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188 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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bit |
binary digit; can represent numbers, characters in an alphabet etc |
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Boolean operations |
or, and, not, xor (exclusive or) |
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address |
numerical way to identify memory shell |
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hexidecimal notation |
good way to write bit patterns |
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track |
circle on disk platter where data is written or read |
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sector |
part of a track |
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cylinder |
set of tracks at given spot of read or write heads |
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seek time |
time needed to move read or write heads to different track |
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latency time |
average time for wanted data to spin to the heads |
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transfer rate |
rate that data is written or read to or from a device |
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ISO |
International Standards Organization |
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ANSI |
American National Standards Institute |
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ASCII |
American Standard Code for Information Interchange; Format for text files where each alphabetic, numeric, or special character is represented with a 7-bit binary number with 128 possible characters |
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flip flop |
digital circuit that can hold a single digit which may change depending on the pulse applied |
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two's completion notation |
way to encode whole numbers |
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floating point notation |
way to encode numbers that may have fractions |
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GIF |
image compression method that restricts the number of colors allowed |
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JPEG |
image compression method that blurs the boarders of colors while keeping the same brightness levels |
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Unicode |
encode text with each symbol shown by 21 bits which can be encoded in UTF-8, UTF-16 or UTF-32 |
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gate |
device that produces the output of a Boolean operation when given an operation's input values |
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stream |
long string of bits |
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main memory |
large collection of circuits where each can hold a single bit |
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cell |
manageable unit organized in the main memory |
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byte |
string of 8 bits; once cell can hold one of these |
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high-order end |
left end of the bits in a memory cell; the front |
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low-order end |
the right end of the bits in a memory cell; the end |
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most significant bit/ high-order bit |
leftmost bit |
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least significant bit/ low-order bit |
rightmost bit |
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Central Processing Unit (CPU) |
circuitry in computer that controls manipulation of data |
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motherboard |
main circuit board |
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arithmetic/ logic unit |
contains the CPU's circuitry that performs the operations on data |
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control unit |
contains the CPU's circuitry that coordinates the machine's activities |
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register unit |
contains storage cells for temporary storage of information in the CPU |
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bus |
collection of wires for the purpose of transferring bit patterns |
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machine language |
collection of encoded bit patterns which are used as instructions for the CPU |
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i/o instruction |
handles the transfer of data between the CPU and main memory |
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op-code |
part of the machine language instruction which indicates the elementary instruction |
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operand |
part of the machine language instruction which provides more detail to the op-code |
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instruction register |
register in the CPU which holds the instruction being executed |
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program counter |
register in the CPU that holds the address of the next instructions to be executed |
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machine cycle |
three-step process by which the CPU performs its job; Fetch, Decode, Execute |
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user interface |
part of an operating system that communicates with the user |
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multiprogramming |
technique that allows multiprocessing on a computer with a single CPU |
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time sharing |
act of more than one user using a computer at the same time |
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process |
activity of executing a program |
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queue |
FIFO |
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virtual memory |
extended storage space made by the memory manager |
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Read-Only Memory (ROM) |
memory area whose contents cannot be altered |
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firmware |
software associated with booting and fundamental startup tasks that resides in non-volatile memory |
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multitasking |
user performing more than one activity at the same time |
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interactive processing |
allows the user to communicate with the computer system while the user's application is being performed |
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deadlock |
situation where all activities are waiting on eachother |
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Graphical User Interface (GUI) |
communicating with a user by way of images, not words |
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boot loader |
programs executed first when computer is turned on |
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directory path |
sequence of folders each containing the next |
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kernel |
heart of an OS |
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interrupt |
signal that suspends the CPU's current activities |
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privilege levels |
way to restrict the capabilities of different processes |
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application software |
specific apps on a machine used for a certain job |
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system software |
provides the base for application software; performs tasks common to all computer systems in general |
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difference between application and system software |
former is used for a specific job, latter is common to all computer systems and provides a base for the former |
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internet |
network of networks |
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ISP |
Internet Service Provider |
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tier-1 ISP |
provides the communication backbone of the internet |
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access ISP |
provides access to the internet |
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domain |
name registered with ICANN for ID purposes; International Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers |
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protocol |
governing set of rules |
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cloud |
part of internet that isn't in your domain |
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IP address |
identifies a machine on the internet |
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HTML |
Hyper Text Markup Language; notational system for showing how a webpage is to be displayed |
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firewall |
way to block unwanted messages |
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packet |
message segment sent independently over the internet |
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XML |
eXtensible Markup Language |
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FTP |
File Transfer Protocol |
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HTTP |
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol |
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SMTP |
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol |
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router |
way to connect networks to make an internet |
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dotted decimal |
notational system for representing bit patterns |
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URL |
Uniform Resource Locator; way to identify a webpage on the web |
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search engine |
way to find relevant info on the web |
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ethernet |
way to implement a network with the bus topology |
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VoIP |
Voice over Internet Protocol |
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algorithm |
step by step instructions |
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pseudocode |
informal way to show algorithms |
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assignment statement |
way to save the result of a computation for future use |
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if-else statement |
way to produce different actions depending on a condition |
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stepwise refinement |
divide and conquer approach to problem solving |
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loop invariant |
statement that is true each time a specific point in a repetitive process is reached |
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function |
program segment isolated as a unit |
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recursion |
applying a program segment within itself |
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pretest loop |
looks before doing something |
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proof of correctness |
formal means of verifying software |
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sequential search |
search for a particular value in a list by checking every one of its elements, one at a time and in sequence, until the desired one is found; less efficient than the binary method |
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primitive |
basic building block |
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assembly language |
step up from the machine language |
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programming paradigm |
program development methodology |
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structured programming |
methodology that applies well-designed control structures to produce well-organized software |
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grammar |
rules defining the syntax of a programming language |
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parse tree |
IKEA representation of the grammatical structure of a string |
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compiler |
program that translates other items into machine language |
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interpreter |
program that executes programs written in a high-level language without needing to translate to machine language |
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high-level language |
notational system for representing algorithms in human compatible terms rather than in the details of machinery |
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semantics |
meanings as opposed to appearance |
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syntax |
appearance as opposed to meaning |
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operator precedence |
order of operations for computers |
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data structure |
conceptual organization of info |
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parameter |
way to give info to a function |
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data type |
covers both an encoding system and a collection of operations |
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syntax diagrams |
way of representing a grammar |
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source program |
program expressed in a high-level language |
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natural languages |
evolved over time without formal grammatical analysis; English, German etc |
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formal languages |
precisely defined by grammars; programming languages |
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difference between natural and formal languages |
former is evolved over time without formal grammatical analysis while the later is precisely defined by grammars |
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imperative/ procedural paradigm |
traditional approach to the programming process |
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declarative paradigm |
asks programmer to describe the problem to be solved rather than an algorithm to be followed |
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functional paradigm |
viewing a program as an entity that accepts inputs and creates outputs |
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object-oriented programming (OOP) |
viewing a softer system as a collection of units called objects which are capable of performing the actions that are immediately related to itself as well as requesting actions of other objects |
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methods |
collection of functions covered by objects |
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class |
description of an objects properties |
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instance |
object that is based on a particular class |
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formal parameter |
terms used within the function |
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actual parameters |
precise meanings assigned to formal parameters when the function is applied |
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difference between formal and actual parameters |
former is the terms used in the function and the latter is the actual meanings given to the formal parameters when the function is applied |
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metric |
means of quantifying |
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software life cycle |
develop, use, modify |
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design |
"how" the system will be built |
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requirements analysis |
"what" the system is to do |
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implementation |
software development phase that involves writing programs |
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beta testing |
turn people into lab rats |
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pointer |
points to address where entity is stored |
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abstraction |
separation of internal implementation from external functionality |
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list |
general sequential storage structure |
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stack |
LIFO |
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queue |
FIFO |
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array |
"rectangular" block of data whose entries are of the same type |
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tree |
storage structure that may have siblings |
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class |
"type" whose instances are objects |
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instance |
entity conforming to a type |
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linked structure |
data storage system where items are connected via pointers |
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top |
"head" of a stack |
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root |
top node of a tree |
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null pointer |
indicates the end |
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database model |
conceptual organization of data within databases |
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schema |
"road map" of a particular database's design |
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DataBase Management System (DBMS) |
performs operations requested by application software |
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hash file |
storage structure that provides efficient access to randomly chosen items |
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clustering |
big problem when manipulating hash files |
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sequential file |
storage structure that associates a specific order with its contents |
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index |
means of locating a particular record within a file |
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key field |
item used to identify records uniquely |
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flat file |
1D storage system |
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subschema |
description of part of a database pertinent to a particular user's needs |
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distributed database |
database scattered through many machines in a network |
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data independence |
ability to change the database without changing the application software |
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end of file (EOF) |
end of a sequential file |
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sentinel |
special record at eof used to identify the eof |
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indexed file |
way to identify location of the desired logical record quickly by using its index |
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buckets |
data storage space that has been divided |
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hashing |
technique that allows a record to be located by identifying the location of the record directly from the key |
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hash function |
conversion of key values to bucket numbers |
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hash table |
hashing when applied to a storage structure within main memory |
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load factor |
# of records : total record capacity while <50% |
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data warehouse |
static data collections where data mining is practiced which doesn't require updates |
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class description |
identifying properties that characterize a given group of data items |
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class distrimination |
identifying properties that divide two groups |
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cluster analysis |
form of data mining used to discover classes |
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association analysis |
form of data mining which looks for links between data groups |
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outlier analysis |
form of data mining used to identify data entries that do not comply with the norm |
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sequential pattern analysis |
form of data mining that identifies patterns of behavior over time |
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data cubes |
data viewed from multiple perspectives |
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image window |
region of th eprojection plane containing the image |
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frame buffer |
contains a bitmap of the image |
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polygonal mesh |
represents an object's shape |
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agent |
responsive entity |
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Turing test |
means of measuring a machine's ability to perform like a human |
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image analysis |
task of understanding an image |
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breadth first |
search algorithm that processes all the nodes in a layer, one at a time at ever increasing depths |
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template matching |
to identify by comparing to predefined patterns |
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production system |
"universal" approach to the construction of reasoning systems |
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semantic analysis |
task of language processing that identifies the meaning of words |
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heuristic |
tool for simulating intuition |
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breadth first search |
result of considering all options equally important |
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image processing |
task of identifying characteristics found within an image |
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state graph |
"picture" of all states and productions |
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computable function |
relationship between imput and output values that can be determined algorithmically |
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Turing machine |
an elementary, yet universal computing device |
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Church-Turing thesis |
conjecture that the Turing-computable functions are the same as the computable functions |
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Turing-computable |
solvable by a turing machine |
