Aids Exam #1

Front 1

What area of the world is most affected by HIV/AIDS?

Back 1

Sub-Saharan Africa (South America, Uganda, Nigeria, Mozambique)

Front 2

# of new cases of a disease in a defined time period

Back 2

incidence

Front 3

What is the formula for discovering a disease's PREVALENCE RATE?

Back 3

PREVALENCE RATE = (# of disease cases ÷ population) × 100

Front 4

What is the formula for discovering DEATH RATE?

Back 4

DEATH RATE = (# of deaths from a disease ÷ population) × 100,000

Front 5

How do you calculate PERCENT CHANGE?

Back 5

PERCENT CHANGE = (final # - initial # ÷ initial #) × 100

Front 6

The sudden rise of incidence of a disease

Back 6

OUTBREAK

Front 7

An occurance of more cases of a disease than normally expected w/in a specific place or group of people over a given period of time

Back 7

EPIDEMIC

Front 8

The prevalence of a disease in a country, continent, or the whole world (a larger-scale epidemic)

Back 8

PANDEMIC

Front 9

The abnormal function in a part of the body

Back 9

DISEASE

Front 10

What are the 4 causes of disease?

Back 10

1. Infectious agents; 2. genetics; 3. lifestyle/environmental factors; 4. fungus

Front 11

What does AIDS stand for?

Back 11

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Front 12

What is some evidence that HIV causes AIDS?

Back 12

- A cluster study done in 1982 found that 40 of the first 248 people infected w/ HIV were linked back to "Patient Zero"; this suggests that HIV is caused by an infectious agent

- HIV meds suppress viral reproduction/replication and improve health

- There's a correlation in time/history between HIV&AIDS

Front 13

What was Duesberg's general argument, and why was it wrong?

Back 13

Duesberg argued that AIDS was caused by drugs. He thought that HIV was a carrier/harmless virus (we know that HIV isn't a carrier; it does in fact weaken the immune system). He argued that >94% of people with AIDS use drugs of some sort - poppers, illicit drugs, and medications. The primary reason that this argument is wrong is that there are many people with AIDS who do not use drugs - for example, babies and hemophilliacs.

Front 14

Describe the relationship between a whole organism and compounds.

Back 14

The entire organism is made up of organ systems (ex: respiratory, immune, etc). In these systems are organs. The organs are made up of tissues (collections of cells that perform specific functions). The cells that make up these tissues are the smallest units of life. Compounds make up these cells and determine what purpose they serve (I think...)

Front 15

What are the 4 types of compounds?

Back 15

1. Proteins; 2. Fats/Lipids; 3. Carbohydrates; 4. Nucleic Acid

Front 16

What do proteins do?

Back 16

Proteins carry out the functions of cells. Cell types differ to the different proteins they contain.

Front 17

What are some of the functions of proteins?

Back 17

Transporting molecules, coordinating molecules, immune protection, acting as catalysts (speeding up chemical reactions), and receptors

Front 18

What are the 2 possible protein structures and why are they important?

Back 18

Globular & fibrillar; a protein's structure determines its function.

Front 19

A protein that transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. It's made up of four chains of amino acids with binding pockets. These binding pockets contain heme, which binds oxygen. (globular)

Back 19

HEMOGLOBIN

Front 20

A multifunctional protein that is responsible for things like maintaining cell shape, muscle contraction, and cell signaling (fibrillar)

Back 20

ACTIN

Front 21

A protein produced mainly by the pancreas that breaks down fat (globular)

Back 21

LIPASE

Front 22

A protein that stores and distributes iron (globular)

Back 22

FERRITIN

Front 23

What do enzymes do?

Back 23

Enzymes act as catalysts & speed up specific chemical reactions.

Front 24

Smaller molecules that enzymes use to make a larger molecule

Back 24

SUBSTRATES

Front 25

The location where substrates join together to catalyze a reaction.

Back 25

ACTIVE SITE

Front 26

A compound that competes with the substrate for binding to the active site

Back 26

COMPETITIVE INHIBITOR

Front 27

A compound that binds to a site on the enzyme different from the active site

Back 27

NONCOMPETITIVE INHIBITOR

Front 28

Molecules that carry genetic info

Back 28

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Front 29

A unit of heredity that is transferred from parent to offspring and determines a characteristic of the offspring

Back 29

GENE

Front 30

Describe the structure of DNA.

Back 30

DNA has a double helix structure. It is made up of NUCLEOTIDES (organic molecules that serve as the monomers [subunits] of DNA and RNA). These nucleotides are made up of 2 chemical bases (BASE PAIRING) that bond to each other to form steps on the "DNA ladder."

Front 31

What are the base pairings for DNA?

Back 31

Adenine ⇿ Thymine

Guamine ⇿ Cytosine

Front 32

What are the base pairings for RNA?

Back 32

Adenine ⇿ Uracil

Guamine ⇿ Cytosine

Front 33

The process of taking genetic info in DNA to make proteins

Back 33

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Front 34

The process of using a DNA template to make mRNA

Back 34

TRANSCRIPTION

Front 35

The process of using info on mRNA to make protein(s)

Back 35

TRANSLATION

Front 36

What types of cells does HIV infect?

Back 36

Helper T4/CD4 Cells, dendridic cells, & macrophages

Front 37

What determines what cell type HIV infects?

Back 37

gp120 (a protein spike)

Front 38

How does gp120 infect cells?

Back 38

gp120 binds to receptors on key cells because gp120 is complementary in shape to the CD4 receptor on the Helper T4 cells & binds to co-receptor CCR5 or CXCR4

Front 39

Any of a group of RNA viruses that insert a DNA copy of their genome into the host cell in order to replicate

Back 39

RETROVIRUS

Front 40

Describe the process of HIV replication.

Back 40

1. HIV gp120 attaches to the Helper T4 cell recepters (CD4 & CXCRW/CCR5)

2. HIV fuses w/ cell membrane

3. RNA & enzymes enter cell

4. Reverse transcriptase catalyzes reaction to make DNA from RNA

5. DNA marrs to nucleus of cell

6. Integrase catalyzes reaction to put viral DNA into host cell DNA.

7. Transcription occurs to make mRNA and genomic RNA

8. mRNA leaves nucleus & translation occurs to make a polyprotein from mRNA.

9. HIV-1 protease converts polyprotein into individual proteins

10. gp120 & gp41 insert into cell membrane. Viral enzymes and genomic RNA group beneath cell membrane

11. HIV binds out of cell and rips cell membrane to form new HIV.

Front 41

What are the 2 ways that HIV kills Helper T4 cells?

Back 41

SYNCYTIA - grouping of many healthy Helper T4 cells with an infected Helper T4 cell, making many Helper T4 cells disfunctional

APOPTOSIS - programmed cell death; some infected cells sense trouble and commit suicide

Front 42

HIV positive people surviving for 10+ years without illness or need for HIV medications

Back 42

LONG-TERM NONPROGRESSORS

Front 43

Describe the CCR5 mutation and its effect

Back 43

Rarely, a genetic mutation will occur in CCR5. In this mutation, CCR5 is missing the receptor protein on its cell membrane, making it impossible for HIV to attach and enter the cell. The most famous/first-known occurrance of this mutation is the case of Steve Crohn.