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314 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA)
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1972
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National Flood Insurance Act
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1968
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Urban Parks and Recreation Recovery Act
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1978
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Bay Area Rapid Transit System (BART) began
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1972
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Housing and Urban Development (HUD) created
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1965
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Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) established
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1974
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Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) passed
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1990
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Empowerment Zones/Enterprise Zones formed
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1994; Clinton
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Washington, DC is an example of...
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City Beautiful
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Ebenezer Howard
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Garden City
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Concept 1st introduced in Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City (SCOTUS)
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Transfer of development rights (TDR)
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White City
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Columbian Expo., World's Fair Chicago (1893)
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Jacob Riis' other book
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"Children of the Poor" (1892)
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Jacob Riis' 1st book
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"How the Other Half Lives" (1890)
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Jane Jacobs
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"The Death and Life of Great American Cities" (1961)
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Randall Arendt
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"Rural by Design" (1994)
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ZBB
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Zero Based Budget; decision packages, start from scratch
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MBO
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Management By Objective, Peter Drucker; defining objectives w/in an organization
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TIF
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Tax Increment Financing
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Norman Krumholz
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Equity/Advocacy Planning; Planning Director, City of Cleveland
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Burnham Plan for Chicago
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1909
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Edward Bassett
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Father of Zoning
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Daniel Burnham
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Father of City Planning
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Peter Calthorpe
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Congress for New Urbanism, 1992. Transit Oriented Development.
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Ian McHarg
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Father of Modern Ecology/Environmental Movement
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Patrick Geddes
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Father of Regional Planning
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Lawrence Veiller
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Father of Modern Housing Code
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Paul Davidoff
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Father of Advocacy Planning
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Amitai Etzioni
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Mixed Scanning; start w/ broad focus, drill down on pressing elements
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Saul Alinsky
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Community Organization; Hired a planner to speak for the powerless people.
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Charles Lindblom
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Incremental Planning
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Ernest Burgess
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Concentric Zone (Ring) Theory
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Homer Hoyt
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Sector Theory
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Walter Christaller
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Central Place Theory (1933)
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Herbert A. Simon
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Satisficing
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Christopher Alexander
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"A Pattern Language" (1977). Design principles for towns, buildings, construction
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Andres Duany
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Form Based Codes. Seaside, FL, 1982.
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Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk
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w/ Duany; Form Based Codes. Seaside, FL, 1982.
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Petaluma, California
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1st City to adopt Form-Based Code Smart Code (2003)
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John Friedmann
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Transactive planning
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Alfred Bettman
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1st president of American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO), 1934; Attorney Euclid v. Ambler; Cincinnati Plan, 1925.
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Harris and Ullman
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Multi-Nuclei Planning Theory
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Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr.
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1st President of American City Planning Institute (ACPI), 1917
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Order of Planning Movements
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Public Health (1890's); Agrarian Philosophy; Lassez-Faire; City Effecient (1900s); City Beautiful (1900s); Garden City (1910); City Humane (1930s); City Functional (1940s)
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Sir Raymond Unwin
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Letchworth 1903, 1920
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John Muir
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Sierra Club, 1892
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Louis deSoissons
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Welwyn 1919, 1934
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Robert Moses
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New York City 1920's planning expert
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Clarence Perry
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Neighborhood Unit
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Paul Lawrence
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Dunbar Apartments, Harlem, 1930
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Henry Wright and Clarence Stein
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Designed Garden City of Radburn, NJ (1928)
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Rural Resettlement Administration
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1935—Roosevelt; Greenbelt towns (Greenbelt, MD; Greenhills, OH; Greendale, WI).
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Sherry Arnstein
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"Ladder of Citizen Participation;"Defined citizen participation in terms of actual citizen control over policy decisions.
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Jean Gottmann
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Coined term "Megalopolis"
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John Wesley Powell
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Explorer, Colorado River Grand Canyon
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Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr.
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Parks Mvmt; Central Park (w/ Calvert Vaux); Riverside, IL
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Columbian Exposition World's Fair
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"White City"; Chicago, 1893
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Which two railroads met at Promontory Point, Utah to form the first transcontinental railroad?
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UNION Pacific & CENTRAL Pacific
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Ebenezer Howard's book
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"Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform" (1898)
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Edward Bellamy
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"Looking Backward" (1888)
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When did ACIP and ASPO join to become the APA?
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1978
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Which US city has the highest population density?
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NYC
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Land given highest values in Sector Theaory
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Along major roadways
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Aaron Wildavsky quote
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"A budget is goals with a price tag attached"
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LULUs
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Locally Unwanted Land Uses
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Step-down method
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Uses larger area to interpolate smaller geographic area's pop.
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Economic Base Analysis
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Activities are either basic (exporting) or non-basic (importing [local
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PERT
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Program Evaluation & Review Technique; graphically depicts interrelationships of project tasks
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Programming period for Capital Improvement Program (CIP)
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5 - 6 years
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Programming period for Capital Budget
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One year
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Smallest time frame using a cohort survival method of population analysis
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5 years
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% of households receiving the U.S. Census long form
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17
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% of the U.S. population that's urbanized
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80.7
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Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)
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Metro area w/ pop. >100,000; at least 1 city w/ 50,000
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Smallest units for 100% data tabulationis available.
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Census block
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CERCLA
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aka "Superfund;" Comprehensive Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (1980)
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NEPA
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National Environmental Policy Act (1969)
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SARA
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Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (1986)
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RCRA
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Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976)
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Purpose of the 100th meridian
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An Isohyet; Separates E & W by rainfall, runs through North and South Dakota and OK panhandle marking the east which receives 20 inches more precipitation per year from the drier West.
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Esker
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Long, narrow hill of sand & gravel in an area once covered by ice.
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Moraine
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Glacial deposit of rock & soil.
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Wrack
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Algae, plant, & animal materials that accumulate on beaches at high water marks.
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Palustrine body of water
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A swamp or marsh-type of non-tidal wetlands w/ cattails.
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Lacustrine body of water
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Lake
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Oligotrophic body of water
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Deep lake w/ few nutrients & little organic material
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Acres in one hectare
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2.47
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Littoral body of water
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Inter-tidal shallow water zone w/ rooted aquatic plants.
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Acres in a square mile
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640
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1st urban growth boundary
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Lexington, KY (1958)
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Extra-Territorial Jurisdiction (ETJ)
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Authority granted to municipalities (in some states) to impose zoning & subdivision regs. beyond their jurisdiction.
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Brownfield Development
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Development on a site not used or underused due to real or perceived environmental issues.
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Leapfrog Development
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Type of sprawl where new development is not contiguous w/ existing development.
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Greenfield Development
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Development on a site never developed before.
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Grayfield Development
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Development on a vacant urban or suburban site that was formerly developed but is now obsolete.
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When was the State Standard Zoning Enabling Act adopted?
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1924 (1926, 2nd ed.)
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What year was the Standard City Planning Enabling Act adopted?
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1928 (preliminary ed. in 1927)
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RLUIPA
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2000—Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act
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Logan and Molotch
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City as Growth Machine Theory
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1st study of the four steps in the travel demand model
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Chicago, IL
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1st subway
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Boston, 1897
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Designed the 1st limited access hwy—Bronx River Pkwy in West Chester Co., NY
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Robert Moses
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Where was the first study of the four steps in the travel demand model?
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Chicago, IL
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Energy Policy Conservation Act
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1978—Established CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency) Standards. In 1978, 18 miles per gallon for cars. Currently, 30.2 miles per gallon for passenger cars and 24.1 for trucks.
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1st National Park
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Yellowstone (1872)
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1st Historic Preservation Commission
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Vieux Carre, New Orleans, LA (1937)
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1st Preservation Ordinance enacted
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Charleston, SC (1931)
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1st significant legal case concerning historic preservation
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United States v. Gettysburg Electric Railway Company (1896)
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Le Corbusier
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Radiant City
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Broadacre City
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Frank Lloyd Wright, auto-oriented City
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James Rouse
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Influenced urban design w/ indoor shopping malls in the 1950s
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Robert Lang
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Edgeless City, 2002
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Joel Garreau
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Edge Cities, 1991
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Allan Jacobs
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Making City Planning Work, 1985
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Andres Duany
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Advocate for New Urbanism or Neotraditional Design
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Section 701 Funds
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Est. by Housing Act of 1954 - funds to be used for comprehensive planning for communities less than 25,000
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Feet in a Mile |
5,280 |
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Square Feet in an Acre |
43,560 |
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Shift-Share Analysis |
Evaluates strengths/weaknesses of region's industries (performance of mix/individuals); examines 3 components of regional job growth attributable to nat'l trends vs. regional factors: Nat'l Growth, Industry Mix, & Competitiveness |
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HUD's First Secretary |
Robert Weaver |
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Performance Zoning |
Regulates the character of the use, not just the use itself |
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1st Metropolitan Plan |
Chicago Plan, 1909 |
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Foreshadowing of New Urbanism |
Mariemont, OH (1923) |
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Lowest Point in the U.S. |
Death Valley's Badwater Basin |
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est. annual # ag. acres lost to development (USDA) |
2.2 million |
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1st Major American city to endorse a comprehensive plan |
Cincinnati, OH (1925) |
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Author of "The Intelligence of Democracy" |
Charles Lindblom |
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Federal Property Administration Act |
1949; Act led to the disposal of Federal property |
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George Pullman |
Model company town, Pullman, IL |
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First elevator |
1850 |
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Golden v. Town of Ramapo (1971) |
Growth management; devt. linked to ability to provide services |
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Symptomatic approach |
Method of estimating current population; uses indicators and metrics |
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1st National Conference on City Planning |
1909, D.C. |
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Year of Stock Market Crash |
1929 |
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1st full-time planner hired by a municipality |
Harland Bartholomew; created comprehensive plan for St. Louis; chairman of National Capital Planning Commission |
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Designed Forest Hills Gardens |
FLO, Jr. |
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Project Management |
Evaluating & ranking outputs |
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Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) |
3-5 Year, Prioritized plan, consistent w/ metro. transp. plan |
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Minor Arterials |
Interconnecting principal arterials, providing less mobility and moderate land access; distributing travel to smaller areas |
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Arterials |
Major thoroughfares (both local & regional); perimeter access to smaller, local streets |
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Urban Collectors |
Provide circulation and land access w/ all land uses by collecting and distributing traffic |
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Principal Arterial |
Serve longer trips, highest volumes, and large % of VMT over minimal mileage |
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General Obligation Bond |
Taxing power of jurisdiction pledged to pay interest upon, and retire the debt |
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Edge City |
Joel Garreau; "a place nothing like a city as recently as 30 years ago;" built at auto. scale |
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Federal Highway Act of 1956 |
Interstate system; "National Defense Highway Act;" largest public works program; 41k miles |
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Urbanized Area |
Central place and adjacent territory, population of 50,000 or more; density >1,000/square mile |
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Urban Cluster |
Population 2,500-50,000; 1st used in 2000 |
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Goals |
Based on what already exists; Imply the threat or the problem that stimulated plan development and specify the vision |
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Objectives |
Measurable accomplishments ("SMART") |
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Location Quotient |
IDs region's basic & non-basic sectors. Concentration of an industry, cluster, occupation, or demographic group in a region as compared to the nation. |
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Statistical Process Control |
Problem solving tools useful in achieving process stability; improves capability by reducing variability |
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Quick Response Urban Travel Estimation |
S.F. Residential: 9.1-10.2 PUD: 7.9 Duplex/Townhome: 7.0 Apartments: 6.0 Condos: 5.9 Mobile Homes: 5.5 Retirement Homes: 3.5 (Tip: the denser the land use, and the less likely the occupants are to own cars, the lower the # trips generated) |
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Special Assessments |
Public works projects that benefit a specific group, financed more equitably among those affected most directly |
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Current AICP Code took effect |
June 1, 2005 |
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Baby Boomers |
Born 1946-1964 |
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Echo Boomers (Gen. Y) |
Children of Baby Boomers; Born in 1980s - 1990s |
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Standard Deviation |
Square root of the variance |
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"Great Expediter" |
Robert Moses |
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ACPI Becomes the American Institute of Planners |
1939 |
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1st Skyscraper |
1884, Chicago |
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Pelican Island, FL |
1st Wildlife Refuge (1903); Roosevelt |
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Utopianism |
Focus on the good of societies, intentional communities |
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New Civil Rights Era |
1960s (earlier eras in the 1920s) |
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Police Power |
Inherent power granted to the states to protect health, safety, and welfare |
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Dillon's Rule |
No local power unless granted; classic |
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Home Rule |
Local has all powers unless explicitly reserved for the state |
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1st Amendment |
FREEDOM OF...Religion, speech, petition; government for redress |
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5th Amendment |
Not deprived life, liberty, or property w/o DUE PROCESS; not to be taken w/o JUST COMPENSATION |
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10th Amendment |
Powers not enumerated are reserved to the states |
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13th Amendment |
Abolishes slavery (1865); Civil War/Reconstruction Amendment |
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14th Amendment |
Bill of Rights applied to states (5th Amendment) (1968); Civil War/Reconstruction Amendment |
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15th Amendment |
Prohibits denial to vote by race (1870); Civil War/Reconstruction Amendment |
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Per Se Taking |
Direct use or seizure; permanent, physical invasion; requires compensation |
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Regulatory Taking |
aka Inverse Condemnation; requires compensation |
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De Facto Taking |
Derivative, indirect; government action has impact on property value (e.g., due to adjacent property use) |
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Due process |
Procedural & substantive |
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Adequate Public Facilities Ordinance (APFO) |
Growth must be proportionate to the infrastructure; concurrency |
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Planning Commission |
Citizen board, appointed by elected officials; recommending body; conducts public hearings and fact finding for comprehensive plan, zoning text/map amendments, conditional use permits |
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Zoning Board of Appeals |
Appointed by jurisdiction; quasi-judicial body; legal responsibility to act like a court and make rulings; conduct hearings and fact finding for appeals of administrative decisions, variances and hardships, special exceptions |
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Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) |
Est. by Congress in 1988, 1991, 1993, 1995, & 2005; disposition of underutilized land and facilities |
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Joint Land Use Studies (JLUS) |
Bases work w/ surrounding local goverment |
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George Perkins Marsh |
Author of "Man and Nature" (1964) |
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Rachel Carson |
"Silent Spring" (1960) |
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1st Earth Day |
April 22, 1970 |
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Lotic hydrological features |
Flowing; streams and rivers |
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Lentic hydrological features |
Stillwater; ponds and lakes |
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MAP-21 |
Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century; performance based transportation planning |
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Jane Addams |
Hull House, Chicago (1889) |
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Basic industry |
Exporting |
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Non-basic industry |
Importing |
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Clean Air Act |
1970 |
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Clean Water Act |
1972 |
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Endangered Species Act |
1973 |
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Confidence Interval |
Range of values that includes a certain population parameters w/in a given probability |
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Symptomatic Method |
Population Projection Method using changes in obtainable data |
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Impact Fees |
Fees paid in perpetuity to pay back for extended services beyond site |
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PPBS |
Planning, Programming, and Budgeting Systems; related to goals rather than individual expenditures |
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Special Assessments |
Paid for by those who directly benefit |
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Hadacheck v. Sebastian (1915) |
Police power; brickyard in violation of local ordinance; property value reduced |
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Pennsylvania Coal Vo. v. Mahon (1922) |
Taking; Kohler Act; 3 criteria, parcel as a whole; declared outer limit to rights |
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Berman v. Parker (1954) |
Eminent domain on blighted areas for beautification |
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Nollan v. CA Coastal Cmmssn (1987) |
Nexus; Exaction (beach access) and purpose (view) had no nexus in property redevelopment |
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Lucas v. SC Coastal Council (1992) |
Taking; compensation must be paid when all economic benefits are taken |
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2.47 |
Acres in one hectare |
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|
640 |
Acres in a square mile |
|
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Dolan v. City of Tigard (1994) |
Taking/Exaction; condition (easement) on permit must bear essential nexus |
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Capitalization Rate |
Net Operating Income (NOI) : Total property price or value |
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Zombie subdivision |
Existing infrastructure and hookups but unfinished development |
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Coalition |
Collection of distinct groups that combine toward a common purpose. |
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Tokenism |
Insincere public participation that is insincere and may not have any bearing on the work at hand. |
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Common park funding methods |
Assessment area tax, general funds, and sales tax |
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Purchase of Development Rights (PDR) |
Severs right to develop property from property owner. |
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Environmental Assessment |
For actions that might have significant environmental effects. |
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Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) |
Precondition for large project making use of federal $; addresses environmental impacts, adverse effects, irreversible use of resources, alternatives, and long-term productivity; no requirement for a mitigation element; Analyze & describe impacts on quality of air, water, flora, and fauna; and historic & cultural resources |
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FONSI |
Finding of No Significant Impact; would be the result of an Environmental Assessment |
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Environmental Indicators Initiative |
EPA program, shows progress; scientific, tracks conditions; state of air, water, land resources; |
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ISTEA |
1991—funding for scenic byways and historic preservation.
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Purpose of TIFs |
Aimed @ public investments needed to reuse sites. |
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Development Agreements |
SoCal; benefits for developing in appropriate areas in exchange for reduced impacts on sensitive areas. |
|
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Suitum v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency (1997) |
TAKING (regulatory); ripeness doctrine (not attempted to sell TDRs, but ripe b/c value could be determined w/o sale of TDRs) t |
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Council of Government movement (COGS) |
Detroit, 1954 |
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|
Greatest increase in obesity & suburban growth (1990s) |
South |
|
|
Avg. increase in size of new home from 30 years ago |
50% (NAHB, 2001) |
|
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Avg. cooling costs savings of closing vents in unused rooms |
5-10% |
|
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Panama Canal |
1914; opened world to commerce |
|
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1901 NY State Tenement House Law |
Lawrence Veiller; Improved ventilation, light; Legislative basis for revision of city codes, outlawed tenements (e.g., "Dumbbell Tenement") |
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Victor Gruen |
MIXED-USE CENTERS; should 1) Reduce Travel times, 2) Consistency w/ Mkt Trends aided by pop. growth &congestion, 3) more diverse (housing types, densities), opps. for urbanity &self-sufficiency |
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CFLs last ____ times longer than incandescent bulbs |
10 |
|
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Consistency |
Requirement involves detailed process of zoning conformance (some states; e.g., FL, CA, OR) |
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Megalopolis |
Jean Gottman; extended urban region containing several metro areas which form a single agglomeration |
|
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Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act |
1966—Pres. Johnson's "Great Society" program; "Model Cities"; incl. historic preservation |
|
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Ambient Standards |
For air AND water; quality of the receiving environment that is used to judge the overall improvements in the environmental quality |
|
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Subdivision Regulations |
Land recordation; dedication requirements; impact fees; growth management controls |
|
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Gruen, of civic, performing arts, educational, & office ctrs. |
“Uni-functional” centers that would operate better as mixed-use |
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Eco-region |
Provides spatial framework for ecosystem assessment, inventory, research, monitoring, and management |
|
|
Keystone Bituminous Coal Assoc. v. DeBenedictis (1987) |
Govt. action designed to stop serious harm does not constitute a taking even where it destroys the value of property |
|
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Square Miles in the U.S. |
3,537,441 |
|
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Staff Function |
Deals w/ GENERAL SERVICES (e.g., providing info or services to the Line units) |
|
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Line Function |
Deals primarily w/ DIRECT SERVICES (e.g., police & fire) |
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Attenuation |
Soil's ability to reduce severity of groundwater contamination |
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Years before can publicly advocate a position adverse to one advocated for a previous client |
3 |
|
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"Fast-Tracking" |
Occurs when time needs to be made up on a project. |
|
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New Regionalism |
Incremental devt. of social, capital, partnerships, institutions, & between governments |
|
|
Indian Reorganization Act |
1934—Decrease fed. control of Native American Indians; increase tribal self-government; strengthen tribal structure via written constitutions; provided power to manage internal affairs and established a revolving credit fund for tribal land purchases and educational assistance; remains the basic legislation concerning Indian affairs. |
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Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPO) |
Req. in urban areas if federal $ to be used; not a level of government, but has "effective control" over transportation improvements w/in the area |
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Cone of Depression Zone |
Becomes unsaturated when well in an unconfined aquifer is pumped |
|
|
Radburn, NJ |
A U.S. Garden City (1928); Stein & Wright; forerunner of Greenbelt towns. |
|
|
Zoning Hearing Master |
Presides over rezoning proceedings that are treated as quasi-judicial actions |
|
|
Charrette |
Intensive, interactive problem solving exercise |
|
|
Greenbelt Towns |
Greenbelt, MD; Greenhills, OH; Greendale, WI. Garden City elements, incl. use of superblocks and a "greenbelt" of undeveloped land surrounding the community. |
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Visioning |
Project desires; no extensive data collection; doesn't look at existing opps./constraints |
|
|
Increase in transit use between 1997-2001 |
20% |
|
|
Capillary Fringe |
Subsurface layer, groundwater seeps up from a water table by capillary action to fill pores |
|
|
Capital Budgeting |
Used >50 yrs; stand-alone packages or programs; projects can be ranked quickly, objectively |
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Census Tract |
~4,000 pop.; homogeneous (w/ respect to pop. characteristics, econ. status, & living conditions) |
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Basic conflict points in a modern roundabout |
16 (vs. 56 in typical 4-way intersection) |
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Drumlin
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A glacial form shaped like half of an egg.
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SCOTUS |
Supreme Court of the United States |
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Special Purpose |
Have no police power(e.g., special districts, public authorities) |
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General Purpose |
Have police power (e.g., cities, counties, schools) |
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Green Infrastructure |
Incl. forest preserves, river corridors, & trailheads |
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Disaster Mitigation Act (DMA) |
2000— Req. local govts to address potential hazards in a HMP to remain eligible for certain federal disaster $ |
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Best measure of central tendency to use when explaining levels of income |
Median (does not skew with outliers) |
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Goals Achievement Matrix (GAM) |
Evaluation technique; chart showing anticipated goal attainment & assignment of responsibility to a party. |
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Secretary of the Interiors Standards for Historic Preservation |
Outlines Federal guidelines for the renovation of national Register-listed properties |
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Net Zero |
Carbon neutral, having a net zero carbon footprint. balancing carbon released w/ equivalent amount sequestered or offset; also associated w/ energy, water, waste, etc. |
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Hydraulics |
The study of mechanical properties of liquids, incl. flow of water |
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LOS A |
Free flow, with low volumes and high speeds |
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LOS B |
Stable flow, speed somewhat restricted, short delays |
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LOS C |
Mostly stable flow, but speeds and maneuverability are somewhat constricted by the volume |
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LOS D |
Unstable flow, tolerable but fluctuating operating speed, long delays. |
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LOS E |
Unstable flow, near roadway capacity, limited speed, very long delays |
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LOS F |
Very low speeds, volumes greater than capacity, frequent stoppages |
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Belle Terre v. Boraas (1974) |
A community may prohibit unrelated individuals from living as a family in the same house; Belle Terre is near SUNY @ Stony Brook; reg. intend to keep >2 unrelated students from renting together. |
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Moore v. City of East Cleveland (1977) |
Grandmother told she couldn't have her grandchildren live w/ her b/c were not a "family"; court did not uphold this interpretation |
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TVA v. Hill (1978) |
Stopped devt. of a dam b/c of endangered snail darter fish. |
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April v. City of Broken Arrow (1989) |
Floodplain regulations; not a taking b/c they pertain to public safety. |
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Floating Zone |
Zoning district delineates conditions which must be met before the district (e.g., PUD, historic preservation or cluster development) can be approved. |
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Cluster Zoning |
To concentrate devt. where desired, limit where it is not |
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Inclusionary Zoning |
Typically req. specific # (or %) of HU in a devt. be available for low and moderate-income HH |
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Exaction |
Fees levied on developers in exchange for permission to develop. |
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Variance |
Departure from zoning reqs. for a specific parcel due to a peculiar characteristic of the specific parcel; never allowed b/c of financial hardship; A variance may alter the allowable use of the parcel or it may allow deviation from the dimensional requirements of the underlying ordinance. |
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Floor Area Ratio (FAR) |
Ratio of floor area to land area of the parcel; |
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Breakeven Point |
That point where the cost of a project equals the revenue that project will generate. |
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Diversity Index |
Measures diversity; In ecology, often used to quantify the biodiversity—takes into account the number of species present, as well as the abundance of each species. |
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Affordability Index |
Ratio of median housing price to median income |
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Point Source of Pollution |
From specific locations (e.g., ends of pipes) |
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Non-Point Source of Pollution |
Vary widely; cause contaminants and sediments to move into water bodies. |
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1949 Housing Act |
Focused on slum CLEARANCE. |
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1954 Housing Act |
Focused on slum PREVENTION. |
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Antiquities Act |
1906—to protect archaeological sites. |
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1934 Federal Housing Act |
(Great Depression) est. Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation (FSLIC) to insure personal savings & est. Federal Housing Administration (FHA) to provide mortgage insurance. |
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New Communities Act |
1968—provided $ for private devt. of new towns. |
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Metromedia, Inc. v. City of San Diego (1981) |
Ordinance prohibiting off-premises advertising displays was invalid; reached "too far into the realm of protected speech" |
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Young v. American Mini-Theatres (1976) |
Upheld ordinance that adult theater may not (apart from a special waiver) be located w/in 1,000' of any two other "regulated uses" or /in 500' of a residential area |
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Los Angeles v. Taxpayers for Vincent (1984) |
Court decided that sign ordinance was not unconstitutional because it applied to everyone equally; SCOTUS found ordinance banning all signs on public property was in violation of the 1st amendment |
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Spur v. Webb (1972) |
New retirement community's efforts to prohibit the operation of a pre-existing feedlot; "coming to the nuisance"; feedlot was allowed to continue |
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Renton v. Playtime Theaters (1986) |
Adult movie theater; SCOTUS upheld reg. banning locating w/in 1,000' of any residential zone, single- or multiple-family dwelling, church, park, or school |
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Ordinance of 1785 |
Provided for rectangular land survey of the Old Northwest; called "the largest single act of national planning in our history and . . . the most significant in terms of continuing impact on the body politic" (Daniel Elazar). |
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The Homestead Act |
1862—opened the lands of the Public Domain to settlers for a nominal fee and five years residence |
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General Land Law Revision Act |
1861— gave the President power to create forest preserves by proclamation |
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Morrill Act |
1862— authorized proceeds from the sale of land to be used to found colleges offering instruction in agriculture, engineering, & other practical arts. |
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Overlay district |
Applied on top of previously established district(s); est. additional/stricter standards & criteria in addition to underlying zoning district. |
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Coefficient of Correlation |
Reflects degree to which variables are related; 0-1, 1=correlated |
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5 largest cities in 2000 census |
NYC (8M); LA (3.7M); Chicago (2.9M); Houston, (1.95M); Philly (1.5M) |
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1st Regional Planning Commission |
LA County, 1922 |
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Purpose of the Planning Process |
To serve public interest |
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Special District |
Created to provide a single service |
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NOT a benefit of traffic circles |
Bicycle safety |
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Zero Discharge standards |
Velocity of stormwater runoff not any greater after development than before |
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"Stick-built" housing |
Constructed on site, piece by piece |
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1937 U.S. Housing Act (Wagner-Steagall) |
Tied slum CLEARANCE to public housing. Appropriating $500 million in loans for low-cost housing. |
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Copenhagen City Bike (1995) |
Short-term bike lease program to provide on-demand access to train stations. |
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Robinson and Kessler |
Denver's "windmill plan" park system based on the city's grid system. Based upon a 1906 plan (Robinson) and a 1907 map (Kessler). Took advantage of the water resources and mountain backdrop. implemented over 20 years; today over 4,000 acres and 400 miles of connected trail |
