Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Social Control
|
social order, #1 platform of studying sociological isses
|
|
|
Natural Psychoactive Substances
|
Alcohol, Opiates, Marijuana, Cocaine, Hallucinogens
|
|
|
Synthetic Psychoactive Substances
|
Enegizers/Uppers/Enhancers, Tranquilizers/Downers, Legal anti-psychotic, Legal anti-depressants, steroids
|
|
|
Alcohol
|
Beer, Wine, Distilled Spirits
|
|
|
Beer
|
From frica, substance from grain that last in hot climate, not found in nature, used as food, very low ethanol, nutrition, carbs, B vitamins
|
|
|
Wine
|
Found in nature, max ethanol is 13% (26 proof), take vegetable matter also and let rot to make alcohol, no technology required, "as long as garbage there will be wine", Brandy is boiled wine captured in evaporation
|
|
|
Distilled Spirits
|
up to 100% ethanol (200 proof), requires greatest amount of technology, 200 proof is let all evaporate -> tubes, in Middle Ages
|
|
|
Why do we like to get high?
|
Is universal characteristic although some people don't like it.
Almost all societies have used alcohol |
|
|
Illegal Opiates
|
Opium and heroin, smoked, snorted, injected
|
|
|
Legal Opiates
|
Most effective pain killer, morphine, Demerol, oxycodine, methadone
smoking: differientiated from morphine, associated with Chinese immigrants to Angel Island |
|
|
Miracle Drug
|
Oxycotine is time released while oxycodone dissolved over time
-People slept through night= miracle drug -But can crush and abuse -important invention: suffer from pain vs stop abuse |
|
|
Schedule 1 Drug
|
No legal use
|
|
|
Change in federal regulation ->>
|
<-- Change in formal and informal norms
-cocaine powder: elegant, rock=disgust and useless |
|
|
Marijuana
|
Colorado and Washington= legal studies
illegal= vast majority smoke, some eaten legal= medication for pain and anxiety enter from south america -> new orleans port low key until 30s, prominence in NYC outlawed despite studies of harmlessness Reefer madness, 30s, |
|
|
Cocaine
|
Snorted, eaten, used by Freud
-rock form= crack smoked -1980: cocaine addiction --> definitive schedule 1 drug powdered: mind clearning, stimulation for increase work, increased sexual performance not medicine, just feel better Early 20th century: associated with African Americans violence against whites (blacks use and "become violent") came from Europe, medical channels and uses |
|
|
Enhancers/Uppers
|
Enegizers, Uppers
Amphetamine (legal=addy) Modafinal= legal, none amphetamine enhancer (narcolepsy) Methamphetamine= illegal, toxic Caffeine (related legal uppers) Tobacco |
|
|
Tranquilizers
|
Downers
Benzodiazopines (Xanax, valium) Multiple commercial tranquilizers/sleep aids Anti-anxiety drugs |
|
|
Opiates and Benzodiazapines
|
1. Only effective pain kill
2. Effective anxiety control ----> Both extremely addictive with withdraws |
|
|
Anti-psychotics
|
schizophrenia, manic depression,
-miracle for society, not for individual |
|
|
Anti-depressents
|
SSRIs, MDO inhibitors and many alternatives
not sought for abuse because feel awful and most prefer not to take Controversial data of effectiveness, huge placebo effect which realization really changed nothing |
|
|
Animal Nature of Humans
|
food, reproduction, sexuality, illness, death, escape, sensation seeking, mind alterations
-requires harnessing or management through creation of normative systems= social order |
|
|
Natural Psychoactive substance use part of:
|
environmental adaptation: alcohol, opiates, marijuana, cocaine
- fermintation is a natural process associated with food surplus/storage/rotting -ethanol (non toxic) cannot be avoided by human population Plants with psychoactive properties found in nature before humans |
|
|
Origins or Opiates, Marijuana, Cocaine
|
1. Poppies in afganistan
2. South africa where harvested 3. cocoa leaves: chew leaves and get energy |
|
|
Human attraction/Desire for:
|
mind changing experiences
-majority of people like mind altering substances: societies must cope with this fact -not research in depth by sociology -cannot prevent alcohol and drugs presence= social organization must adapt |
|
|
Technology
|
changes the applications of these substances and the intensity of the iompact
|
|
|
Alcohol and Drugs must be:
|
domesticated, and
target of internal (ought to or not, morals) and external (rules, regulations) norms |
|
|
Why do we seek psychoactive substances?
|
-basic, philosophical question, not psychology
Exploration, imagtination, creativity, invention=part of everyday social life -W.I. Thomas = seeking new experiences ---> stimulation, travel to new places, body as machine of pleasure, stimulation excitement, escape mundane, children spinning |
|
|
W.I. Thomas
|
said we use drugs to seek new experiences
|
|
|
Alcohol and Drugs as problems
|
Only since beginning of 19th century have alcohol and drugs created significant problems for organized societies of human beings
(Gin craze: reversed by taxation and availability) |
|
|
Organized Human behavior used
|
technology to effect environment
|
|
|
Domestication
|
Because cant prevent esistence and is easily accessible
-just like pets -Wild=unconstrained outside government, society, norms - domestication (like of animals)= pleasure, play God Need to use and have pleasure -domestication of drug as a social function |
|
|
Alcohol Domestication
|
1. Medicine: Civil war= whiskey and anisthetic, doctors prescribed wine and liquor to relax
2. Alcohol used a lubricant for social life (conversations, effort to show dominance) |
|
|
Andrew Wile (?)
|
nature and drug activist that said use drugs to appreciate nature through different perspective, just as children spin to get high/dizzy
|
|
|
Alcohol in New World
|
-drank like fish for 75 years
-Arrive with traditions of alcohol use, but free from normative constraints of former country -many different groups, none big enough to dominate but little disagreement about drinking (except GA) -Colonizing=misfits left everything= unusual from get-go |
|
|
English Colonial Rule
|
created solidarity against tradition and against being pushed around
Those who colonized were wanderes, looking for excitement, edgy Solidarity in settlers vs King James |
|
|
"Fit" Between Heavy Drinking and Culture of Colonial America
|
-little source of amusement= taven as outlet
-frightening environment= reduce anxiety and stress -Pioneering misfits -celebrate celebratory events -participated by religious leaders = NO ABSTINENCE and NO OPPOSITION -easy to manufacture (apples and fruits) -impure water=alcohol protected health (liquor=helps digest heavy foods) way to store agricultural surplus -No singular, centralized government or leader condemning - No visible social costs or losses |
|
|
Conditions for "Sotted Society"
|
-minimal mechanization of work and everyday life
-time/clocks come about with industrialization -Protestant Ethic= entrepreneurial frenzy, shared work technology -Belief alcohol good and help you work harder and better (employers give to employees to help, esp. agriculture) and increase endurance -Drink breaks as partial pay = social norms - Congress drank while writing constitution |
|
|
#1 Reason for social integration of heavy drinking
|
No mechanization of work and everyday life
|
|
|
Why Did Americans drink?
|
-Puritan values: No drinking in public, but thank god for drank, relieve depression, decrease tension, enjoy working hair
-medicine: colds, fevers, nutritious, heathful -Ohio River Valley found, Americas greatest corn belt, surplus of corn makes whiskey surplus, cheaper than beer or wine, Patriotic cult=American national beverage |
|
|
1825
|
Alarm began being raised about heavy drinking and excessiveness
-doctors and ministers turned to un-nutrional and evil |
|
|
Sufferage Movemment exposed __ by ___
|
problems of drunkeness, public vs private, male dominance
Temperance Movement |
|
|
T.S. Arthur
|
Ten Nights in a Barroom & The Broken Pledge
Joe Morgan-drunk necessity of prohibition |
|
|
Elaine Franz Parsons
|
Manhood Lost: Drunkards and Redeeming Women
|
|
|
Social Gospel Theology
|
individual pledge not enough, entire culture needed to change
-Temperance laws would enable communities to support christian conversion |
|
|
Poor Houses
|
Community resposible for those who cannot take care of themselves: including "problem drinkers" (outcasts due to non-contributing status)
-Warning to heavy drinking while not doing job, most Americans were "high functioning" drunks -Government, taxed, not religious -Not violent carryover of charity from Europe |
|
|
Drinking customs 1600-early 1800
|
Heavy drinking integrated into everyday life (distilled spirits)
No opposition, no temperance, church said "creature of god" |
|
|
Changes of 1820
|
Emergence of "activist ideology" that "problems" were not inevitable
---> any social problem can be fixed Benjamin Rush's public essay |
|
|
Activist ideology
|
any social problem can be fixed
reaction against European social straification |
|
|
Benjamin Rush
|
public essay warning of the disease of inebriety due to distilled liqor
Praises beer and wine Distilled liquor is only with technology, not found in nature, God didn't do this |
|
|
News Ideas of American Society in New Nation
|
progress, change, everything old can become new, any child can become president,
Jackson revolution of the 1830s nothing sacred or set, everything is progress and always changing |
|
|
Gusfield
|
"Symbolic Crusade"
dissertation in 1954 on how WTCU came about because Protestant rural people threatened by urbanite immigrants and used alcohol as a way to capture control over the immigrant Catholics Routine Drinking and eventually saloon become point of attack Two Theories: 1. Nature and Content of first women's movement 2. Employers couldnt tolerate alcohol because efficiency abilities were when sky was available |
|
|
Why didn't Women Temperance Movement Work
|
Disorganized, too many goals with resources dispersed over maultiple goals.
But did allow voices to be heard where impossible before |
|
|
Why did the Anti Saloon League Work?
|
replicated its industrial sponsors: bureaucratic organization with set rules, hierarchy, levels that proved efficient in getting stuff done
Not democratic because everyone did not get a say, but did follow rules of equit and justice New target: The Saloon New goal: Amendment to forbid |
|
|
Key to social movement success
|
An indefensible target:
such as Saloons (now socially ugly urban institute in eyes of open class) didnt come together with competition to oppose (like tobacco cos today) |
|
|
Ideology of Social Problem Examples of 19th Century
|
Moral Movement: treating mentally ill
Rehabilitative Ideal: in dealing with crime Abolish slavery Control of use of distilled liqour/spirits, followed by Prohibition |
|
|
Critical Changes in Organization of American Socity
(Reformist Ideology) |
3 interdependent engines of change:
1. Immigrants (recruited for industrial growth because progress booming in US, catholic strangers, move to them to cities) 2. Urbanization (lower tolerance, crowding, disorder, fighting, gangs, need for order where immigrant urbanized) 3. Industrialization (person to machine interaction, need to abide by the clock, extreme work demands of immigrants, --> Urban Immigrants are the industrial workers, than need discipline --->lower tolerance for others' behaviors and disruption (drinking and working no longer integrated) ----> Huge social changes that made alcohol a problem |
|
|
Washingtonians
|
organize Boston as male self0help group, loose organization, AA model, pledge to temp one by one, drunk drying out facilities, save lives and souls
|
|
|
Maine in 1840
|
Prohibition of 1840, but little enforcement, just symbolic, taverns littel affected, led by men, temporary, fades
|
|
|
First tactic of Women's alcohol movement
|
Women took stage as med faded out, first social movement led by and centered upon women
First: Anti-Taven Movement (Carrie Nation) and sit-ins |
|
|
Carrie Nation
|
original sit ins of taverns, go around with axes, men couldnt harm women, gained followers, pray and sing outside, very symbolic
|
|
|
Targets of first women anti-alcohol movement
|
Distribution centers
|
|
|
Women Christian Temperance Union
|
replaced unorganized anti-alcohol movement with organized structure
concerned with link between family well-being and man drinking, women and children must be protected from beast men become under King alcohol First collective movement of women overpowering and saving fallen men |
|
|
Seneca Falls 1848 Convention
|
dominance within family setting and abuse by men accompanies demand for vote, how can such impaired fools be in charge of our country?
|
|
|
Temperance Movement vs. Anti-Saloon League
|
-Saloon is target vs. heavy drinking or distribution companies
- Passion and emotion/enthusiasm/gusto ---> bureaucracy/getting down to business |
|
|
Keys to Social Movement Success
|
- Transparent Opposition
-indefensible target -organized and focused campaign -simultaneous engagement (large employers domesticated immigrant work force from agriculture to clock with need for order and endurance in factory) |
|
|
Domestication Project
|
lots of people and control so useful so need order and organized to work
teach English, get rid of ideas of heavy drinking from Europe (Saint Monday) - Saloons caused poor work, bad attendance, accidence= went against project |
|
|
Welfare Capitalism
|
so much immigrant work: incredible construction of canals, longest 1 mile under mountain tunnel in Virginia
---> dug by hands of immigrants and slaves - getting people organized became brutal - shadows of slavery, control by enveloping their lives -provide housing, school for children, recreation, churches -no private time: didnt distinguish between drinking on job and off job |
|
|
Saloons attacked by:
|
Organized prohibitionists in Anti-Saloon League
+ Industrial Leaders supporting Womens Temp Movement (employer control through demands didnt work, and didnt want to fire everyone, so attacked saloons too) |
|
|
Legislative Strategy of Anti-Saloon
|
go up to each individual, if dont vote for this, then you are against family, friend of catholics, opposed of hard work, and therefore generally unelectable
- members of congress approached same wayk |
|
|
Andrew Volsted
|
Though he didn't think would work, put amendment through to pass in Congress, then passed in states and 2 years later = Prohibition
-demonstrated successful social movement later not achieved by equal rights amendment |
|
|
Great War -> Prohibition
|
Need for rationing of grain and general panic about excess help to propel the positive 1918 vote
|
|
|
Prohibition
|
Not prevent drinking, but traffic of liquor
Sacremental and Medicinal use: must have liscense dramatic decline in distilled spirit consumption and liver cirrhosis light drinkers just stop, no illegal source of gain |
|
|
Passive Prevention
|
Improve health by not making you do anything, but small change in something else (such as fluoride in water) to maker population healthier overall
A classic public health strategy that is positive way to judge prohibition effectiveness -not abstinence of the country -social change, but continued to do what they were doing without liquor store or spirits not big deal to all |
|
|
Prohibition's Effectiveness
|
If judged as absolute: then failed
If judges as harm reduction: then succeeded --> In America were usually view success of treatment only as abstinence, not harm reduction like rest of world -got rid of saloons completely -intervention, cost-benefit analysis |
|
|
Absolutist View of treatment
|
-Go to treatment, only say successful if come out abstinent
- all of medicine is toward harm reduction, not abstinence from all systems (mental health) -we need to move away from for drug and alcohol treatment |
|
|
Targets for Repeal Movement
|
Young people (loss of morality, drinking=stylish, sexuality)
Wild Life (defiance and disrespect) --> people that wouldnt have broke law are not going illegal routes Rise of an uncontrollable production and distribution industry (offshore, birth of Nascar) Creation of separate organized crim Laughable and mocked enforcement ^---Expended money that was eventually not available |
|
|
What really ended Prohibition
|
Great Depression (back by all targets of repeal and lack of money expended)
|
|
|
Repeal Movement
|
didn't need prohibition for work place, saloons all gone, uncontrollable worker issue disappeared and confident in social control of prohibition in the work place (violence in worker control in large companies like Ford)
FDR Administration: 1993: new jobs, end of expensive enforcement, made everyone happy, a "little gift" for demoralized people |
|
|
Social Policy Dilemme
|
-the demon reenters society= massive reulations
-21 age, hours of drinking, no alcohol in front of school/church, # of distributors, windows in front, had to serve food with alcohol, no saloons, women couldnt stand (prostitutes) |
|
|
Utah Regulations
|
last state to sign, all legislature Mormon
1. sign name if buying liquor, church checks to see if members buying 2. limit 3 gallons a day because they didnt know norm -all went away with Olympics |
|
|
Everett Colby
|
said we need National Council on Moderation, supported repeal movement, high class influential, not any support, tired of talking about alcohol, zero interest from founders of repeal movement
-bars=no regulations on how much to drink |
|
|
Yale Univeristy
|
where alcoholism began
transform demon alcohol into laboratory subject, no morality different reactions for different people, not everyone falls victim of demon alcohol addiction, some just can't control their drinking |
|
|
Deviant drinkers
|
small group that falls victim, cant control, knows adverse consequences but just cannot stop
|
|
|
Solution to deviant drinkers
|
AA
some different, cannot control, requires abstinence for recovery, |
|
|
Andrew Sinclair
|
both sides of prohibition were fanatics who couldn't compromise
journalist, found bad meat -> FDA |
|
|
The Prohibition Experiment
|
-Prohibition never truly prohibited sales
-could work up to a point in reduced daily consumption if public consensus behind enforcement -need for public backing in success (for partial and complete prohibition) -enforcement more difficult in federal systems -defeat of prohibition does not mean massive consumption at end -failure to make convincing case for health rusks of use rather than abuse (unlike tobacco) -may work on place, not another -Nothing is unchangeable |
|
|
Jellinek formulation
|
with AA and yale studies, success of disease concept of alcoholism
|
|
|
Lexington: Addiction Research Center
|
narcotic farms (by Porter Act of 1924) = New Deal for Drug Addicts,
"fantastic" destination, working with living @ fantastic lodge, volunteers magically draw to here routine was socially supportive for inmates, who were giving back to the community "total institution" symbolic status of lexington as a origin story for field of scientific addiction research HOLY GRAIL search for opiate substitue nails idea that addiction incurable besides own personal will |
|
|
Abraham Wilker
|
foundations of opiate addiction
Conditioned abstinence model conditioning in release, science with listening, theory of conditioned abstinence (useful in treating abuse and explaining it= model for most studies) drug seeking and withdrawl could be learned (anticipated) Classical Conditioning, |
|
|
Lexington ARC ended with
|
National Commission for Protection of Human Subjects and Biomedical and Behavioral Research (need consent)
tolerated because of criminal justice system funded because so many questions |
|
|
Howard Becker
|
On ARC: lots of procedures, social control = coersive tactics
staff vs abnormal undesirable patients Demographic change (black from DC) and hardened toughened staff |
|
|
Allergy Concept of Alcoholism
|
never official in scientific coverse, instead a "biochemical abnormality"
|
|
|
Skid Row Image
|
1940-70, AMA votes in disease concept of alcoholism but public not interested and had dominant view of __
|
|
|
NIAAA
|
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
Turns to social institution: legitamacy |
|
|
Alcoholism Arrives
|
Alcoholism treatment required to be paid by insurance
Large number of Tx centers Heroes come out as recovering: First lady Betty Ford and Carter's brother in GA |
|
|
Alcoholism Declines
|
1900s: support for alcoholism decreased
alcohol and drug programs emerged away from middle class War on Drugs= spillover stigma in world of alcoholism (doesnt differentiate from alcohol and drugs, though takes focus off alcohol, pushes to stigmatize and marginalize substance abusers |
|
|
MADD
|
raised age
"problem drinking" re-emerges |
|
|
Illegal drugs in the US
|
unlike alcohol, opiates, cocaine, marijuana= no history in US or British Isles
Cultural innovation that needs to be classified (originally medicine besides weed) large scale use of morphine (opiate) after Civil War basic stigma= link with foreign cultures= against integration into culture cocaine feminized |
|
|
Lennard Principle
|
Physician / patient relationship legitamized by giving something to respong without harm = morphine
|
|
|
Harrison Act
|
huge taxes to get ride of cocaine, heroin, and cocaine
1914- drug prohibition, remaining addictions treated with heroin in public clinics |
|
|
Heroin
|
treat addiction to morphine at one point
new drug associated with lower class |
|
|
Troubles with New Illegal Drugs
|
civil war veteran become addicted
women addicted to medicines with alcohol opiate and cocaine weed mysterous and bad overcounter products dissapear with Pure Food and Drugs Act Amphetamines appear in WWII with Germany, America, Japan -legalized for ADD -spillove: into mouths of others, far more made than needed |
|
|
Nixon, Ford, Carter
|
treat drug problems, possible legalizaton
|
|
|
Youth Rebellion of New Drugs
|
weed horrifies controllers
not opiates or cocaine, psychodelics integrated with sexuality and rebellion or youth against political authority: anti-war movement somewhat parallel to 20s/alcohol but more visible and menacing |
|
|
War on Drugs
|
Reagan and wife, drugs are horrible, drug dealers should be executed,
same time as MADD ( mid 80s) spillover stigman (treat people as both drugs and alcohol in same place) punishment, not treatment= criminalizing military undertone, similar to anti-saloon league= federal gov creates massive industry of own through Drug Enforcement and Administration 1980s-now: #1 in world for criminalization |
|
|
Candy Lightner
|
MADD founder
raise drinking age and driving regulations with tests and no arguments of conviction (affect everyone, not just criminals) wanted criminalization, not AA or supportive activities repeat of temperance movement |
|
|
Two assumptions of disease not true for drug and alcohol
|
1. people who believe that they have disorder want treatment
2. there are adequate means to access and receive treatment |
|
|
As long as there's normalcy, then you're golden
|
high functioning people
|
|
|
Winston Churchill
|
functioning alcoholic
|
|
|
Units of Measuring People
|
The abstainer (cant make generalizations)
Normal User (law, not science says 21. Common= 2 drinks per day) User with pattern of excess, risk for health (usually older people) Problem user (role impairment, denial, piss people off= conflict) -battle: who has most social capital wins=usually head of household even if alcoholic Illegal Users (moral social terms: underage, certain places, drivers) People with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)/Alcoholdependent/Alcholism (just keep doing it) |
|
|
Only real way to measure drug use
|
Self-report
line between prescribed drugs and illegal drug use is getting fuzzy |
