Alcohol

Front 1

Alcohol is a CNS --

Back 1

depressant

Front 2

Alcohol is ionized/nonionized that is absorbed easily from -- to -- and can pass through -- and -- via -- --

Back 2

nonionized, GI tract, bloodstream, placenta, BBB, passive diffusion

Front 3

Alcohol absorption occurs 10% in -- and 90% in --

Back 3

stomach, small intestine

Front 4

Alcohol metabolism: alcohol converted via -- to -- then via -- to -- then via -- to --

Back 4

ADH, acetaldehyde, ALDH, acetic acid, oxidation, CO2

Front 5

Asian flush from homozygous version of -- gene

Back 5

ALDH

Front 6

Other enzymes that do the first step of alcohol metabolism (from -- to --) are -- AKA -- and --

Back 6

alcohol, acetaldehyde, CYP2E1, MEOS, catalase

Front 7

Prolonged use of alcohol produces -- dependence which causes withdrawal symptoms and delirium tremens because over time alcohol puts us in -- state with neuroadaptive changes so withdrawal puts us in --- state

Back 7

physical, depressed, hyperexcitable

Front 8

Can alleviate alc withdrawal symptoms by treating with -- because of --

Back 8

BDZ, cross dependence

Front 9

Relief from withdrawal promotes drug-taking through -- -- which is removal of a -- --

Back 9

negative reinforcement, negative consequence

Front 10

Withdrawal is also called -- and is linearly proportional to alcohol --

Back 10

abstinence, dose

Front 11

Heavy alcohol use causes -- deficiency which is a decrease in vitamin -- which is critical for -- metabolism, causing cell death

Back 11

thiamine, B1, glucose

Front 12

A result of thiamine deficiency is -- syndrome which includes first stage -- and second stage can't form -- --

Back 12

Wernicke-Korsakoff, confusion, new memories

Front 13

Wernicke-Korsakoff presents with -- cell loss in -- and --

Back 13

bilateral, thalamus, medial mammilary bodies

Front 14

Alcohol induced brain damage unrelated to diet: 4

Back 14

enlarged ventricles, frontal lobe, medial temporal lobe (hippocampus and basal forebrain), cerebellum

Front 15

Systemic alcohol effect: -- of peripheral blood vessels which causes heat -- and may improve -- function in adults

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dilation, loss, cognitive

Front 16

Systemic alcohol effects: cirrhosis = death of -- cells which stimulates scar formation and blood vessels carrying oxygen to be cut off, only developed a -- amount of time, caused by accumulation of --

Back 16

liver, small, acetylaldehyde

Front 17

Fetal alcohol syndrome especially prevalent when exposure during -- trimester

Back 17

first

Front 18

Acutely, alcohol -- glu release by -- NMDA receptors and -- mGluR autoreceptors in the ---

Back 18

reduces, antagonizing, agonizing, hippocampus

Front 19

Chronically, alcohol --- NMDA receptors in the -- and -- which causes glu rebound gluhyperexcitability during withdrawal

Back 19

upregulates, cortex, hippocampus

Front 20

Acutely, alcohol -- GABA-A receptors, which allows -- of post cell and -- -- of extrasynaptic receptors which contributes to reinforcing effects

Back 20

agonizes, hyperpolarization, tonic inhibition

Front 21

GABA-A -- receptors (not directly across from active zone where NT is released) that are highly sensitive to alcohol contain -- subunit.

Back 21

extrasynaptic, delta

Front 22

Delta subunit produces -- -- of post synaptic cell, which is constant and long-lasting and contributes to -- effects

Back 22

tonic inhibition, sedative

Front 23

Extrasynaptic receptors have role in -- effects of alcohol and delta subunit KO have -- preference for alcohol

Back 23

reinforcing, less

Front 24

Chronically, alcohol -- GABA-A mediated Cl- flux which --- sensitivity to seizure-inducing GABA --. There is/isn't a change in number of receptors.

Back 24

reduces, increases, antagonists, isn't

Front 25

Alcoholics also experience reduced effects of -- because of --

Back 25

BDZ, cross tolerance

Front 26

Acutely, alcohol -- DA transmission in the -- pathway. Rats self-admin alc into -- which is decreased by antagonists in the --

Back 26

increase, mesolimbic, VTA, NA

Front 27

During withdrawal, animals show behavioral signs of withdrawal with -- starting at - hours

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delay, 8

Front 28

Chronically, during withdrawal, alcohol causes -- -- of DA reinforcement mechanisms, resulting in an -- threshold for self-stim

Back 28

rebound depression, elevated

Front 29

Acutely, alcohol -- endogenous opioid production/release which contributes to reinforcing effects. Chronically, alcohol -- opioid production.

Back 29

increases, reduces

Front 30

Endogenous opioids (2)

Back 30

endorphins, enkephalin

Front 31

Opioids regulate release of DA in -- and --. Alcohol induced opioid release produces reinforcement by -- DA.

Back 31

VTA, NA, modulating

Front 32

B-endorphin -- GABA neuron which frees mesolimbic cell from GABA -- and allows DA increase in NA and -- --

Back 32

inhibits, inhibition, ventral pallidum

Front 33

Opioid receptor antagonists like naloxone and nalterxone -- alcohol self-admin

Back 33

reduce

Front 34

u-opioid receptor KO mice do/don't self administer ethanol and show -- to drug

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don't, aversion

Front 35

Alcohol preference have -- baseline u-opioid receptors in limbic regions and release -- b endorphins from hypothalamus in response to alcohol

Back 35

higher, more

Front 36

Alcoholic treatment involves -- and --

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making drinking unpleasant, reducing reinforcing qualities

Front 37

Inhibiting ALDH reduces -- build-up

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acetaldehyde

Front 38

Opioid receptor antagonist reduce --

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craving

Front 39

NMDA partial agonist block -- release during withdrawal and restore basal -- levels in the --

Back 39

glutamate, GABA, NA