Alexander And The Hellenistic World: Final Focus Terms

Front 1

The Faiyum Oasis

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an important population center in Ptolemaic Egypt; located west of the Nile; constituted a "nome" or administrative district; later turned to desert, allowing it to become the source of the majority of surviving papyri from the Hellenistic period

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Ptolemy I Soter

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Macedonian general of Alexander; founder of the Ptolemaic Dynasty, ruled Egypt 323-283 BC; in 305/304 BC he took the title pharaoh; expanded Ptolemaic control into Syria, Asia minor and the Aegean

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Ptolemy II Philadelphos

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r. 285-246; son of Ptolemy I Soter and second king of the Ptolemaic Dynasty; reigned during a period of relative stability, during which Alexandria became famous as a vibrant cultural center, thanks in part to Philadelphos' patronage of intellectuals

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Ptolemy IV Philopator

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r. 221-205; king of Egypt whose reign is considered to be a disastrous turning point in Ptolemaic history; during the Battle of Raphia in the fourth Syrian War against Antiochus, he relied on Egyptian soldiers, which, according to Polybios, contributed to a serious native revolt; assassinated in 205 by his advisors

Hint 4

i knew ptyou were trouble when you walked innnn *trouble trouble trouble*

Front 5

The chora (of Alexandria)

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Alexandrian outskirts/area outside cities

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The sema or soma of Alexander

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refers to the tomb of Alexander; Ptolemy captured Alexander's body on its way to Macedon and buried it somewhere in Alexandria. The sema became a popular tourist site in antiquity, visited by Roman emperors including Julius Caesar. Its location remains unknown.

Hint 6

where is it? no one knows

Front 7

Battle of Raphia

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217 BC. Battle during the Fourth Syrian war between Ptolemy IV and Antiochus III; resulted in victory for Ptolemy. This was the first time Ptolemy recruited large numbers of native Egyptians into the army, and Polybios blames the arming of the Egyptians at Raphia for a subsequent native revolt

Hint 7

ptolemy wins, but trouble brewing down at the old mill

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Parthia

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a region in modern-day Iran; ruled by the Seleukids, but in mid 3rd century BC declared its independence; the kingdom was characterized by Zoroastrian culture; the Parthians grew in power and territory at the expense of the Seleukids throughout the 3rd and 2nd centuries

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Nemrud Dag

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a mountain in southeastern Turkey, site of a number of cultic monuments created by Antiochus I (the Kommagene king, r. 69-36); the monumentsconsist of statues of Antiochus himself and a series of gods (mixes of Greek and Zoroastiran deities); the style mixes eastern and western elements; an inscription identifies Antiochus as "Greek-loving" and "Roman-loving." The monument demonstrates cultural fusion, syncretism, and the rising importance of Rome.

Hint 9

monument

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Seleukos I

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r. 305-281; officer of Alexander and founder of Seleukid dynasty; secured control over a vast empire including many of Alexander's Asian conquests, stretching from the Mediterranean to the Hindu Kush

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Antiochus III the Great

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r. 223-187; Seleukid king who embarked upon an "anabasis" eastward, expanding Seleukid territory and earning the title "megas" (the Great); was thoroughly defeated by the Romans at Magnesia in western Asia minor in 189, causing him to cede most of Asia minor, which was split between Rhodes and Pergamon, allies of Rome

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Antiochus IV Epiphanes

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r. 175-164; Seleukid king; invaded Egypt but in 168 was pressured by the Romans to desist (a Roman commander drew a line in the sand around him and told him to give his answer before stepping outside). His reign saw the revolt of the Maccabees. He had mixed success in his eastern conquests, and successfully held off the Parthian advance.

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Chandragupta

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r. 322-293 BC; powerful ruler who united the city states of northern India, creating the powerful Mauryan kingdom; Seleukos made a treaty with him, ceding territory in return for war elephants.

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Bactria

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kingdom in central Asia which broke off from Seleukid rule in mid-third century under Diodotus I; a wealthy, urbanized region; despite its far-flung geographic location, cultural production show considerable affinity with Greek world

Hint 14

liek the greeks

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Ai Khanum

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city in Bactria built in the late 4th century; includes Greek style buildings including a theater, gymnasium, and stoa, though there are also some eastern elements to the architecture; it is unclear how this space was divided between Greek and non-Greek inhabitants

Hint 15

greek/nongreek. what's the deal man

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Pergamon

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Hellenistic kingdom in north-western Asia minor and site of impressive cultural production. After Alexander's death, Lysimachos places his treasury at Pergamon, then a small town, in north-western Asia minor; the treasurer, Philterairos, switched his allegiance to the Seleukids in 283. Under his nephew Eumenes I, Pergamon succeeded from the Seleukids and became an independent kingdom under the Attalid dynasty. It became a Roman province in 129.

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Philetairos

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Macedonian treasurer of Lysimachos, beginning in 302, at the then-obscure town of Pergamon; in 283 he switched his allegiance to the Seleukids; Philetairos is considered the founder of the Attalid dynasty, which would establish its independence from the Seleukids under his nephew Eumenes I

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Attalos I

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king of Pergamon, ruled 241-197; defeated Gauls at Mysia, took the royal title, and commemorated the war with sculptures casting Pergamon as a champion of Greece against the Barbarians; supported Rome against Macedonia

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Eumenes II

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king of Pergamon, ruled 197-159; during his reign, Pergamon and Rome defeated the invading forces of Antiochus III, and through the 188 peace of Apameia, Pergamon gained northern Asia minor, becoming a major regional power; cultivated his relationship with Greece through the works of euergetism such as a stoa at Athens; later, the Romans turned against Eumenes, supporting his brother Attalos II

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Attalos III

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king of Pergamon, ruled 138-133; has a poor reputation in the sources; left Pergamon to Rome in his will for unknown reasons, opening the way for a struggle between Aristonikos, his alleged legitimate brother, and Rome; Rome won and took Pergamon as a province

Hint 20

attalos, what are you even doing