many lands, including Normandy, challenged the Angevins, and threatened to invade England (but was forbidden by Pope Innocent III)?
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Philip Augustus (Philip II)
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Who was St. Louis and what did he do?
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Louis IX – King of France during 13th Century AD
Strengthened the royal bureaucracy and authority |
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King Philip IV the Fair remained popular despite which conflicts?
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1. His henchmen killing Pope Boniface VIII
2. Destroying the Knight's templar 3. Expelling the Jews from France 4. Reinterpreting feudal law |
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The hundred years' war was between whom?
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France and England
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What claim sparked the hundred years' war?
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England's claim that Edward III was entitled to the French crown
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Where was the first battle of the hundred years' war and who won it?
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Battle of Crecy
French won – longbowmen beat English cavalry |
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Where was the second battle of the hundred years' war and who won it?
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Battle of Poitiers
England won – captured Valois French King, John II |
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What did the Peace of Bretigny establish?
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France gave the province of Aquitane to England
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What happened to the hundred years' war in 1389?
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A truce
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Where was the first battle of the hundred years' war after the truce? What was the result?
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Battle of Agincourt (France)
England victorious |
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Who did the Duke of Burgundy and Philip the good aid at the Battle of Agincourt?
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England
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Who convinced King Charles to fight back against England after the loss at the battle of Agincourt?
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Joan of Arc
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Who won the hundred years' war? What was the result?
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France won
England retained only Calais |
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What was the period called when christians attempted to recapture spain from the spanish Muslims?
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The Reconquista
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What part of Spain had hardly any Muslim inhabitants during the 7th century AD?
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in the North – Asturias
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What country declared its independence from Spain and was recognized by the Pope in the late 12th Century AD?
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Portugal
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Why did Spain not have a centralized monarchy?
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It was too fragmented
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Who began converting Czechs and Slovaks to christianity? And when?
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Byzantine Monks
9th Century AD |
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What did unification with Poland in the 14th century motivate pagan Lithuanians to do?
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Convert to Catholicism
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What event caused eastern Europe to begin keeping written records?
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The arrival of Christian missionaries
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What was the name of the military religious order during the crusades?
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Teutonic Knights
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Who did the teutonic knights convert?
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Pagans
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Who founded the "Rus"/Varangians colonies in Eastern Europe in the 9th century?
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Vikings
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What territories did Rurik rule?
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Novgorod, and Kievan Rus in Kiev
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Who ruled in Russia during the 13th century, and halted the eastward expansion of the Teutonic Knights?
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Alexander Nevsky
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What group seized Russia in 1237?
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Mongols
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What was the political entity that the Mongols formed after capturing Russia in 1237?
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The Golden Horde
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Who overthrew the Mongols in Russia in the 15th century?
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Ivan III The Great
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What was the result of the investiture controversy on the papacy?
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The papacy gained prestige
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What did Pope Urban II do to begin the first crusade?
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Gave a speech at the Council of Clermont
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What year did the first Crusade begin?
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1096 AD
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Why did the Frankish nobles succeed during the first crusade?
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Muslims were divided
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What were the "outremers"?
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The 4 Crusader states established after the first crusade
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Who won the second crusade?
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The muslims
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What two figures led the second crusade?
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Holy Roman Emperor Conrad III
French King Louis VII |
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What event sparked the second crusade?
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Muslims overthrew County of Edessa
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What event sparked the third crusade?
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Prince of Egypt, Saladin, captured Jerusalem
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What 3 figures led the third crusade against the Muslims?
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Richard I Lion Hearted – England
Philip II Augustus – France Frederick I Barbarossa – Holy Roman Empire |
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Who won the third crusade?
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Muslims
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What two leaders could not cooperate during the third crusade?
|
Philip II Augustus & Richard I Lion Hearted
|
|
|
What leader died on the way to the third crusade?
|
Frederick I Barbarossa – Holy Roman Emperor
|
|
|
What was the result of the fourth crusade?
|
Crusaders sacked Constantinople, but never reached Muslim Lands
|
|
|
Sum up the 5th, 6th, and 7th crusades, including: who led them, where they went, and the results.
|
5th: Frederick diplomatically negotiated access to Jerusalem with Egyptians
6th: St. Louis IX of France took an Egyptian coastal city (then surrendered) 7th: St. Louis IX tried to conquer Tunisia and failed (and died) |
|
|
What was the last outpost of the crusader states?
|
City of Aere
|
|
|
What did the crusaders refocus to after losing the crusades?
|
1. reconquest of Spain
2. Suppression of Albigensian Crusade (heretics in S. France) 3. Conquest of Baltic pagans |
|
|
What did the Templars do and how did they end?
|
They amassed wealth with an innovative banking system
Suppressed by French King Philip IV who also stole/confiscated their money |
|
|
What did the Hospitallers do?
|
Provided services for pilgrims
|
|
|
What were the Cluniacs known as after reforming? What was the main change?
|
Cistercians: became stricter on Benedictine Rule
|
|
|
Where was the massacre of the Albigensian cruse, and who declared it?
|
Massacre was at Beziers (in south France)
Declared by Pope Innocent III (to eliminate Catharism) |
|
|
The dominican order was created following what event?
|
The Albigensian Crusade/Massacre at Beziers
|
|
|
Who would not allow Philip II Augustus to divorce his wife and invade England?
|
Pope Innocent III
|
|
|
Who did Pope Innocent III excommunicate for resisting an archbishop choice?
|
King John
|
|
|
What did Pope Innocent III create in order to define the requirements of membership in the Roman Catholic Church?
|
Fourth Lateran Council – 400 bishops, 800 monastic leaders
|
|
|
What did the Fourth Lateran Council determine that the requirements of membership into the Roman Catholic Church were?
|
Receiving the Eucharist once per year
Accepting transubstantiation |
|
|
Who created the Mendicant Orders?
|
Pope Innocent
|
|
|
What were the 2 Mendicant orders?
|
Franciscans (St. Francis) & Dominicans (St. Dominic Guzman)
|
|
|
After Pope Innocent, what direction did the papacy head in?
|
Decline; Kings began resisting the papacy
|
|
|
During a dispute with France's King Philip IV, what happened to Pope Boniface VIII?
|
He was taken prisoner and died after escaping
|
|
|
Where did Pope Clement V move the papal residence to? Where was it before that?
|
To Avignon on the Rhone River (from Rome)
|
|
|
During what century was there a 70–year stretch of French Popes?
|
14th century / 1300s
(1309–1377) |
|
|
What period of the papacy was synonymous with the Babylonian Captivity?
|
Avignon Papacy
|
|
|
What controversial period resulted in three popes?
|
The Great Schism
|
|
|
During the Great Schism, where were the two popes?
|
France and Italy
|
|
|
Who did the Council of Constance elect as the third – TRUE – Pope?
|
Martin V
|
|
|
What did the council of Constance decide about the ultimate authority?
|
It resides in all believers, and not in the papacy
|
|
|
What event resulted in the loss of the papacy's political influence outside of Italy?
|
Council of Constance
|
|
|
Who was the Czech reformer who was burned at the stake and sparked wars? Who were the wars between?
|
Huss
Wars between Hussites and the Church |
|
|
Who was Huss influenced by?
|
Wycliffe
|
|
|
What did Wycliffe emphasize over councils?
What did he reject? |
Emphasized the bible over councils
Rejected transubstantiation |
|
|
Which council was convened in order to reform the church?
|
Council of Basel
|
|
|
Which council was convened in an attempt to end the schism?
|
Council of Florence (begun in Ferrara but moved to avoid plague)
|
|
|
The conquering of which city coincided with the end of the conciliar movement? Who conquered this city?
|
Constantinople – by the Ottoman Turks
|
|
|
What was the primary reason for studying ancient Greek and Roman classics in the middle ages?
|
To benefit Christian society
|
|
|
What were the two branches of "liberal arts" in the middle ages?
|
Trivium & Quadrivium
|
|
|
Was it the trivium or quadrivium which was considered the "linguistic" liberal arts?
|
Trivium
|
|
|
Which branch of the liberal arts was considered pre–requisite for advanced math?
|
Trivium
|
|
|
Which branch of the liberal arts contained music?
|
Quadrivium
|
|
|
Which was the most prominent liberal art study in the early middle ages?
|
Logic
|
|
|
Who is credited with the Neoplatonic text (Consolation of Philosophy", as well as translating Aristotle's "Organon"?
|
Boethis
|
|
|
Who preserved ancient greek classics in Spain and Sicily?
|
Muslims
|
|
|
Who went to Spain and Sicily to acquire and learn the ancient texts in the 12th century? (using Jews as interpreters)
|
Christian Scholars
|
|
|
Which ancient philosopher was most respected until the 12th century?
|
Plato
|
|
|
Which ancient philosopher became most respected after the 13th century, and was known as "the philosopher"?
|
Aristotle
|
|
|
What is a big distinction between the writings of Plato and Aristotle?
|
Plato wrote on specific topics, while Aristotle wrote on comprehensive topics
|
|
|
Who are Alfarabi, Avicenne, and Averroes?
|
Muslim scholars who influenced european philosophy
|
|
|
Where did the secular clergy get educated during the 12th century?
|
Cathedral Schools
|
|
|
What institutions started as guilds, did not have fixed locations at first, and first appeared in Bologna and Paris?
|
Universities
|
|
|
What were created as places for students to live while studying?
|
Colleges
|
|
|
What were the "advanced arts"?
|
Law
Medicine Theology |
|
|
What were known as "Civil Law" and "Canon Law"?
|
Civil Law = Roman Law
Canon Law = Church Law |
|
|
What was Canon Law dictated by?
|
Decrees of the Church & "Decretum" of Gratian
|
|
|
"Sentences" of Peter Lombard were used as the main basis for studying what?
|
Theology
|
|
|
The works of Galen were used as the main material for studying what?
|
Medicine
|
|
|
What were the two most lucrative careers to study?
|
Law and Medicine (not Theology)
|
|
|
What teacher of logic/theology was condemned and castrated without trial before becoming a monk?
|
Peter Abelard
|
|
|
What did Peter Abelard use logic to resolve?
|
Contradictions in scripture and between Church Fathers
|
|
|
What is considered the "handmaiden" of theology during the middle ages?
|
Philosophy
|
|
|
Who used the ideas of "substances" and "accidents" to explain transubstantiation, as well as reconciling faith and reason?
|
St. Thomas Aquinas
|
|
|
What is the school of thought that universals and abstractions do not exist?
|
Nominalism
|
|
|
What does Ockham's razor state?
|
That any entity's existence requires a logical explanation for how it came to be
|
|
|
What was nominalism used against?
|
Scholastic systems of theology, but NOT against Christian doctrines
|
|
|
What did John of Salisbury liken medieval society to?
|
A human body
|
|
|
Marsilius wrote "Defender of the Peace", opposing papal claims to power. In it, he states that political authority comes from where?
|
The people
|
|
|
Who is credited with the formula for gunpowder?
|
Roger bacon
|
|
|
What optical invention was brought to Europe in the 13th century?
|
Lenses for vision
|
|
|
What kind of clocks were brought to Europe in the 10th century? 14th century?
|
Pendulum clocks – 10th century
Mechanical clocks – 14th century |
|
|
What century was paper brought to Europe?
|
14th century (1300s)
|
|
|
What was the name for the English language after Norman conquest, when it contained French words?
|
Middle English
|
|
|
Chaucer's "The Canterbury Tales" is known for giving a good cross–section of what?
|
English Society
|
|
|
"Song of Roland" is a French account of what?
|
Charlemagne's defense against Muslims in Spain
|
|
|
What are "chansons degeste"?
|
French courtly/chivalric literature
|
|
|
Tales of the Britons fighting off invading Anglo–Saxons are known as what?
|
Arthurian legends
|
|
|
Troubadors and courtly love poets in Spain wrote about what? (Ex: "Legends of El Cid")
|
The Reconquista
|
|
|
"Younger Edda" and "Elder Edda" are poems that preserve what?
|
Pre–Christian Icelandic Mythology
|
|
|
What country was Dante from?
|
Italy
|
|
|
Who wrote the "Divine Comedy"?
|
Dante
|
|
|
What was Francesco Petrarch's "Decameron" about?
|
Stories of men and women in italian countryside escaping the Black Death
|
|
|
What dude Giovanni Boccaccio and Francesco Petrarch help to usher in?
|
The Renaissance
|
|
|
The black death appeared during the middle of which century?
|
14th century / 1300s
(1347–1351) |
|
|
Where did the Black Death originate?
|
Asia
|
|
|
How did the Black Death get to Europe?
|
From Italian merchants via the Black Sea
|
|
|
What happened in the 14th century to reduce Europe's population by 1/3?
|
Black Death
|
|
|
What happened in the early 14th century to make Europe's population vulnerable to sickness?
|
Malnutrition caused by crop failures weakened their immune systems
|
|
|
What were the "good" economic benefits of the black death in the 14th century?
|
–Increased wages (lowered unemployment)
–Decreased price of food |
|
|
Romanesque and Gothic were features of what in the middle ages?
|
Architecture
|
|
|
Fleur–de–lis, gargoyles, and pointed arches were characteristics of what kind of architecture in the middle ages?
|
Gothic
|
|
|
Which kind of architecture had rounded arches in the middle ages?
|
Romanesque
|
|
|
Which type of architecture had the most light in the middle ages? Romanesque, or Gothic?
|
Gothic
|
|
|
Which had thicker walls, Romanesque or Gothic?
|
Romanesque
|
|
|
Which type of architecture featured stained glass in the middle ages?
|
Gothic
|
|
|
Gothic style illustrations in the margins of books were called what?
|
"Grotesques"/"Drolleries"
|
|
|
Who was the great fresco painter of the middle ages who was considered to have inspired the renaissance?
|
Giotto
|
|
|
What kind of government did the ancient romans have?
|
A republic
|
|
|
What were the concessions given to the plebeians by the patricians?
|
Twelve Tables
People's Tribune Right to hold an assembly |
|
|
In Ancient Rome, what were the king–like public officials who could veto each other?
|
The 2 Consuls
|
|
|
How long was a dictator's term in Ancient Rome?
|
6 months
|
|
|
Ancient Rome began a defensive expansion after what?
|
Being sacked by the Gauls
|
|
|
The wars between the Romans and Carthaginians were known as what?
|
Punic Wars
|
|
|
What commander defeated Hannibal in the 2nd Punic war?
|
Fabian
|
|
|
What did Fabian do to defeat Hannibal in the 2nd Punic War?
|
Attack Hannibal's supply lines
& Open a second front in North Africa |
|
|
Who is known for ending his speeches with "Carthage must be destroyed"?
|
Cato the Elder
|
|
|
Who won the 3rd Punic War?
|
Romans
|
|
|
What kingdom was the last to resist Rome's conquest of the Mediterranean?
|
Egypt
|
|
|
Who gaines and who lost from the punic wars?
|
Wealthy profited
& Farmers lost |
|
|
What were "latifundia"?
|
Large estates created by wealthy after the punic wars
|
|
|
What did Spartacus do?
|
Led revolts in Ancient Rome after the Punic Wars
|
|
|
Who were Tiberius and Gaius?
|
Gracchi brothers
|
|
|
Who was elected consul in Ancient Rome to fight in N. Africa and against the german Gauls?
|
Marius
|
|
|
Marius set what dangerous precedent by giving land and wages to troops?
|
Made soldiers loyal to their general, and not to the state
|
|
|
During civil war in Ancient Rome, who marched on Rome with a private army?
|
Marius
|
|
|
Who were in the first triumvirate?
|
Pompey, Crassus, Julius Caesar
|
|
|
What was the purpose of the first triumvirate?
|
To oppose the senate
|
|
|
Pompey and the senate believed Caesar would declare himself king after he returned from defeating what peoples in battle?
|
The Gauls
|
|
|
On what day was Julius Caesar assassinated?
|
The Ides of March
|
|
|
Who were in the second triumvirate?
|
Marc Antony, Lepidus, Octavian
|
|
|
Who were the second triumvirate supporters of?
|
Caesar
|
|
|
Who defeated Antony and Cleopatra in a naval battle?
|
Octavian
|
|
|
What ancient Roman had an affair with Cleopatra?
|
Marc Antony
|
|
|
What was Augustus Caesar original name?
|
Octavian
|
|
|
Who is credited with rebuilding Ancient Rome's government and making it better organized for a larger empire?
|
Augustus Caesar
|
|
|
What could be said about how much power the Roman Emperors had?
|
They had too much power
|
|
|
How long did the Pax Romana last?
|
200 years
|
|
|
Where did fighting still occur during the Pax Romana?
|
At the borders of the empire as it continued to expand
|
|
|
In the Roman Empire, what did "bread and circuses" refer to?
|
Keeping the masses placated with free grain and entertainment, despite rising unemployment and poverty
|
|
|
Who wrote "Aeneid"?
|
Virgil
|
|
|
What was the "Aeneid" about?
|
Foundation of the Roman state
|
|
|
What characterized the "silver age" of roman literature?
|
Pessimism
Limit on freedom of expression Not being allowed to offend emperors |
|
|
What is Emperor Marcus Aurelius' "Meditations" about?
|
Stoic philosophy
|
|
|
What astronomy theory did Ptolemy use math to support in his book "Almagest"?
|
Geocentrism
|
|
|
Arches and domes are characteristic of what architecture?
|
Roman architecture
|
|
|
In Roman architecture, the public buildings surround what?
|
The public square – the "forum"
|
|
|
What religious philosophy did Romans have in common with the Egyptians?
|
Syncretism – an amalgamation of different religions, cultures, or schools of thought
|
|
|
Straight roads were constructed in Rome for what purpose?
|
Easy movement of armies
|
|
|
What concerns did Ancient Romans have which they turned to philosophy and mystery cults for?
|
Promises in regards to the afterlife
|
|
|
What is the belief that the spirit is good, but that physical matter is bad/evil?
|
Gnosticism
|
|
|
What is the belief that the world is in a struggle between dark and light
|
Manichaeism
|
|
|
What philosophy along with Christianity influenced eachother, yet condemned each other? (Hint: revival of platonic philosophy)
|
Neoplatonism
|
|
|
The Zealots, Sadducees, Pharisees, and Essenes were who?
|
The types of jews in the Roman empire during Roman direct occupation
|
|
|
What was the Roman response to revolts in Judea?
|
Deporting many jews and destroying the temple of Jerusalem
|
|
|
Why was the Talmud created?
|
As a reaction to reform attempts by Christians
|
|
|
What is the Talmud comprised of?
|
The Mishna and Gemara
|
|
|
What is the Mishna?
|
Jewish civil and religious law
|
|
|
What is the Gemara?
|
Jewish commentary
|
|
|
What were the two parts to Jesus of Nazareth's enlightened moral code?
|
1. Love God
2. Love thy neighbor |
|
|
What two items compose the body & blood of christ (the covenant)
|
Bread & Wine
|
|
|
What year was Jesus of Nazareth crucified?
|
30 CE
|
|
|
Who crucified Jesus of Nazareth?
|
Pontius Pilate
|
|
|
Whose reign was Jesus of Nazareth crucified under?
|
Tiberius
|
|
|
What are the two requirements to be saved by Jesus?
|
Baptism
& Eucharist AND: live by the Christian moral code |
|
|
What recorded Jesus' oral teaching?
|
The New Testament
|
|
|
Why were Christians seen as a threat to the Roman Empire?
|
Because they refused to worship the Emperor
|
|
|
Who issued the Edict of Milan, and in a vision was told to convert to Christianity in order to win a battle?
|
Constantine
|
|
|
Who were the Desert Fathers?
|
Devout Christians who fled from the Roman Empire to become monks and spread monasticism
|
|
|
How did the Roman imperial government feel about orthodoxy?
|
They supported orthodox religion
|
|
|
What's the difference between heresy and orthodox religion?
|
Heresy is the form of doctrine that did not have government support
& Orthodoxy is the form of doctrine that DID have government support |
|
|
What did the Council at Constaninople say about the relationship between Jesus, God, and Holy Spirit?
|
That they were all the same/equivalent
|
|
|
What did Monophysitism say about Jesus' forms?
|
Jesus is divine but not human
|
|
|
WHat did Nestorianism say about Jesus' forms?
|
Jesus has two forms: divine & human
|
|
|
Which Church practiced Monophysitism?
|
Jacobite church
|
|
|
What century did these issues occur in the Roman Empire?
–Barbarians in the North –Persian Sassanians in East –Manpower Shortages –Generals fighting for power –disease –puppet emperors frequently assassinated |
Third Century AD
|
|
|
How many dioceses existed after Diocletian's reforms?
|
12
|
|
|
How many emperors existed after Diocletian's reforms?
|
4
|
|
|
After Diocletian's reforms, who controlled each diocese?
|
A vicar
|
|
|
Who became Emperor after Diocletian?
|
Constantine the Great
|
|
|
Who established Rome in Constantinople?
|
Constantine the Great
|
|
|
What was Marcus Aurelius' reaction to invasions in the North?
|
He allowed Germanic tribes to settle there in return for defending against invasion
|
|
|
Alaric plundered Rome and was a leader of what group?
|
Visigoths
|
|
|
What 3 groups joined to form England?
|
Angles, Saxons, Jutes
|
|
|
Who did Pope Leo I persuade not to attack Rome?
|
Attila the Hun
|
|
|
Who was considered the "Last Roman Emperor in the West"?
& Who was the eastern emperor at the time? |
Odoacer
& Zeno |
|
|
Who overthrew the Lombards in N. Italy?
|
Franks led by king Charlemagne
|
|
|
What were the two Frankish dynasties?
|
Merovingians
& Carolingians |
|
|
Who was the N. African bishop that took useful ideas from the Egyptians and believed that the ride of Christianity is more important than the fall of government?
|
Augustine of Hippo
|
|
|
Who was the Saint that forced emperor Theosodius to do public penance or be excommunicated?
|
St. Ambrose
|
|
|
What is a codex?
|
A book with pages
|
|
|
What did Roman culture blend with to form medieval culture?
|
Germanic barbarians' traditions
|
|
|
Who did the Mycenaeans owe much of their cultural advancement to?
|
The Minoans
|
|
|
Who were the Mycenaeans eventually destroyed by?
|
Sea peoples
& Dorians |
|
|
What period followed the Mycenaean bronze age in ancient greece?
|
The Dark Age
|
|
|
What period followed the Dark Age in Ancient Greece?
|
The Archaic Period
|
|
|
Why was travel by sea faster than on land in Ancient Greece?
|
Due to the mountainous terrain
|
|
|
In Ancient Greece, the creation of the hoplites afforded more power to the lower classes. Who are the hoplites?
|
Citizen–soldiers who owned their own armor and weapons, and werevery effective in the phalanx position
|
|
|
In Ancient Greece, who were the tyrants and what did they typically do?
|
Tyrants were nobles who posed as friends of the common peoples; They helped to mediate social tensions
|
|
|
What peninsula was Sparta located on?
|
Peloponnesian Peninsula
|
|
|
What were the 3 classes of spartan society?
|
Spartiates
Helots Perioikoi |
|
|
In Spartan government, who were the leaders and who did they share power with?
|
2 kings shared power with: Counsel of Elders
& Assembly |
|
|
In the pelopponesian league, what class of society primarily fought?
|
Helots
|
|
|
In athens, what was the "Aeropagus"
|
Councel that guided the polis
|
|
|
Who was the tyrant in Athens known for his harshness?
|
Draco
|
|
|
Who was elected Archon in Athens, and canceled farmers' debts and restored enslaved farmers to freedom?
|
Solon
|
|
|
What other changes did Solon make while Archon of Athens?
|
Constitutional reforms
|
|
|
Which athenian Tyrant seized power from Solon and instituted the festival of Dionysus?
|
Peisistratus
|
|
|
Which Athenian leader instituted democratic reforms?
|
Cleisthenes
|
|
|
In Athens, if a citizen was deemed a threat to democracy, what would happen?
|
Ostracized – exiled for 10 years
|
|
|
What act started the Persian wars?
|
The Greeks aided the Ionians when attacked by the Persians
|
|
|
Who led the Persian army during the Persian wars?
|
Darius, Xerxes
|
|
|
Who won at the battle of Marathon?
|
Athenians
|
|
|
What happened when the Persians chased the Greeks to the islands near Salamis?
|
The Greeks had a strategic advantage and defeated the Persians despite being heavily outnumbered
|
|
|
Which period was considered the Golden age in Athens?
|
When Pericles ruled
|
|
|
Who were the two factions in the Peloponnesian War?
|
Athens and Sparta
|
|
|
Who won the Peloponnesian war?
|
Sparta
|
|
|
Who helped Sparta win the Peloponnesian war?
|
Persia – by paying for the Spartan fleet
|
|
|
What centuries of Greek art is considered "classical", and the standard for all ensuing art?
|
5th and 4th Centuries
|
|
|
What god was the patron of Sparta?
|
Zeus
|
|
|
What god was the patron of Delphi?
|
Apollo
|
|
|
What did the Ancient greeks offer as tributes to the gods?
|
Events, such as the olympics
|
|
|
How did the Greeks reacquire literacy?
|
Through trade
|
|
|
What is the Iliad about?
|
The Mycenaean siege of Troy
|
|
|
What Ancient Greek poet wrote "Works and Days" and "Theogeny"?
|
Hesiod
|
|
|
What were the two main forms of drama in Ancient Greece?
|
Tragedy and Comedy
|
|
|
Who wrote "Oedipus" and "Antigone"?
|
Sophocles
|
|
|
Who wrote the unconventional "Medea"?
|
Euripides
|
|
|
Which style did the Ancient Greek writer, Aristophanes, write in?
|
Comedy
|
|
|
What writing style was used to write about scientific subjects?
|
Prose
|
|
|
Which Ancient Greek writer was considered the "father of history"?
|
Herodotus
|
|
|
Who is known for writing a highly accurate account of the Poloponnesian war?
|
Thucydides
|
|
|
Who is known as the "father of medicine"?
|
Hippocrates
|
|
|
How did Socrates die?
|
Sentenced to death by drinking hemlock after the Peloponnesian war
|
|
|
Who wrote the "Dialogues" and why?
|
Plato; to preserve the legacy of his teacher, Socrates
|
|
|
What was the name of Plato's famous writing that gives an ideal city with 3 classes?
|
The "Republic"
|
|
|
What did Plato's "Timaeus" describe?
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Creation of the universe and the place of humans within it
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Who founded the Lyceum in Athens?
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Aristotle
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Who invaded Greece after the Peloponnesian war?
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Philip of Macedon
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Who organized the Greek states into the League of Corinth?
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Philip of Macedon
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Who was Philip of Macedon's son?
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Alexander the Great
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Who is credited with the heliocentric theory?
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Aristarchus
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Who created the astrolabe?
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Hipparchus
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What value did Archimedes of Syracus deduce?
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The value of pi
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What values did epicureanism espouse?
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Pleasures of mind and friendship
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What philosophy espoused tolerance, respect for others, and complete suppression of desire?
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Stoicism
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What was the most successful ancient greek philosophy?
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Stoicism
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What do cities require to support themselves?
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Agricultural surplus
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What are hunter/gatherers, bows, and stone and wood characteristics of?
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Old Stone Age
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What is another term for the Neolithic Age?
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New Stone Age
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Around what time did the new stone age begin?
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8,000 BCE
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The domestication of animals is a characteristic of what time period?
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New Stone Age
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Around what time period did the Bronze Age begin?
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3000 BCE
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What two inventions were key to life in the fertile crescent?
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Irrigation & Writing
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The Akkadians, ruled what area for 200 years?
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Mesopotamia
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Who took control of Mesopotamia after the Akkadians, leading to a period of chaos?
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Dynasty of Ur
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Who ruled during the period of "Old Babylon" following the Dynasty of Ur?
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Amorites
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Who ruled the Amorites?
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King Hammurabi
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"Eye for an Eye", Family Laws, Land Ownership; these are laws characteristic of what law code?
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King Hammurabi's law code
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After the Amorites, who ruled starting ~1600 BCE, and in what order?
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Hittites attacked from North
Kassites from East Hittites leave with spoils Kassites rule for 300 years Hurians made kingdom of Mitani in upper valley for ~100 years before being conquered by Hittites |
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Why was cuneiform initially invented?
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To keep track of goods
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What were the three progressively more abstract marks used in cuneiform writing?
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Pictographs – symbols of objects
Ideograms – symbols of ideas Phonetic marks – marks for spoken words |
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What did cuneiform utilize in place of an alphabet?
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Syllabary
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What base of numbers did mesopotamian culture use?
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60 (sexagesimal) instead of 10 (hexadecimal)
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What 3 engineering feats are the mesopotamians known for?
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Canals
The wheel Ziggurats |
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Mesopotamian view of afterlife?
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The dead wander in a shadowy netherworld
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What are 2 well known mesopotamian stories?
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Gilgamesh
Enuma Elish |
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What occurs in the epic of Gilgamesh?
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Gilgamesh, king of Uruk searches for immortality
There is a great flood |
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What occurs in the Enuma Elish?
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description of creation
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Was egyptian or mesopotamian civilization unified first? And why?
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Egyptian due to the geography: there were deserts on each side of the Nile, so they only had to defend the North and South sides
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6 periods of Egyptian civilization
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Archaic (Early dynastic)
Old Kingdom First intermediate period Middle Kingdom 2nd Intermediate period New Kingdom |
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What characterized the end of Egyptian dynasties?
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Reign of Cleopatra
Its inclusion into Rome's empire |
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The nile valley was unified during what period?
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Archaic/Early Dynastic
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Who had most of the power during the Old Kingdom in Egypt?
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Pharaohs
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What was the cause of the first intermediate period in Egypt?
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Failed pharaohs, and decentralized power
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Who were the leaders of local districts in the first intermediate period in Egypt?
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Nomarchs, or Nomes
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What caused the end of the Middle Kingdom in Egypt?
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Invasion of the Hyksos on chariots
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What caused the beginning of the Middle Kingdom in Egypt?
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Restoration of central government
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Who overthrew the Hyksos and caused the end of the Second Intermediate Period in Egypt?
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Ahmose
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During the New Kingdom, Egypt experienced wars with whom?
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Hittites
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Where were the two wars between the Egyptians and the Hittites?
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At Megiddo – known as "Armageddon"
At Kadesh – led to a peace treaty |
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Differences between Egyptian and Mesopotamian views of afterlife?
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Egyptian: could be happy
Mesopotamian: saw it as sad |
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Who brought the Egyptian culture closer to monotheism, and how?
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Akhenaton (Amenhotep IV), who only worshipped the god Aton
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Who invented leap years?
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Egyptians
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What came before cuneiform writing?
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Hieroglyphics
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When did civilization spread beyond river valleys and why?
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~2000 BC, due to trade and imperialistic expansion
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What two civilizations created the first international peace treaty?
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Egyptians and Hittites
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Who were the people that upset the balance between Hittites and Egyptians?
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The sea peoples
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What are characteristics of the Minoans?
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Existed same time as Hittites and Egyptians
On the island of Crete Ancient writings Linear A (undiscovered) and linear B Powerful maritime empire – would ram other vessels Palaces destroyed by Mycenaeans |
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What civilization invaded the Minoans on Crete?
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Mycenaeans
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What kingdom depicted in the Iliad was a bunch of small kingdoms of warriors who would band together for conquest?
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Mycenaeans
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What caused the downfall of the Mycenaeans?
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The sea peoples
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What is the most important phoenician colony?
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Carthage
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What civilization was well known for dominating maritime commerce and for trading purple dyes made from shellfish?
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Phoenicians
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What civilization was known as the Iron Age War Machine?
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Assyrians
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What civilization that conquered Egypt was known for their siege warfare and iron weapons?
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Assyrians
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What caused the downfall of the Assyrians?
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Hatred–fueled revolts caused by their brutal deportation and suppressions of rebellion
Overextending themselves after invading egypt |
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What Neo–Babylonian ruler caused the Babylonian captivity?
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Nebuchadnezzar II
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Who defeated Nebuchadnezzar II and where was he from?
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Cyrus the Great of Persia
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Cyrus the Great was a great ruler of what kingdom?
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Persia
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What ruler conquered the Neo–Babylonians without bloodshed by using their religious disputes at the time to gain their trust?
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Cyrus the Great
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Which Persian rulers followed Cyrus the great before Persia was conquered by Alexander?
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Cambyses, Darius, and Xerxes
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Who was instructed by Yahweh to migrade to a land near the Mediterranean sea?
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Abraham
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Who was Abraham's grandson?
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Jacob
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What name was Jacob (Abraham's grandson) later given?
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Israel
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Who liberated the Hebrews in Egypt?
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Moses
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When the Hebrews were liberated from Egypt, who was then (and had long before Abraham) been occupying their old land?
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Canaanites
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Who led the 12 tribes to fight the Canaanites?
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Saul
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Who first secured the borders of Israel, with the capitol at Jerusalem?
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David
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Who was Solomon's father?
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David
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Who built the temple for Yahweh at Mt. Zion?
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Solomon
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What two divisions of Hebrews formed after Solomon's death?
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Kingdom of Israel (North)
& Kingdom of Judah (South) |
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What is the term for Abraham's pledge of loyalty to Yahweh?
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Covenant
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What is a potential source for the monotheistic views of the Hebrews?
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From the Pharaoh's reforms
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What did the Hebrews accept on Mt. Sinai on their way to Canaan?
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Ten Commandmets
& Covenant |
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What were the Hebrews' opinions of the prophets?
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That prophets were sent to remind of punishments for not being faithful to Yahweh
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Who denounced Ahab for executing a subject, and what did Ahab do?
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Elijah denounced Ahab
& Ahab repented |
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What did the prophets say was essential to monotheism?
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Social justice
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Who attacked and deported the Kingdom of Israel from the North?
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Assyrians
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What did the Kingdom of Judah think when the Assyrians attacked and deported the Kingdom of Israel?
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Believed it was proof that belief in polytheism led to divine wrath
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Where does the name "Jew" come from?
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Hebrews from Judah/Judea
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When did the Hebrews rebuild the temple in Jerusalem?
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When Cyrus overthrew the Neo–Babylonians
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What was the name of the Jewish sect who was inspired to preach monotheism and seek to convert pagans?
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Christianity
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When Jews chose to remain in Babylon instead of returning to Jerusalem, what did that mark the beginning of?
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The Diaspora
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