Alcamo's Fundamentals Of Microbiology, Chapter 3, Concepts & Tools For Studying Microorganisms

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Prokaryotic

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No true defined nucleus

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Eukaryotic

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True defined nucleus

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Prokaryotes are not really simple organisms. They have some of the same complex features that multicellular eukaryotes have. List these features.

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1. DNA

2. Complex biochemical patterns of growth and energy conversion

3. Complex responses to stimuli

4. Reproduction (go from one cell to two cells)

5. Adaptation (homeostasis)

6. Complex organization (unicellular but live in communal associations called biofilms)

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Biofilm

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Complex community of microorganisms that form a protective and adhesive matrix that attaches to a surface, such as a catheter or industrial pipeline.

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Myxobacteria

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Soil bacteria, live as community. Exhibit most complex behavior known to prokaryotes.

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Metabolism

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All the chemical reactions occurring in an organism or cell.

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Cellular respiration

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converts chemical energy into cellular energy

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Photosynthesis

Protist - algae and plants - chloroplast

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converts light energy into chemical energy

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Prokaryotic

Back 9

No true defined nucleus

Front 10

Eukaryotic

Back 10

True defined nucleus

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Prokaryotes are not really simple organisms. They have some of the same complex features that multicellular eukaryotes have. List these features.

Back 11

1. DNA

2. Complex biochemical patterns of growth and energy conversion

3. Complex responses to stimuli

4. Reproduction (go from one cell to two cells)

5. Adaptation (homeostasis)

6. Complex organization (unicellular but live in communal associations called biofilms)

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Biofilm

Back 12

Complex community of microorganisms that form a protective and adhesive matrix that attaches to a surface, such as a catheter or industrial pipeline.

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Myxobacteria

Back 13

Soil bacteria, live as community. Exhibit most complex behavior known to prokaryotes.

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SIMILARITIES IN ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS

Genetic organization

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Genetic organization

Prokaryotic - Single circular DNA molecule without an enclosing membrane.

Eukaryotic - Multiple, linear chromosomes enclosed in a membrane

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SIMILARITIES IN ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS

Compartmentation

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Compartmentation

All pro and eukaryotic organisms have some way to separate the outside environment from the internal environment.

Prokaryotes - cell membrane
Eukaryotes - the plasma membrane

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SIMILARITIES IN ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS

Metabolic organization

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Metabolic organization

Metabolism - all the chemical reactions occurring in an organism or cell.

The internal space inside cells is composed of cytoplasm

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SIMILARITIES IN ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS

Protein synthesis

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Protein synthesis

Manufactured in the ribosomes

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SIMILARITIES IN ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS

Protein/Lipid transport

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Protein/Lipid transport

Prokaryotes - even though they do not have an endomembrane system they do make and modify proteins and lipids and have micro-compartments in cytoplasm surrounded by a protein shell.

Eukaryotes - endomembrane system - ER - transports lipids and proteins thru out the cell. This includes the ER which is a series of flat membranes that may or may not have ribosomes attached (smooth and rough ER).
Golgi apparatus - stacks of flat membranes that process, sort and package proteins and lipids for transport.
Lysosomes - memrane enclosed sacs that contain strong digestive enzymes.
Derived from Golgi apparatus and are important to the destruction of pathogens by WBC's.

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SIMILARITIES IN ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS

Energy metabolism

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Energy metabolsim

Metabolism - all the chemical reactions occurring in an organism or cell.
Two processes to make energy - cellular respiration or photosynthesis.

Prokaryotes - lack mitochondria, use the cytoplasm and cell membrane (where energy is made)

Eukaryotes - energy made in mitochondria

Protist - algae & plants - energy made in chloroplast.

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Cellular respiration **

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Converts chemical enerty into cellular energy.

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Photosynthesis

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Converts light energy into chemical energy.

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SIMILARITIES IN ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS

Cell structure and transport

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Cell structure and transport

Prokaryotes have no cytoskeleton but use proteins in the cytoplasm to determine the bacterial cell's shape.

Eukaryotes have a cytoskeleton made up of protein strands or threads that give structure to the cell and aids in transporting materials throughout the cell.

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SIMILARITIES IN ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS

Cell motility

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Cell motility

Prokaryotes have flagella that assist them in moving. There are no known prokaryotes with cilia.

Eukaryotic organisms - flagella - thin protein projections that are covered by the plasma membrane and extend from the cells. Used for motility. Some eukaryotes have cilia. They are more numerous than flagella.

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SIMILARITIES IN ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERNS

Water balance

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Water balance

Diffusion - high concentration to low concentration.

Osmosis - movement of water into a cell.

Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes have cell walls that provides support for the cell, gives the cells shape, and helps them resist the pressure exerted by the internal water pressure.

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Diffusion

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High concentration to low concentration.

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Osmosis

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Movement of water into a cell.

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Taxonomy

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Science of classification that involves the systematized arrangement of related organisms into categories. Provides a universal language for communicating among biologists.

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Carl Linnaeus

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Established a uniform system of naming organisms based on shared characteristics.

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Binomial nomenclature **

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Uses two Latin names. Genus to which the organism belongs and the specific epithet, a descriptor that further describes the genus name.
First- genus capitalized
Second- species is lower case
Escherichia coli
Homo sapien
Both underlined or italicized.

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Hierarchical systems in Eukaryotes
(Animals, fungi, plants)

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Species - singular organisms that interbreed - the least inclusive group (the most specific).
Similar species are grouped together in a genus.
A collection of similar genera makes up a family and families with similar characteristics make up an order, etc.
Domain is the most inclusive level of classification

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Hierarchical systems in Prokaryotes
(Archaea and bacteria)

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Physical characteristics
Biochemical tests
Serological tests
Nucleic acid analysis

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Archaea

(archae = "ancient")

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A group or domain of bacterial organisms including the former archaebacteria.

Many of these bacteria forms are known for their ability to live under extremely harsh conditions or environments.

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Bacteria

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All the remaining true bacteria. Common bacteria that does not live in extremes.

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Eukarya

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Includes protista, plantae, fungi and animalia.

Have a defined nucleus.

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Ernst Haeckel

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Termed microorganisms protist and put them in a third kingdom called protista.

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Robert Whitaker

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Five kingdom system that put bacteria into their own kingdom.

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Carl Woese **

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"Domain" - the most inclusive taxonomic level of classification. It consists of three groups, the Archaea, bacteria and Eukarya.
Identification based on rRNA

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David Bergey

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One of the first systems of classifications for prokaryotes.

Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (microbes bible)

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Antisera **

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Solution containing antibodies.

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Antigenic

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Capable of triggering the production of antibodies.

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Simple cationic (positive) stain involves:

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1. Heat fixation to kill bacteria and to adhere it to the slide and coagulate cytoplasmic proteins for better visibility.

2. Adding dye - cationic (positive)attaches to negative cytoplasm.

3. Simple stain measures cell size, determines cell shape and arrangement.

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Simple anionic (negative) stain involves:

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1. No heat fixation-used on heat sensitive organisms.

2. Adding dye-negative dye repels negative organism.

3. Indicates morphology (shape) and arrangement.

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Gram stain

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Differntial stain - a staining procedure that allows distinction between cell types or parts of cells. It often involves more than one stain.

Indicate size, shape and arrangement of cells. Very important diagnostic tool. Gram negative and gram positive bacterial cells differ in their susceptibility to antibiotics and they each produce different toxins. Toxin is a substance that is poisonous.

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Gram Stain procedures

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1. Stain a heat fixed smear with crystal violet-all cells turn purple.

2. Rinse with decolorizer (95% alcohol). The cells that lose their color are called Gram negative. The cells that retain the purple color are Gram positive.

3. Add the dye safranin (red counterstain). It will stain all the cells that have lost the purple color thru decolorization.

4. Purple is Gram positive

5. Red is Gram negative

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Acid fast stain

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1. Mycobacterium genera only
2. Waxy substance called mycolic acid in cell walls. It holds the dye so fast that even acid will not wash it out.

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Classification Uses a Hierarchical System

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Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum/division, kingdom, and domain

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Molecular taxonomy

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The systematized arrangement of related organisms based on molecular characteristics, such as ribosomal RNA nucleotide sequences.

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Species

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The fundamental rank in the classification system of organisms and which is composed of a genus and specific epithet.

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Taxonomy

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The science dealing with the systematized arrangements (classification) of related organisms into logical categories.

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Simple stain technique

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The use of a single basic (cationic) dye to contrast cells.

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Genus

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A rank in the classification system of organisms composed of two or more species; a collection of genera constitute a family.

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Cell membrane

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The bilayer of phospholipids and proteins that surrounds the prokaryotic cell cytoplasm.

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Binomial system

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The system of nomenclature that uses the genus and specific epithet to refer to organisms.

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A ______ is a communal association of microbes.

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biofilm

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Which one of the following is not an organizationla property common to all living organisms?

A Genetic organization
B Metabolic organization
C Compattmentation
D A cell nucleus

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A cell nucleus. Only eukaryotic organisms have a cell nucleus.

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In eukaryotic microbes, energy metabolism is associated with the ________.

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Mitochondria

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All of the following are found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes except ______.

A. a cell (plasma)membrane
B. Mitochondria
C. Cytoplasm
D. Ribosomes

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Mitochondria. Prokaryotic cells lack mitochondria.

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The second word in a species name is referred to as the ______.

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Specific eptithet

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In the three domain system, dungi would belong to the ___________.

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Eukarya

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_________ is an example of a differential stain technique.

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Gram staining

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The organelle, absent in prokaryotes, which carries out the conversion of chemical energy to cellular energy in eukaryotes.

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Mitochondrion

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Staining technique that differentiates bacterial cells into two groups.

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Gram

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Category into which two or more genera are grouped.

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Family

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The staining technique employing a single cationic dye.

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Simple

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Staining technique in which the background is colored and the cells are clear.

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Negative

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Major group of organisms whose cells have no nucleus or organelles in the cytoplasm.

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Prokaryotes

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Devised the three domain system of classification in which two domains contain prokaryotes.

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Bergey

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These structures carry out protein synthesis in all cells.

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Ribosomes