Aicp Master Study Set

Front 1

What is the "White City"? Who designed it? When?

Back 1

The World's Columbian Exposition (Chicago World's Fair). Daniel Burnham was a principal designer. The Exposition was held in 1893 (400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World).

Front 2

What is the planning significance of Central Park? Who was it designer & builder?

Back 2

It was created in the mid 1800s as an a way to address the lack of green space in cities. Designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, Built by Calvert Vaux.

Front 3

What is the "Cumberland Road"? When was its built?

Back 3

The "National Road" built by the Federal gov't to tie the east and west together in 1811. Ran from Cumberland, MD to Vandalia, IL

Front 4

What were the 3 major ports of immigration in 1811.

Back 4

Chicago, NY, Philadelphia

Front 5

What are the most significant laws of the Public Health Movement?

Back 5

NYC Tenement Law of 1867 and a San Francisco ordinance that ended slaughter houses in 1867.

Front 6

Why did the Public Health Movement die out?

Back 6

The Public Health Movement died out in the 1920s as local governments were given authority to regulate issues.

Front 7

Explain what the S - T - R system is and how it was used.

Back 7

S - T - R : Section, Town, Range government classification system established by the "Ordinance of 1785" to promote land speculation and development in the west.

Front 8

What was the intent of the "Land Ordinance of 1785"? What is its planning significance?

Back 8

The rectangular land survey of the Old Northwest was created to provide a systematic way to divide and distribute land to people. It is called the "largest single act of national planning in our history."

Front 9

What did the Louisiana Purchase do? What year?

Back 9

Secured 828,000 sq miles of land from Mississippi to the Rocky Mts from France. It led to the western expansion.

Front 10

What is the importance of the Erie Canal? What year was it opened?

Back 10

Opened a western shipping channel from NYC to the Great Lakes. Opened in 1825.

Front 11

What year was the 1st tenement housing built in Manhattan?

Back 11

1855

Front 12

What was the "Homestead Act of 1862"

Back 12

Federal legislation that promoted western development by providing any family a 1/4 of twnshp (160 acres). It was given to them if they lived there for 5 years and built a house, or it could be purchase it for $1.25 per acre after only 6 months.

Front 13

What was the "Morrill Act"? Year?

Back 13

Federal legislation of 1862 that authorized land grants to the states so that they could use the proceeds to establish colleges in agriculture, engineering, and other "practical arts".

Front 14

What was the 1st group to push for higher sanitary and housing standards in NYC? Year?

Back 14

New York Council Hygiene of the Citizen's Association in 1864

Front 15

Explain what the Transcontinental Railroad was? Year?

Back 15

The connection of the western and eastern railroad lines (Union Pacific and Central Pacific) at Promontory Point, UT. May 10, 1869

Front 16

What instigated the first tenement legislation in NYC? Year? How many tenement houses existed at that time?

Back 16

A 1867 report by the NY Council of Hygiene of the Citizen's Association. 15,000 tenements. Not effective due to lack of enforcement.

Front 17

What are the major points addressed by the NYC tenement law of 1867?

Back 17

Required that all tenements have: 1) window or ventilation in every sleeping room, 2) a fire escape, 3) and "good and sufficient" water closets or privies, 4) be graded, drained, and connected to sewer

Front 18

When was the 1st "Dumbbell" tenement built? What was it?

Back 18

Built in 1879 it is was a multifamily style of housing that was shaped like a dumbell

Front 19

What was the Public Health Movement?

Back 19

Advocated worker safety and public health as a result of poor factory conditions. Also addressed slum living conditions marked by open sewage in the streets & disease.

Front 20

When was the 1st US Geological Survey Completed?

Back 20

1879

Front 21

What prompted the founding of the Sierra Club? Year? By whom?

Back 21

The need to promote, protect, and preserve the natural environment, 1892 by John Muir.

Front 22

What was the General Land Law Revision Act? Year?

Back 22

Gave the US President power to create forest preserves by proclamation in 1891

Front 23

Explain the significance of the Garden City Movement. Name the 1st 2 cities.

Back 23

Ebenezer Howard's city design which extolled the virtue of nature over cities and sought a return to pre-industrial small villages. Letchworth & Welwyn.

Front 24

What book is created with starting the Garden City Movement? Year?

Back 24

Ebenezer Howard's "To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform," published in 1898.

Front 25

What event propelled the City Beautiful Movement? Year?

Back 25

The design of the World's Columbian Exposition (Chicago World's Fair), nicknamed the "White City", in 1893.

Front 26

What was the first zoning ordinance? When?

Back 26

San Francisco passed the land use zoning ordinance on the location of obnoxious uses in 1867. A question like this could also refer to the 1916 Zoning Ordinance in NYC.

Front 27

When was the first census conducted? Who did it?

Back 27

1790 - 1792, Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson

Front 28

What book is created with starting housing reforms?

Back 28

Jacob Riis's "How the Other Half Lives" publish in 1890 about NYC slums.

Front 29

What was the "Forest Management Act"? Year?

Back 29

Federal legislation which allowed the Secretary of the Interior to manage forest preserves. 1891.

Front 30

NAFTA

Back 30

Established a trade bloc (free trade agreement) implemented January 1, 1994, between Canada, the United States and Mexico

Front 31

Trade Bloc

Back 31

A large free trade area formed by one or more tax, tariff and trade agreements. Typically trade pacts that define such a bloc specify formal adjudication bodies, e.g. NAFTA trade panels. This may include even a more democratic and particip

Front 32

Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP)

Back 32

Administered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) provides grants to States, and States to eligible applicants, to implement long-term hazard mitigation measures after a major disaster.

Front 33

Hazard Mitigation Grant Program Purpose

Back 33

Reduce the loss of life and property due to natural disasters and to enable mitigation measures to be implemented during the immediate recovery from a disaster.

Front 34

e-Government

Back 34

Refers to government use of information and communication technology (ICT) to exchange information and services with citizens, businesses, and other arms of government. Includes internet, telephone, fax, PDA, SMS text messaging, MMS, and 3G, GPRS, WiFi, WiMAX, Bluetooth, etc..

Front 35

Urban Growth Boundary (UGB)

Back 35

A regional boundary, set in an attempt to control urbanization by designating the area inside the boundary for higher density urban development and the area outside the boundary for lower density rural development.

Front 36

Green Belt

Back 36

A policy or land use designation used in land use planning to retain areas of largely undeveloped, wild, or agricultural land surrounding or neighbouring urban areas.

Front 37

Transfer of Development Rights (TDR)

Back 37

A method for protecting land by transferring the "rights to develop" from one area and giving them to another.

Front 38

Purchase of Development Rights (PDR)

Back 38

A method for protecting land, where a landowner voluntarily sells his development rights to a governmental agency or a land trust. The land owner is paid the difference between the current value of the land and the land￢ﾀﾙs potential development value.

Front 39

Dillon's Rule

Back 39

Municipal governments only have the powers that are expressly granted to them by the state legislature, those that are necessarily implied from that grant of power, and those that are essential and indispensable to the municipality's existence

Front 40

Vested Right

Back 40

Refers to when a developer/property owner has the right to develop a property - if they have a building permit, have relied on a public official, have made a substaintial investment etc.

Front 41

Zoning Text Amendment

Back 41

Changes the rules regarding the use and development of every property in a specified zoning district

Front 42

Zoning map amendment

Back 42

Change the zoning of a property from one classification to another.

Front 43

Variance

Back 43

An administrative exception to land use regulations, generally in order to compensate for a deficiency in a real property which would prevent the property from complying with the zoning regulation.

Front 44

Replat

Back 44

Any change in any street layout, other public improvement- lot line- amount of land reserved for public use or the common use of lot owners- & easements shown on the approved plat.

Front 45

Kelo v. City of New London (2005)

Back 45

Affirmed the use of eminent domain for economic development

Front 46

Lingle v. Chevron (2005)

Back 46

Jettisoned the "substantially advances" test for takings

Front 47

Highest population density according to the 2000

Back 47

New York has a population density of 10,292 people per kilometer. San Francisco has a density of 6,423 per kilometer.

Front 48

Americans with Disabilities Act

Back 48

1990

Front 49

Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA)

Back 49

Was adopted in 1972 to provides funding for coastal state programs designed to coordinate and regulate specific activities within defined coastal zones

Front 50

National Environmental Policy Act of 1969

Back 50

Required both the private and public sectors to conform to certain environmental standards. Provides that any major federal action or policy that has significant impact on environ will require Environmental Impact Analysis (EIS)

Front 51

Christopher Stone's book Should Trees Have Standing

Back 51

The Sierra Club v. Morton, Secretary of the Interior (1972) case where the Sierra Club attempted to block the development of a ski resort in the Mineral King Valley in the Sequoia National Forest.

Front 52

Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

Back 52

Allowed Native Americans to adopt a constitution and organize for their common welfare

Front 53

City Beautiful Movement

Back 53

Includes civic design as a primary principle. Cities such as DC and Chicago had large parks, statues, and well-designed public meetings.

Front 54

Fred French Investing Co. v. City of New York

Back 54

Found that Transfer of Development Rights is an inappropriate method to compensate the landowner for a taking by the City of New York.

Front 55

Fiscal impact analysis

Back 55

Best used for a single development project to determine the revenues and expenses of the project.

Front 56

New Urbanism

Back 56

Peter Calthorpe. Andres Duany. Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk. Jeff Speck. Many others.

Front 57

Advocacy Planning in Cleveland

Back 57

Krumholz

Front 58

Smart growth

Back 58

Promotes a variety of housing choices to allow people of all income and household types to have a place to live.

Front 59

Section 8

Back 59

This housing program provides funds to pay a portion of the rent for low-income households. The amount paid depends on the household income

Front 60

Concentric Circle Theory

Back 60

Ernest Burgess (1925). Cities grow in a series of outward rings. Centered by a business district surrounded by a transition zone filled with low-income, high-crime area, then a working-class residential zone, then a middle-class residential zone, and fina

Front 61

Neotraditional Development

Back 61

Calls for nodes of activity that provide Mixed Use, Multimodal Use and Contains Public Spaces

Front 62

BART

Back 62

1972, San Francisco

Front 63

Plat

Back 63

Consists of a map, drawn to scale, showing the divisions of a piece of land.

Front 64

First shopping center

Back 64

Northgate Shopping Center, Seatle Washington, 1950

Front 65

First modern, enclosed regional shopping mall

Back 65

Town and Country Shopping Center, 1954

Front 66

Edge City

Back 66

Relatively new concentration of business, shopping and entertainment outside a traditional urban area, in what had recently been a residential suburb or semi-rural community, coined by Joel Garreau (1991)

Front 67

Daylighting

Back 67

The practice of placing windows, or other transparent media, and reflective surfaces so that, during the day, natural light provides effective internal illumination. Daylighting a stream means taking an urban underground stream and restoring its above-ground channel.

Front 68

Transect

Back 68

A term used by New Urbanist town planners to refer to the transition of land use from an urban core to a rural edge.

Front 69

Workforce Housing

Back 69

Can refer to almost any housing, but always refers to affordable housing - Defined by four principal factors: Affordability, Home ownership, Critical workforce & proximity to employment centers

Front 70

What type of land accounts for about 2/3 of the privately held lands in the US?

Back 70

Agricultural

Front 71

Empowerment Zone

Back 71

An economically depresed area designated for governmental subsidies and tax incentives.

Front 72

43,560

Back 72

Square feet in an acre.

Front 73

Advocacy Planner

Back 73

Serves a variety of groups with different goals and interests. Paul Davidoff. Saul Alinsky.

Front 74

Cincinnati

Back 74

First city to adopt a comprehensive plan

Front 75

Primary purpose of a fiscal impact analysis

Back 75

To assist city or county officials determine if a project will generate sufficient revenue to defray necessary public service costs

Front 76

Important elements of a Historic Preservation Program

Back 76

Educational materials for historic building owners, design guidelines for historic building renovations and Tax incentives to encourage renovation

Front 77

LULU

Back 77

Locally Undesirable Land Uses such as waste dump

Front 78

Megalopolis

Back 78

An area with multiple-cities with a combined population of more than 10 million inhabitants

Front 79

Which city was home to the first Council of Government?

Back 79

Chicago

Front 80

Which of the following cities experienced the greatest population decrease between 1990 and 2000?

Back 80

Detroit

Front 81

Metropolitan Planning Organizations

Back 81

Responsible for reviewing and coordinating programs affecting the region, certifying that a project to be federally funded will be consistent with regional plans or regional development goals and working w/ municipalities to coordinate roadway plans

Front 82

The Growing Smart Legislative Guidebook

Back 82

Created by the APA to encourage states to revise their standard state zoning enabling acts?

Front 83

President Clinton did which of the following in 2000?

Back 83

Created eight new national monuments.

Front 84

President George H. Bush did which of the following in 1994?

Back 84

Signed NAFTA legislation

Front 85

Vieux Carre Commission

Back 85

Was the first Historic Preservation Commission for the French Quarter in New Orleans, formed in the 1930's.

Front 86

Lowering a thermostat by 1 degree Fahrenheit can reduce a heating bill by

Back 86

3%

Front 87

The amount of goods and serviced produced in the United States during a year

Back 87

Gross Domestic Product

Front 88

How many federally recognized Native American tribes are there in the United States?

Back 88

562

Front 89

Non-IRA tribes

Back 89

Did not organize under the 1934 Indian Reorganization Act.

Front 90

How much solid waste does the typical household create?

Back 90

Approximately 4.5 lbs. per person, per day.

Front 91

Regression

Back 91

The analysis between two or more variables (x) and (y).

Front 92

Urban Development Action Grant (UDAG) program

Back 92

Established 1977 to help distressed communities develop economically. facilitates public-private partnerships,attempts to encourage redevelopment in urban areas and encouraged intergovernmental cooperation for redevelopment projects

Front 93

Hoover Dam is located on the border of which states?

Back 93

Arizona & Nevada

Front 94

Which city had the first metropolitan plan in the United States?

Back 94

Chicago. 1909 Plan of Chicago.

Front 95

When was the first National Conference on City Planning?

Back 95

1909. In Washington DC.

Front 96

How is the official unemployment rate calculated?

Back 96

Individuals unemployed divided by individuals 16 years of age and older in the labor force

Front 97

Limnology

Back 97

The study of (natural and manmade) lakes and ponds, rivers and streams, wetlands and groundwaters.

Front 98

Census Tract

Back 98

A small, relatively permanent statistical subdivisions of a county with a population of 1,500 to 8,000 persons.

Front 99

First zoning ordinance.

Back 99

New York City, 1916

Front 100

The Morrill Act (1862)

Back 100

Congress gave public land to each state to be sold for the establishment of engineering, agriculture, and military science colleges. "Land grant universities."

Front 101

Zero Lot Line

Back 101

A form of development where the the building is sited on one or more lot lines with no yard, the intent of which is to allow a more flexible site design and to increase the amount of usable open space.

Front 102

What year did the Panama Canal open?

Back 102

1914

Front 103

The first Council of Government was created in what year?

Back 103

1954. In Chicago.

Front 104

Storm sewers are typically designed to handle up to what year flood?

Back 104

25

Front 105

Downzoning

Back 105

Reducing the intensity of zoning on a site.

Front 106

Explain the "Per Se" test for takings

Back 106

That there is a loss of all economically viable use of the land

Front 107

What was the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act?

Back 107

1924, revised in 1926. Legislation that established the right for comprehensive planning.

Front 108

What act was a model for early zoning & enabling legislation

Back 108

Standard State Zoning Enabling Act of 1924. Act revised in 1926.

Front 109

What gives governments the right to establish land use laws

Back 109

Police Powers to protect the heath, safety, and welfare of the community

Front 110

What is a "Physical Invasion" takings?

Back 110

An act of government whereby possession of the land is taken, and/or, a facility is placed on property. An easement.

Front 111

Explain the "Essential Nexus" test.

Back 111

A takings legal test that considers if there is an evident linkage between the effect of the regulations & the governments stated interest or intent. Legislative Intent = Legitimate Government Authority. The Court held that in evaluating such claims, it must be determined whether an "essential nexus" exists between a legitimate state interest and the permit condition. Used in reference to exactions.

Front 112

Explain the "Rough Proportionality" test

Back 112

Used in reference to exactions. A takings test that considers if the results of a legislation/ action is directly related both in nature & extent to the impact of the law. Government Actions = Outcomes.

Front 113

What is the legal purpose of zoning?

Back 113

To protect the public's health, safety, and welfare while minimizing conflicts between compatible uses.

Front 114

Explain the "Rational Basis" test

Back 114

That the government action is based in a reasonable government interest. Action = Legitimate exercise of Police Power. A low level of scrutiny when determining constitutionality.

Front 115

Explain the "Fairly Debatable" test

Back 115

That a reviewer if given the same conditions and measures, would come to a similar conclusion as the one in question.

Front 116

Zoning Text Amendment

Back 116

Changes the rules regarding the use and development of a given use, or in a given zone.

Front 117

First Amendment

Back 117

The first amendment covers freedom of speech, which includes the regulation of signage

Front 118

Enterprise fund

Back 118

An enterprise fund establishes a separate accounting and financial reporting mechanism for municipal services for which a fee is charged in exchange for goods or services. Under enterprise accounting, the revenues in expenditures of services are separated into separate funds with its own financial statements, rather than commingled with the revenues and expenses of all other government activities.

Front 119

City Beautiful Movement

Back 119

Includes civic design as a primary principle. Cities such as DC and Chicago had large parks, statues, and well-designed public meetings.

Front 120

Fred French Investing Co. v. City of New York

Back 120

Found that Transfer of Development Rights is an inappropriate method to compensate the landowner for a taking by the City of New York.

Front 121

Fiscal impact analysis

Back 121

Best used for a single development project to determine the revenues and expenses of the project.

Front 122

When and where was the first City Planning Conference?

Back 122

1909 - Washington DC

Front 123

What book was the first known formal instruction in city planning below the college level? When was it published and who was the author?

Back 123

1912 - Wackers Manual of the Plan of Chicago - Walter Moody

Front 124

Carrying Out the City Plan - Who wrote it, why is it important, and when was it written

Back 124

In 1914, Flavel Shurtleff wrote Carrying Out the City Plan, the first major textbook on city planning.

Front 125

AIP - what does it stand for, when was it founded, and who was the first president?

Back 125

In 1917, the American Institute of Planners (AIP) was founded, with Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. as the first president. The AIP was the forerunner of the American Institute of Certified Planners (AICP)*.

Front 126

When was the first issue of City Planning published

Back 126

In 1925, the American City Planning Institute and the National Conference on City Planning published the first issue of City Planning, the predecessor to the current Journal of the American Planning Association.

Front 127

When was ASPO founded and what does it stand for?

Back 127

In 1934, the American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) was founded.

Front 128

When was the first code of ethics for professional planners adopted?

Back 128

In 1971, AIP adopted a Code of Ethics for professional planners.

Front 129

When was the first exam for AIP membership administered?

Back 129

In 1977, the first exam for AIP membership was administered.

Front 130

When was the APA created and what two organizations joined to form it?

Back 130

In 1978, the American Planning Association was created through a merger of AIP and ASPO.

Front 131

Who published the first isue of the Journal of Planning Education. When was it published?

Back 131

In 1981, the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning published the first issue of The Journal of Planning Education and Research.

Front 132

What city passed the first land use zoning restriction on the location of obnxoxius uses? What year was it passed?

Back 132

In 1867, San Francisco passed the first land use zoning restriction on the location of obnoxious uses.

Front 133

Which City created the first local civic center plan. What year was it created and what 3 individuals worked on the plan's development?

Back 133

In 1903, Cleveland created the first local civic center plan in the U.S. Daniel Burnham, John Carrere, and Arnold Brunner were responsible for the plan's development.

Front 134

What city was the first to apply the City Beautiful principles? What year was the plan finished and who wrote it?

Back 134

In 1906, San Francisco was the first major American city to apply the City Beautiful principles, using a plan developed by Daniel Burnham. [I don't think this is true. Burnham's plan was barely implemented because the 1906 earthquake made recovery a priority and tapped municipal budgets.]

Front 135

When and where was the first town planning board created?

Back 135

In 1907, the first town planning board was created in Hartford, Connecticut.

Front 136

Who created the first metropolitan regional plan? What City was it completed for and what year was it completed?

Back 136

In 1909, Daniel Burnham created the first metropolitan regional plan for Chicago.

Front 137

Which state was the first to pass enabling legislation and which City was the first to use land use zoning to guide development? What year?

Back 137

1909 - Wisconsin was the first state to pass enabling legislation and Los Angeles was the first city to use land use zoning to guide development.

Front 138

When and where was the first full-time employee hired for a City Planning Commission? What was the commissioners name?

Back 138

In 1914, Newark, New Jersey hired the first full-time employee for a city planning commission, Harland Bartholomew. Bartholomew went on to become one of the most famous planning consultants.

Front 139

What City adopted the first comprehensive zoning code? Who wrote it and when was it adopted?

Back 139

In 1916, New York City adopted the first comprehensive zoning code, written by Edward Bassett.

Front 140

What county formed the first regional planning commission? When?

Back 140

In 1922, Los Angeles County formed the first regional planning commission.

Front 141

When were the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act and the Standard City Planning Enabling Act issued? Who issued it and when?

Back 141

In 1924, Secretary Herbert Hoover, of the U.S. Department of Commerce, issued the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act.

Front 142

What was the first major US city to adopt a comp plan? Who produced it and when?

Back 142

In 1925, The City of Cincinnati was the first major U.S. city to adopt a comprehensive plan, produced by Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe.

Front 143

When was the first National Planning Board created? When was it abolished?

Back 143

In 1933, the first U.S. National Planning Board was created. It was later renamed the National Resources Planning Board and then abolished in 1943.

Front 144

Where and when was the first federally supported public housing built? Where was the first housing occupied?

Back 144

In 1934, the first federally supported public housing was constructed in Cleveland, although the first to be occupied was located in Atlanta.

Front 145

What was the first state to introduce statewide zoning? When was it introduced, and when was it amended?

Back 145

In 1961, Hawaii was the first state to introduce statewide zoning, which was later amended in 1978.

Front 146

Which US department released the first Standard City Planning Enabling Act? When, and who was the Secretary in charge?

Back 146

In 1928, the U.S. Department of Commerce, under Secretary Herbert Hoover, released the Standard City Planning Enabling Act.

Front 147

Who wrote How the other Half lives? When was it published and what did it influence?

Back 147

How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis, published in 1890. This book resulted in housing reform in New York City.

Front 148

What book initiated the Garden City movement? Who wrote it and when was it published?

Back 148

Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform by Ebenezer Howard, published in 1898. This book initiated the Garden City movement.

Front 149

What book was adopted as a textbook for eigth graders in Chicago?

Back 149

Wacker's Manual of the Plan of Chicago by Walter Moody, published in 1912. This book was adopted as a textbook for eighth graders in Chicago.

Front 150

Who wrote Cities in Evolution? when was it written and what is the book about?

Back 150

Cities in Evolution by Patrick Geddess, published in 1915. This book centers on regional planning

Front 151

Who wrote Planning of the Modern City? when?

Back 151

Planning of the Modern City by Nelson Lewis, published in 1916.

Front 152

What book did Ladislas Segoe write? When was it published and why is it relevant?

Back 152

Local Planning Administration by Ladislas Segoe, published in 1941. This book was the first in the Green Book Series produced by the International City/County Management Association.

Front 153

Who wrote Urban Land Use Planning? when?

Back 153

Urban Land Use Planning by F. Stuart Chapin, published in 1957. This book became a common textbook on land use planning.

Front 154

What book did Kevin Lynch write? what concepts did it introduce/design?

Back 154

Image of the City by Kevin Lynch, published in 1960. This book defines basic concepts within the city, such as edges and nodes.

Front 155

Jane Jacobs - book name, date, focus of book?

Back 155

The Death and Life of Great American Cities by Jane Jacobs, published in 1961. Jacobs provided a critical look at planners and planning, with a special focus on the mistakes of urban renewal.

Front 156

Who wrote silent Spring and what is it about?

Back 156

Silent Spring by Rachel Carlson, published in 1962. This book focuses on the negative effects of pesticides on the environment.

Front 157

What book did TJ Kent write? when?

Back 157

The Urban General Plan by TJ Kent, published in 1964.

Front 158

What book did Alfred Reins write? when? whis is it improtant?

Back 158

With Heritage So Rich edited by Alfred Reins, published in 1966. This is a seminal book in historic preservation.

Front 159

Who wrote Design with Nature? when? what is it about?

Back 159

Design with Nature by Ian McHarg, published in 1969. This book focuses on conservation design.

Front 160

What book did Wiliam Whyte write? when? what does the book promote?

Back 160

The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces by Wiliam Whyte, published in 1980. This book promotes the use of environmental psychology and sociology in urban design.

Front 161

Thomas Adams

Back 161

Was an important planner during the Garden City movement. secretary of the Garden City Association and became the first manager of Letchworth. He developed a number of garden suburbs in England and later went on to teach planning at MIT and Harvard.

Front 162

Saul Alinsky

Back 162

Advocate of community organizing. Organized Chicago's poor - late 1930s and 1940s. 1946 published Reveille for Radicals encouraged poor to become involved in American democracy. published Rules for Radicals, which 13 rules for community organizing.

Front 163

Sherry Arnstein

Back 163

wrote "A Ladder of Citizen Participation" for the Journal of the American Planning Association in 1969. This article describes the levels of involvement by citizens depending on the form of participation utilized.

Front 164

Rachel Carson

Back 164

wrote Silent Spring, an important book in environmental planning.

Front 165

Rexford Tugwell

Back 165

Resettlement Administration head.worked on greenbelt cities program,construction of new self-sufficient cities.closely involved in the development of Arthurdale,WV Resettlement Administration community.NY City Planning Commissioner governor of Puerto Rico

Front 166

Sir Raymond Unwin

Back 166

was an English town planner and designer of Letchworth. He later lectured at the University of Birmingham in England and Columbia University.

Front 167

Catherine Bauer Wurster

Back 167

founder of American housing policy. worked to reform policy related to housing and city planning.served as executive secretary of the Regional Planning Association of America.wrote Modern Housing. Influential in the passage of the Housing Act of 1937.

Front 168

The McMillan Plan

Back 168

1901 - City Beautiful design is the McMillan Plan of 1901 for Washington D.C.

Front 169

The Land Ordinance of 1785

Back 169

provided for rectangular land survey of Old Northwest.completed following the end of the Revolutionary War.provided systematic way to divide and distribute land to the public.established sections and townships.goal to raise money through the sale of land

Front 170

Homestead Act

Back 170

1862-Lincoln-provided 160 acres land to settlers for $18 and guaranteed five years of residence.resulted in settlement of 270 million acres,10 percent of the land area of the USA.Mass farming led to creation of the dust bowl.Ended in 1976(1986 Alaska)

Front 171

General Land Law Revision Act

Back 171

1891 was passed by Congress. This Act provided the President of the United States with the power to create forest preserves by proclamation.one of the earliest preservation efforts. Yellowstone Park was granted as part of this act

Front 172

Forest Management Act,

Back 172

1897 allowed the Secretary of the Interior to manage forest preserves. the regulated harvesting of timber, mining of mineral resources, and use of water on forest reservations may be permitted by the Secretary of the Interior.

Front 173

US Reclamation Act

Back 173

1902- allowed the funds raised from the sale of public land in arid states to be used to construct water storage and irrigation systems.led to the eventual damming of nearly every major western river.

Front 174

Public Lands Commission

Back 174

In 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt appointed the commission to propose rules for land development and management.

Front 175

Antiquities Act

Back 175

1906-first law to provide federal protection for archaeological sites.allowed for the designation of National Monuments.created to protect prehistoric Indian ruins and artifacts.president can designate national monuments without congress approval.

Front 176

The Resettlement Administration

Back 176

formed in 1935 to carry out experiments in population resettlement and land reform. The result was the development of Greenbelt towns. folded in January of 1937. brainchild of Rexford G. Tugwell in Franklin Roosevelt's administration. This agency was responsible for the New Towns program which developed 0three cities based on Howard's (garden city) ideas: Greendale, Wisconsin- Greenhills, Ohio- and Greenbelt, Maryland. Additionally, 99 other new towns were planned.

Front 177

Serviceman's Readjustment Act

Back 177

1944 commonly known as the GI Bill, guaranteed home loans to veterans. The result was the rapid development of suburbs.

Front 178

New Towns Act

Back 178

1946- UK led to the development of dozen communities based on Howard's ideas

Front 179

Park Forest IL

Back 179

following WWI - New town

Front 180

Alfred Bettman and Ladislas Segoe

Back 180

Developed the Cincinnati Plan 1925. First comp plan ever

Front 181

The Regional Plan for New York and Environs

Back 181

Between 1922 and 1929, the Regional Plan for New York and Environs was created. The plan focused on suburban development, highway construction, and suburban recreational facilities. Stein and Mumford were involved in the creation of the plan.

Front 182

U.S. Housing Act of 1954

Back 182

required cities to develop comprehensive plans and provided funding for planning under Section 701. problem - it led to the creation of plans for the purpose of acquiring federal funds rather than to truly plan for communities.

Front 183

first skyscraper

Back 183

chicago 1885

Front 184

first dept. store

Back 184

salt lake city 1868

Front 185

first subway

Back 185

boston 1897

Front 186

ADT

Back 186

Average Daily Traffic

Front 187

ADDT

Back 187

Annual Daily Traffic

Front 188

VMT

Back 188

Vehicle miles Traveled

Front 189

Principal Arterials

Back 189

serve longer trips, carry the highest traffic volumes, carry a large percentage of the VMT on minimum mileage,

Front 190

Minor Arterials

Back 190

interconnect the principal arterials, provide less mobility,

Front 191

Collectors

Back 191

provide both land access and traffic circulation with residential, commercial, and industrial areas by collecting

Front 192

Local Streets

Back 192

provide direct access to adjacent land and to the higher classified streets

Front 193

Orgin Destination Study

Back 193

a detailed survey to estimate travel demands on a traffic system. Road blocks set up and motorists within the cordon area asked questions on where they are traveling to/from.

Front 194

Peak Hour/period

Back 194

the highest volume of traffic in a day

Front 195

single-family residential

Back 195

10 Vehicle Trips per Unit

Front 196

planned unit developments

Back 196

8 Vehicle Trips per Unit

Front 197

duplexes and townhouses

Back 197

7 Vehicle Trips per Unit

Front 198

apartments & condos

Back 198

6 Vehicle Trips per Unit

Front 199

mobile homes

Back 199

5.5 Vehicle Trips per Unit

Front 200

retirement homes

Back 200

3.5 Vehicle Trips per Unit

Front 201

shopping center

Back 201

Range of parking: 1:1000 to 5:1000 (spaces:Gross Leasable Area)

Front 202

office

Back 202

Range of Parking: 1:2000 to 3:1000 (spaces:Gross Leasable Area)

Front 203

general office

Back 203

1:300 (spaces:gross floor area)

Front 204

office & medical center

Back 204

Range of Parking: 1:10 to 3:4 (spaces:employees)

Front 205

medical center

Back 205

Range of Parking: 3:4 to 9:2 (spaces:beds)

Front 206

university/college

Back 206

Range of Parking: 1:10 to 1:2 (spaces:students)

Front 207

university/college

Back 207

Range of Parking: 4:5 (spaces:staff persons)

Front 208

hotel

Back 208

Range of Parking needed: 1:5 to 3:2 (spaces:rooms)

Front 209

restaurant

Back 209

Range of Parking Needed: 5:1000 to 25:1000 (spaces:Gross Leasable Area)

Front 210

resident

Back 210

Range of Parking Needed: 1:5 to 2:1 (spaces:units)

Front 211

cross tabulation model

Back 211

estimates trip generation rates based on land use type, purpose, or socioeconomic characteristics.

Front 212

trip distribution

Back 212

examines where people are going. Regions are divided into traffic zones (TZA)and data is provided on # of trips between zones.

Front 213

Modal Split

Back 213

deals with how people get to where they want to go. car, bike, walk,bus

Front 214

Highway Capacity Manual

Back 214

provides concepts, guidelines, & procedures for computing highway capacity.

Front 215

Level of Service (LOS)

Back 215

the ability of a road or street to accommodate traffic flow determines the level of service provided. ranges from A to F based on amount of congestion. A = freeflowing and F means heavily congested with reduced speeds and increased time to get through traffic signals.

Front 216

Federal Aid Highway Act

Back 216

adopted in 1944 based on President Roosevelts 1939 system of highways the Act designated 65,000 kilometers of highway as interstate highways. The Act didnot initially provide any funding.

Front 217

Public Roads Administration (PRA)

Back 217

responcible for implementing the interstate highway system. It did not have funding until 1952.

Front 218

Road Design

Back 218

focuses on everything from the nature of the street to actual design guidelines for local streets.

Front 219

Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA)

Back 219

Provied funding for highways, transit, pedestrian and bicycle facilities. TEA-21, TEA3, & SAFETEA followed

Front 220

Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs)

Back 220

created to meet federal requirements for urban transportation planning. Federal Aid Highway Act required urban areas w/ populations in excess of 50,000 to develop comprehensive transportation plans.

Front 221

Transportation Improvement Program (TIP)

Back 221

In MPOs with population of 200,000 or greater a TIP is created that lists all projects for which federal funds are anticipated along with non-federally funded projects that are regionally significant. The plan prioritizes the projects.

Front 222

Transportation Demand Management (TDM)

Back 222

General term used to describe strategies for the efficient use of transportation. (car sharing, flextime, public transit, park-n-ride, HOV lanes, & telecomuting.

Front 223

Tranit Oriented Development (TOD)

Back 223

resiential and commercial developments designed to maximize access to different modes of transportation. Focus is not on car travel.

Front 224

traffic calming

Back 224

involves changes in street alignment, barriers, and other physical changes to the street coridor to reduce traffic speeds and cut-through traffic. (chicane, choker, roundabouts, speed humps, speed tables, traffic circles)

Front 225

43,560 square feet of area within property lines of a lot or parcel.

Back 225

Acre

Front 226

A tax on property that is calculated based on a percent of value of the property taxed.

Back 226

Ad Valorem Tax

Front 227

Housing developed through some combination of zoning incentives, cost-effective construction techniques, and governmental subsidies that can be rented or purchased by low income households.

Back 227

Affordable Housing

Front 228

Any law, regulation, board, or process that has as its objective the preservation of farming on land dedicated to agricultural use. Examples include agricultural zoning, farmland preservation boards, property tax relief for farmers, & anti-nuisance laws.

Back 228

Agricultural Land Protection

Front 229

A zoning board of appeals has apellate jursidiction to review determinations of the zoning enforcement officer. Land use decisions of ZBA's, Planning Boards, and local legislature maybe appealed to the courts.

Back 229

Applellate Jursidiction

Front 230

Districts usually to provide a single service such as schools, water, sewerage treatment, toll roads, or parks. Maybe financed through revenue bonds retired by user charges. Some have taxation powers.

Back 230

Authorities and Special Disticts

Front 231

A map showing the essential natural or man-determined features of an area such aslot lines. Used as the starting point for many planning activities.

Back 231

Base Map

Front 232

An Interest bearing certificate issued by a government or business, promising to pay the holder a specified sum on a specified date- it is a common means of raising capital funds.

Back 232

Bond

Front 233

A local body, created by ordinance, whose responsiblity is to hear appeals from decisions of the local zoning administrative official and to consider requests for variances and exceptions (special use permits, conditional use permits)

Back 233

Board of Adjustment

Front 234

A local body, created by ordinance, whose responsiblity is to hear appeals from decisions of the local zoning administrative official and to consider requests for variances and exceptions (special use permits, conditional use permits)

Back 234

Zoning Board of Appeals

Front 235

Method of solicting random ideas, concepts, and concerns from citizens as part of a visioning or consensus building process. Ideas are typically written on a large tablet or black board by a facilitator and later transcribed for the participants.

Back 235

Brainstorming

Front 236

An intensive, interactive problem solving process with meetings convened around the development of specific plans.

Back 236

Charette

Front 237

Citizens groups presumed to represent the ideas and attitudes of local groups- the purpose to advise the planning agency.

Back 237

Citizen Advisory Groups

Front 238

A document or series of documents prepared by a planning commission or department setting forth policies for the future of a community.

Back 238

Comprehensive Plan

Front 239

Lines on a topographical map that indicate slope.

Back 239

Contour Lines

Front 240

A right given by the owner of land to another party for specific limited use of that land.

Back 240

Easement

Front 241

Legislation passed by the state legislature authorizing cities, towns, and villages to carry out functions in the public interest.

Back 241

Enabling Act

Front 242

The legal right of government to acquire or "take" private property for public use or public purpose upon paying just compensation to the owner.

Back 242

Eminent Domain

Front 243

Traditional as-of-right or self-executing zoning in which district regulations are explicit- residential, commercial, and industrial uses are segregated.

Back 243

Euclidean Zoning

Front 244

A contribution or payment required as an authorized precondition for receiving a development permit.

Back 244

Exaction

Front 245

A zoning district whose requirements are fully described in the text of the ordinance but which is unmapped.

Back 245

Floating Zone

Front 246

Computer mapping system that produces multiple "layers" of graphic information about a community or region.

Back 246

GIS

Front 247

Analysis used in transportation planning that eveluates the relationship between the force of attraction and the generation of vehicular trips. Provides trip estimates based on proportional attractiveness of the zone and inversely proportional to the trip length.

Back 247

Gravity Model

Front 248

Broad statements of ideal future conditions that are desired by the communtiy and contained in the comprehensive plan.

Back 248

Goals

Front 249

A business conducted in a residential dwelling unit that is incidental and subordinate to the primary residential use.

Back 249

Home Occupation

Front 250

The effective taking or reduction in value of a property as a result of public action, in contrast to a direct taking through eminent domain.

Back 250

Inverse Condemnation

Front 251

A system of describing & identifying land by measures and direction from and identifiable point of reference.

Back 251

Base and meridian

Front 252

An in-depth study that attempts to discover all the underlying economic factors that affect a community's growth or decline.

Back 252

Economic Base Study

Front 253

A range of values that includes a certain populations parameter with a given probability.

Back 253

Confidence Interval

Front 254

A technique developed to monitor the real pattern of money flows.

Back 254

Input-Output Modeling

Front 255

A technically integrated and jurisdictionally coordinated transportation system with such features as freeway management systems, advanced traffic surveillance, signal control systems and similar.

Back 255

ITS - Intelligent Transportation Systems

Front 256

Component of the General Plan that establishes land use goals and policies.

Back 256

Land Use Element

Front 257

A region's percentage share of a particular activity with its percentage share of the local versus National Market.

Back 257

Location Quotient

Front 258

Relatively free flow of traffic with little or no limitation on movement.

Back 258

Level of Service A

Front 259

Steady flow of traffic with only slight delays in travel. Some limitations on speed and movement. All vehicles clear light in a single cycle.

Back 259

Level of Service B

Front 260

Reasonable steady, high volume flow of traffic with some limitations on movement and speed, and occasional backups.

Back 260

Level of Service C

Front 261

Traffic nears an unstable flow. Intersections still functional, but short queues develop and cars may have to wait through one cycles during short peaks.

Back 261

Level of Service D

Front 262

Characterized by slow movement and frequent stoppages. Congestion is considered severe, but not uncommon at peak traffic hours, with frequent stopping, long standing queues and blocked intersections.

Back 262

Level of Service E

Front 263

Unsatisfactory stop and go traffic characterized by traffic jams and stoppages of long duration. Cars usually have to wait through one or more signal cycles.

Back 263

Level of Service F

Front 264

The process where one sets lower bounds for the various objectives that, if attained, will be "good enough" and then seeks a solution that will exceed these bounds.

Back 264

Satisficing

Front 265

New development designed with the pedestrian in mind.

Back 265

TND or Traditional Neighborhood District

Front 266

Retrofitting of existing suburbs with new growth areas along pedestrian areas around public transportation hubs.

Back 266

PP or Pedestrian Pockets

Front 267

A process in which general agreement is reached over a period of time people with divergent interests.

Back 267

Concensus Building

Front 268

Effort of a third party, usually a single person to persuade disputants to come to an agreement.

Back 268

Mediation

Front 269

Method of assessing project alternatives by weighting alternatives according to citizen group goals.

Back 269

Goals Achievement Matrix (GAM)

Front 270

Put planning related issue on ballot - challenges existing i.e. adopted plan

Back 270

Referendum

Front 271

Used to facilitate meaningful discussions through a moderator - developed by Rand Corporation

Back 271

Delphi Method

Front 272

To represent disadvantaged segments of population

Back 272

Advocacy Planning

Front 273

Planning approach for comprehensive plans, census in community,4 elements: goal setting-ID policy alternatives-eval means against ends- implement preferred alternative

Back 273

Synoptic Rationality

Front 274

Use change one aspect of plan- known as "science of muddling through", short-term problems with little time and little money.

Back 274

Incremental Planning

Front 275

Developed in 1960s to get public involved- planning by people for people- communituy meetings, quality of life not delivery of services.

Back 275

Transactive Planning

Front 276

Planning that does not work, i.e. allow neighborhood to take over planning functions.

Back 276

Radical Planning

Front 277

Solve Societys ills through physical planning, "Visionary", ie. Corbusiers "Contemporary City", Howards "Garden City", Burnhams "White City", Wrights "Broadacre City".

Back 277

Utopianism

Front 278

Clear method used to achieve an undefined/unknown means e.g. zoning reviews, public hearings, bldg code appeals, GIS, subdivision reviews.

Back 278

Methodism

Front 279

Rooted in agriculture most humanly valuable. T. Jefferson & Hector St John de Crevecoeur

Back 279

Agrarian (1800s)

Front 280

total unrestricted competition in society ultimately benefits & individual hardships from competition essential to ultimate good of state. Exploit the poor...

Back 280

Laissez Faire (1800s)

Front 281

Gov't involvement in public health & safety of worker. max standards, min hsg standards, light & air provisions.

Back 281

Public Health (1800s)

Front 282

Beauty of public works projects to attract wealthy, pleasant life of poor, accessible to all men, create unifying civic pride. Create broad, tree lined aves, bring light, air, nature to the slum. Burnham, Lomsted, McKim, St Gaudens, Gottlieb- St. Louis Worlds Fair, Carnegie Libraries.

Back 282

City Beautiful (1900-1920s)

Front 283

Big business lost interest, awarenesss of corruption-movement declined but emphasis of physical site planning was internalized in planning movements regulating development of suburbs.

Back 283

City Beautiful (1900-1920s)

Front 284

Began with Columbian Expo at Chicago worlds fair in 1893, White City, 1st US example of great group of bldgs. designed in relation to each other and to surrounding open space.

Back 284

City Beautiful (1900-1920s)

Front 285

Anti-urban, agarian, predicated on: sacredness of nature, inherent immorality of the city, & return to pre-industrial village.

Back 285

Garden City ((1920s in US)

Front 286

Lethchworth, England 1903-20, Welwyn England 1919-34, Radburn New Jersey 1928

Back 286

Garden City ((1920s in US)

Front 287

Influenced by Howard's cities & Raymond Unwin's "Hampstead Gardens" (1907). 1st comprehensive suburban neighborhood design, planning & physical design of residential with spatial open, lush green, parks, shopping, schools.

Back 287

Garden City (1920s in US)

Front 288

"City of Motor Age", superblocks & cul-de-sacs, public pedestrian ways between properties to natural amenities (parks,schools), utilize underpass to cross busy sts.

Back 288

Garden City:Radburn, NJ 1928

Front 289

Not really "Garden City" DID NOT HAVE planned greenbelt, not self-contained,not single tax rent system

Back 289

Garden City:Radburn, NJ 1928

Front 290

Emergency Relief Act 1935, admin by Rural Resettlement Admin, created for soil conservation, relocate farmers from poor to good soil, owned & operated by fed govt until sold to private during Eisenhower admin in 1950s.

Back 290

Greenbelt Towns: Greenbelt MD- Greenhills, OH- Greendale, WI (1935-50s)

Front 291

Never built because RRA stopped by courts -Fed govt couldn't use power of eminent domain that way.

Back 291

Greenbrook, NJ

Front 292

Massive land subdivisions and single-family hsg projects with few community facilities & built on model of war hsg projects of 1940s.

Back 292

New Towns: Levittown, NY & Park Forest, IL (1947-1948)

Front 293

Major amenities, large open spaces, high quality physical design. 75,000 pop cluster plan in 7 villages (10,000 ea). Satellite cities rather than uncontrolled sprawl. 6,810 acres 22% open space-detached townhomes, apts.

Back 293

New Towns: Reston, VA (1960s)

Front 294

Overlapping communities

Back 294

New Towns: Columbia MD (1960s)

Front 295

What is a DELPHI study

Back 295

An analysis technique that utilizes surveys & anonymous experts

Front 296

What are the 3 key elements of a DELPHI study

Back 296

1) structure of information flow (surveys, respondents, & project manager) 2)feedback loop 3) participant anonymity and expertise

Front 297

A DELPHI study can best study what type of problem

Back 297

Simplistic, not mult-faceted

Front 298

What two project management techniques model a network/sequence of parallel & corresponding tasks?

Back 298

PERT & CPM

Front 299

What is PERT?

Back 299

Program Evaluation & Review Technique

Front 300

What is CPM?

Back 300

Critical Path Method

Front 301

What is the difference between PERT & CPM

Back 301

PERT: VARIABLE task times. CPM: FIXED task times.

Front 302

Why does the task increment escalate in 10s in PERT

Back 302

In order that new tasks may be inserted as project progresses

Front 303

What two management principles deal with a hierachy of needs?

Back 303

Maslow & ERG

Front 304

What does ERG stand for?

Back 304

Existence, Relatedness, Growth

Front 305

What is the primary differences between Maslow & ERG?

Back 305

Maslow: a large # multiple steps, each achieved at the completion of the next, all people act same. ERG: only 3 steps, steps may overlap or parrallel, and all people different

Front 306

What is a Gantt chart?

Back 306

Schematic that shows the steps/tasks of project on a parallel, horizontal model.

Front 307

What is a WBS

Back 307

Work Breakdown Stucture. It is a form of a Gantt chart, by which multi tasks are broken down and identifies

Front 308

What role does a WBS play in project planning

Back 308

Used prior to a CPM or PERT in order to identify the tasks

Front 309

What is ZBB

Back 309

Zero Based Budgeting. It is a budget process which assumes that the baseline budget each fiscal cycle is zero.

Front 310

Why is ZBB good for government?

Back 310

Because it helps ensure that projects are still needed & helps prevent spending from spiraling out of control.

Front 311

What is a fiscal impact analysis?

Back 311

Estimates the impact of a development or a land use change on the costs and revenues of governmental units serving the development.

Front 312

What does a fiscal impact analysis evaluate?

Back 312

revenues, expenditures, land values￢ﾀﾔand characteristics of the development or land use change￢ﾀﾔe.g., type of land use, distance from central facilities.

Front 313

What is the benefit of a fiscal impact analysis

Back 313

Estimates the difference between the costs of providing services to a new development and the revenues￢ﾀﾔtaxes and user fees, for example￢ﾀﾔthat will be generated by the development.

Front 314

What is a cohort survival or logitudinal study?

Back 314

A study that evaluates the same group, with the same base trait (ie: birth date) for a long period of time. May be compared to another group representing a larger population universe.

Front 315

What is a shift-share study?

Back 315

Land use study that evaluates the shift in a given issue's share (ie: population/employment) from one area to another.

Front 316

What is a cost-benefit analysis?

Back 316

A management study that evaluates the benefits of a solution (including programatic & personnel) costs to the value / benefit of the outcome.

Front 317

Why is a cost-benefit analysis useful

Back 317

Determine if a project/solution is worth implementing.

Front 318

Best way to solicit citzen input in plan making

Back 318

Neighborhood group leaders and citizen committees

Front 319

Most effective way to generate adequate citizen participation

Back 319

Developing a multi-faceted public information program

Front 320

Common citizen surveys

Back 320

Mailed-inexpensive but slow, telephone-fast,cheaper but some no phone & must have interviewers, in-person-works well but very expensive & could be bias.

Front 321

Charrette

Back 321

Intensive interactive problem-solving process convened around development of specific plans. Experts within & outside community.

Front 322

Citizen Advisory Committee

Back 322

Citizens groups presumed to represent the ideas and attitudes of local residents. Purpose to advise planning agency.

Front 323

Planners primary obligation

Back 323

Serve the public interest

Front 324

Citizen referendum

Back 324

Citizens vote their approval or disapproval of a public measure by official ballot.

Front 325

Delphi technique

Back 325

Used to develop consensus between two or more groups that are in conflict. Develop goals & objectives. Group facilitation skills.

Front 326

Focus Groups

Back 326

Representative sample of a community. Facilitated in an informal setting directed toward a specific subject.

Front 327

Ladder of Citizen Participation: Sherry R. Arnstein

Back 327

Defines citizen participation in terms of amount of control citizens have over policy decision. without distribution of power citizen participation is "empty ritual".

Front 328

Factors are important to determining populaiton projections

Back 328

Migration, birth rate, death rate

Front 329

TIGER file

Back 329

Digital database of geographic features, such as roads, railroads, rivers, lakes, legal boundaries, census statistical boundaries, etc. covering the entire United States

Front 330

Cohort survival method of population projection

Back 330

The study of a group by a specific characteristic (age, grade, income) increased by the rate that group survives onto the next year

Front 331

Housing Unit Method (HUM)

Back 331

A process of using housing data for population projections

Front 332

Symptomatic indicators

Back 332

Data series such as building permits that are reflective of population change and can be used in developing current population estimates

Front 333

Composite method for estimating populations

Back 333

Takes various age groups and determines the estimate for each, then aggregates them together

Front 334

Constant share technique

Back 334

Assumes that the portion of a sample's type (people, age, occupation, animal, etc..) in a given population/area will remain same over time

Front 335

Shift share technique

Back 335

An projection for employment / population that takes into account the shift/movement of jobs & people from or to a community

Front 336

Flood Plain Map

Back 336

A map that shows the vulnerability of a flood according to the 100 year flood

Front 337

Soil Map

Back 337

A map showing the distribution of soil types or other soil mapping units in a relation to the prominent and cultural features of the earth￢ﾀﾙs surface

Front 338

Soil Profile

Back 338

A cross section of the earth's showing the makeup of the soil layers

Front 339

Agency responsible for soil map database

Back 339

NRCS (National Resource Conservation Service) division of US Dept of Agricultarue

Front 340

Agency responsible for floodplain maps

Back 340

FEMA

Front 341

USGS orthophoto

Back 341

An aerial photograph that has been altered in such a way that the lens distortions are removed & so that it may be scaled for mapping purposes

Front 342

Scale of a USGS orthophoto

Back 342

1:12,000

Front 343

Electronic town meeting

Back 343

Electronic tool used to gather public feedback on the WTC proposals

Front 344

USGS topographic map

Back 344

Scales = uses 1:24,000, 1:25,000, 1:50,000, 1:100,000, 1:250,000

Front 345

Only map to cover the entire US in detail

Back 345

USGS topographic map

Front 346

First Year USGS topographic map produced

Back 346

1879

Front 347

Topographical map

Back 347

A map that uses contour lines to portray the shape and elevation of the land. Topographic maps render the three-dimensional ups and downs of the terrain on a two-dimensional surface

Front 348

Information on Topographical map

Back 348

Both natural and manmade features. Natural features include: mountains, valleys, plains, lakes, rivers, and vegetation. Man made features include roads, boundaries, , transmission lines, and major buildings.

Front 349

How many USGS topographic maps total?

Back 349

55,000

Front 350

Plan making

Back 350

A three part process includes 1) Goals and visions, 2) Analysis of current problems, & 3 Creation of alternatives.

Front 351

Visioning

Back 351

A process whereby citizens attend a series of meetings that provide the opportunity to offer input on how the community could be in the future.

Front 352

Strategic Planning

Back 352

Short-term in focus & specific in accomplishing certain objectives. Used to assist an organization in guiding its future. Strategic planning sets goals, objectives, and policies for reaching the set objective

Front 353

Goal

Back 353

A general statement that may not be realized, but is something towards which to strive.

Front 354

Objective

Back 354

A more specific and attainable statement.

Front 355

Survey

Back 355

Research method that allows one to collect data on a topic that cannot be directly observed. Surveys are used extensively in planning to assess attitudes and characteristics of the public on a wide range of topics.

Front 356

Cross-sectional survey

Back 356

Gathers information about a population at a single point in time

Front 357

Longitudinal surveys

Back 357

Gathers information about a population over a period of time

Front 358

Written surveys

Back 358

Mailed, printed in a newspaper, administered in a group setting, or other method. Used when trying to obtain information from a broad audience. Low cost but typically low response rate.

Front 359

Group-administered surveys

Back 359

Used for specifc populations. Allows a high and quick response rate. This survey method requires a small sample size.

Front 360

Drop-off Survey

Back 360

Survey left at someone￢ﾀﾙs residence or business to be completed. Response rates are higher than mail surveys because of personal contact with the respondent. Expensive due to time required to distribute. Sample size smaller than mail surveys.

Front 361

Phone/Oral Interview Surveys

Back 361

Useful for yes/no answers. Allows follow up on answers. Response rate varies greatly. Expensive method because of the time to complete. Can be biased by interaction with the interviewer. Difcult to use long questions and multiple answers w/ this method.

Front 362

Electronic surveys

Back 362

Growing in popularity. Administered on web or via e-mail. Inexpensive method that can generate quick responses. This method has a higher response rate than written or interview surveys. Downside will not reach people w/o Internet access.

Front 363

Floor Area Ratio (FAR)

Back 363

Is the ratio of the gross floor area of the building to its ground area. It is used primarily to determine building density on a site or, more specifically, the size of a building in relation to the size of the lot on which it sits.

Front 364

Small Scale Map

Back 364

Shows a large land area with little detail.

Front 365

Large Scale Map

Back 365

Shows a limited land area in great detail.

Front 366

Contour lines

Back 366

Show lines of equal elevation.

Front 367

Contour Interval

Back 367

Show distance between contour lines. The closer together the contour lines are, the steeper the terrain.

Front 368

Slope

Back 368

The change in elevation divided by the horizontal distance.

Front 369

Slope of 0-0.5%

Back 369

No drainage, not suited for development.

Front 370

Slope of 0.5-1%

Back 370

No problems, ideal for all types of development

Front 371

Slope of 1 - 3%

Back 371

Slight problems for large commercial areas acceptable for residential

Front 372

Slope of 3 - 5%

Back 372

Major problems for commercial/industrial/large scale residential

Front 373

Slope of 5-10%

Back 373

Suitable only for specially designed development.

Front 374

Scale of 1:24,000

Back 374

that 1 inch represents 2,000 feet.

Front 375

1 acre 43 560 square feet

Back 375

43 560 square feet

Front 376

Normal Distribution

Back 376

Symmetrical dispersion around the mean. This is a bell curve.

Front 377

Population

Back 377

The total of a collection.

Front 378

Sample

Back 378

A subset of the population.

Front 379

Descriptive Statistics

Back 379

Describe the characteristics of a population.

Front 380

Inferential Statistics

Back 380

Determines characteristics of a population based on observations made on a sample from that population. What is observed in the sample is assumed to apply to the population.

Front 381

Central Tendancy

Back 381

The typical or representative value of a dataset. Can be reported by a variety ways including mean, median, and mode.

Front 382

Mean

Back 382

Average of a distribution.

Front 383

Median

Back 383

The middle number of a distribution.

Front 384

Mode

Back 384

The most frequent number in a distribution

Front 385

Nominal data

Back 385

Data that is classified into mutually exclusive groups that lack intrinsic order. Race and sex are examples of nominal data. Mode is the only measure of central tendency that can be used for this data type.

Front 386

Ordinal data

Back 386

Data values are ordered so that inferences can be made regarding magnitude, but have no fixed interval between values. educational attainment or a letter grade on a test. Mode and median are the only measures of central tendency that can be used.

Front 387

Interval data

Back 387

data that has an ordered relationship with a magnitude, such as temperature. 10 degrees is not twice as cold as 20 degrees.

Front 388

Ratio data

Back 388

Data has an ordered relationship and equal intervals. Distance is an example--2 miles is twice as long as 1 mile. Any form of central tendency can be used for this type of data.

Front 389

Range

Back 389

Simplest measure of dispersion, it is the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.

Front 390

Variance

Back 390

The average squared difference of scores from the mean score of a distribution.

Front 391

Standard deviation

Back 391

is the square root of the variance.

Front 392

Standard Error

Back 392

The standard deviation of a sampling distribution. Standard errors indicate the degree of sampling fluctuation. The larger the sample size the smaller the standard error.

Front 393

Confidence Interval

Back 393

Gives an estimated range of values that is likely to include an unknown population parameter. The width of the confidence interval gives us an idea of how uncertain we are about the unknown parameter.

Front 394

Hypothesis

Back 394

A statement expressing a relationship. Makes a prediction of what you are trying to prove.

Front 395

Null hypothesis

Back 395

Relationship makes no difference relationship has resulted from random chance.

Front 396

Alternate hypothesis

Back 396

States the hypothesis the research expects to support the possibility that an observed effect is genuine

Front 397

Major population estimation and projection methods

Back 397

Linear, Symptomatic, Ratio (Step-Down) Method, & Cohort Survival.

Front 398

Linear Method

Back 398

Uses the rate of growth (or decline) in population over a period of time to estimate the current or future population.

Front 399

Symptomatic Method

Back 399

Uses available data to estimate the current population.

Front 400

Step-Down Ratio Method

Back 400

Uses the ratio between the population of a city and a county (or larger geographical unit) at a known point in time, such as the decennial census. This ratio is used to project the current or future population.

Front 401

Cohort Survival Method

Back 401

Uses the current population plus natural increase and net migration to calculate a future population. The population is calculated for men and women in specific age groups.

Front 402

Net Migration

Back 402

The difference between the number of people moving in and the number of people moving out.

Front 403

Economic Base Analysis

Back 403

looks at basic and non-basic economic activities. Basic activities are those that can be exported, while non-basic activities are those that are locally oriented. The exporting (basic) industries make up the economic base of a region.

Front 404

Basic Economic Activites

Back 404

Those that can be exported, while non-basic activities are those that are locally oriented. The exporting industries make up the economic base of a region.

Front 405

Non-Basic Activities

Back 405

Locally oriented.

Front 406

Location-Quotient (LQ)

Back 406

A ratio of an industry￢ﾀﾙs share of local employment divided by its share of the nation (or other level of government). A ratio of less than 1 indicates that an area imports an industry￢ﾀﾙs products or services, a ratio of greater than 1 indicates exporting.

Front 407

Shift-Share Analysis

Back 407

Analyzes a local economy in comparison with a larger economy. This analysis looks at the differential shift, proportional shift, and economic growth.

Front 408

Input-output analysis

Back 408

Quantitative method to assist in economic policy decision-making. The analysis links suppliers and purchasers to determine the economic output of a region. Identifies primary suppliers, intermediate suppliers, intermediate purchasers, & final purchasers.

Front 409

Household Income

Back 409

Defined in terms of the amount of income they earn relative to 100% of the Area Median Income

Front 410

Area Median Income (AMI)

Back 410

Refers to the middle or midpoint income for a particular area. The term is used to estimate the "average" income for a particular area.

Front 411

Moderate income households

Back 411

Earn between 80-120% of Area Median Income.

Front 412

Low income households

Back 412

Earn between 50-80% of Area Median Income.

Front 413

Very low income households

Back 413

Earn no more than 50% of Area Median Income.

Front 414

Poverty thresholds

Back 414

Used for calculating all official poverty population statistics

Front 415

Poverty guidelines

Back 415

Simplified version used for administrative purposes e.g. determining financial eligibility for certain federal programs.

Front 416

Poverty Rate

Back 416

12.6 percent (increased for 4 years from 2000 - 2004)

Front 417

Median household Income

Back 417

$46,326 annually

Front 418

Baby Boomers

Back 418

People born between 1946 and 1964.

Front 419

Generation X

Back 419

People born between 1965 and 1976.

Front 420

Echo Boom (Generation Y)

Back 420

People born between 1977 and 2000.

Front 421

Megalopolis

Back 421

A many-centered, multi-city, urban area of more than 10 million inhabitants, generally dominated by low-density settlement and complex networks of economic specialization.

Front 422

Urban cluster

Back 422

A contiguous, densely settled census block groups and blocks that meet minimum population density requirements, along with adjacent densely settled census blocks that together encompass a population of at least 2,500 people but fewer than 50,000 people.

Front 423

Urbanized Area

Back 423

A contiguous, densely settled census block groups and blocks that meet minimum population density requirements, along with adjacent densely settled census blocks that together encompass a population of at least 50,000 people.

Front 424

Digital Elevation Models (DEMs)

Back 424

Digital data about the elevation of the earth's surface as it varies across communities allows planners to analyze and map it.

Front 425

Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR )

Back 425

Uses a laser, instead of radio waves, that is mounted in an airplane to provide detailed topographic information.

Front 426

Fiscal Impact Analysis

Back 426

Used to estimate the costs and revenues of a proposed development on a local government.

Front 427

Average Per Capita Method

Back 427

Divides the total local budget by the existing population in a city to determine the average per-capita cost for the jurisdiction. Type of Fiscal Impact Analysis

Front 428

Adjusted Per Capita Method

Back 428

Varries fiscal impact based on expectations about the new development. Type of Fiscal Impact Analysis

Front 429

Disaggregated Per Capita Method

Back 429

Estimates the costs and revenues based on major land uses. Type of Fiscal Impact Analysis

Front 430

Dynamic Method

Back 430

Applies statistical analysis to time-series data from a jurisdiction. Type of Fiscal Impact Analysis

Front 431

The Ordinance of 1785

Back 431

Established a system of rectangular survey coordinates for virtually all of the country west of the Appalachians. Established the basis for the Public Land Survey System.

Front 432

Public Land Survey System

Back 432

Land was to be systematically surveyed into square townships, six miles on a side. Each of these townships was sub-divided into thirty-six sections of one square mile or 640 acres (259 hectares).

Front 433

TIGER Files Include

Back 433

Roads, Census Blocks, and Census Tracts

Front 434

Base Map

Back 434

Type of map used as a starting point for many planning projects, shows the essential natural or man determined features of an area.

Front 435

All communications with the Executive Director regarding specific ethical situations should occur using which methods of communication?

Back 435

Phone and/or Letters

Front 436

The necessity of the highest standards of fairness and honesty among participants of the planning process is required because?

Back 436

Planning issues usually involve: conflict of values and large private interests.

Front 437

The planning process exists￢ﾀﾦwhy?

Back 437

To serve the public interest.

Front 438

Ethical principles 1. The planning process must continuously _______and faithfully ______the public interest.

Back 438

Pursue- Serve

Front 439

Ethical principle 2. Planning process participants continuously strive to achieve high standards of _______ and proficiency so that the public respect for the planning process will be maintained.

Back 439

integrity

Front 440

Planner￢ﾀﾙs primary obligation?

Back 440

To serve the public interest

Front 441

What is formulated through continuous debate

Back 441

The definition of public interest

Front 442

Planners Owe alliance to what?

Back 442

Conscientiously attained concept of the public interest

Front 443

Who does a planner owe diligent, creative independent and competent performance to?

Back 443

Employer or Client

Front 444

Diligent, Creative, Independent and Competent performance in pursuit of the employer￢ﾀﾙs or clients interest should be consistent with what?

Back 444

Faithful service to the public interest.

Front 445

A Planner should strive for high ________ of professional integrity, __________ and knowledge.

Back 445

Standards ￢ﾀﾓ proficiency

Front 446

Who can you seek informal advise on ethics from?

Back 446

Ethics Officer

Front 447

Is the informal advice from the Ethic officer binding upon the AICP?

Back 447

No, but it will be condiered in the event a

Front 448

A formal advisory ruling request on the propriety of any professional planner￢ﾀﾙs conduct must be submitted in writing to whom?

Back 448

Only the Ethics Officer

Front 449

Will the Ethics Officer provide a written charge of misconduct to the person who is accused with the misconduct (respondent)?

Back 449

Yes

Front 450

What will Ethics Officer do after receiving an alleged charge of misconduct and providing a copy to the person being accused?

Back 450

Determine if the charges warrant an investigation

Front 451

The Ethics Officer with or without an investigation may do which two things?

Back 451

1. Dismiss the charge- 2. Issue a complaint against the respondent

Front 452

At least _______ before the hearing, the Ethics Officer and the Respondent shall exchange lists of proposed witnesses who will testify, and copies of all exhibits that will be introduced, at the hearing.

Back 452

30 calendar days

Front 453

When an appeal is filed to an Ethics Officer￢ﾀﾙs decision, who gets to make the next determination?

Back 453

AICP Ethics Committee

Front 454

If there is disputed matter in an ethics complaint and the respondent is granted a hearing with the Ethics Committee, are the formal rules of evidence used?

Back 454

No, however the substantive rights of the respondent shall at all times be protected.

Front 455

Identified Charging Parties who are notified of the dismissal of their ethics charges shall have ___________ from the date of the receipt of their dismissal letters to file an appeal with the Ethics Committee.

Back 455

Identified Charging Parties who are notified of the dismissal of their ethics charges shall have 30 calendar days from the date of the receipt of their dismissal letters to file an appeal with the Ethics Committee.

Front 456

Is the AICP hearing on the Charge of Misconduct open to the public?

Back 456

No

Front 457

Can a settlement be reached before a complaint is issued?

Back 457

Yes, the ethics officer can negotiate one with the respondent and the charging party or reccomend one without the charging party's consent with the approval of the Ethics Committee.

Front 458

All Written opinions endorsed by the Commission or by the Ethics Committee are published. What is omitted from the publication?

Back 458

Actual Names and Places, unless authorized by an affirmative vote of two-thirds of the Commission or in writing by the respondent.

Front 459

Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature constitute sexual harassment when: (there are three)

Back 459

1)Submission￢ﾀﾦis a term or condition of employment- 2)Submission or rejection..is used as a bases for employment decisions-3)Such conduct has the￢ﾀﾦ.effect of unreasonably interfering with￢ﾀﾦwork performance or creating an intimidating, hstile/ofsive wrk env.

Front 460

Certified planners can not perform work on a project for a client or employer if, in addition to the agreed upon compensation there is a possibility for direct personal or financial gain to us, our family members, or persons living in our household unless

Back 460

The client or employer, after full written disclosure from the planner, consents in writing to the arrangement.

Front 461

As salaried employee, can a certified planner undertake other employment in planning or a related profession, whether or not for pay?

Back 461

Only with full written disclosure to the primary employer and having received subsequent written permission unless our employer has a written policy, which expressly dispenses with a need to obtain such consent.

Front 462

If the Ethics Committee determines that the Ethics Officer has demonstrated that the Rules of Conduct have been violated, it shall also determine the appropriate sanction (3 options):

Back 462

Reprimand, suspension, or expulsion.

Front 463

Who can file a charge of misconduct against a Certified Planner?

Back 463

Any person, whether or not an AICP member

Front 464

Is a planner who receives a charge of misconduct allowed legal representation?

Back 464

Yes, either when a prelimanry respsonse is requested or at any later point in the procedure.

Front 465

Submission to unwanted attention is a term or condition of employment

Back 465

Sexual harrassment

Front 466

Submission or rejection to unsolicted attention is used as a bases for employment decisions

Back 466

Sexual harrassment

Front 467

Unwanted attention has the effect of unreasonably interfering withwork performance or creating an intimidating, hstile/offensive work environment.

Back 467

Sexual harrassment

Front 468

The Respondent has how long from receipt of a Complaint in which to file an Answer?

Back 468

30 calendar days

Front 469

Who can give give formal advice on the propriety of a planner's proposed conduct?

Back 469

Only the Ethics Officer

Front 470

Is sexual harassment specifically cover by the AICP code of conduct?

Back 470

No

Front 471

The Ethics Officer will respond to requests for formal or informal advice within

Back 471

21 days

Front 472

Who may file a charge of misconduct against a Certified Planner?

Back 472

Any person, whether or not an AICP member

Front 473

What standard must AICP misconduct charges meet?

Back 473

The Ethics Officer will have the burden of proving, by a preponderance of the evidence, that misconduct occured.

Front 474

What standard of proof must ethics charges meet?

Back 474

Preponderance of the evidence

Front 475

AICP Code Section A

Back 475

Principles to Which We Aspire

Front 476

AICP Code Section B

Back 476

Our Rules of Conduct

Front 477

AICP Code Section C

Back 477

Our Code Procedures

Front 478

Staff Functions

Back 478

Provide Services to other governmental entities

Front 479

Line Functions

Back 479

Provide services directly to the public (i.e. subdivision reviews, rezoning cases, code enforcement)

Front 480

GAM stands for:

Back 480

Goals Acheivement Matrix

Front 481

GAM

Back 481

Chart that shows the anticipated attainment of a project's goals and the assignment of accomplishing a goal to a group

Front 482

Gantt Chart

Back 482

Focuses on a sequence of tasks necessary for project completion. Each task is represented as a horizontal bar on an XY chart. X is time.

Front 483

Linear Programming

Back 483

project management method that attempts to find the optimum design solution for a project. This system takes a set of decision variables within constraints and comes up with an optimum design solution

Front 484

PERT stands for:

Back 484

Program Evaluationand Review Techinique

Front 485

PERT

Back 485

Scheduling method that graphically illustrates the interrelationship of the project tasks. Identify milestones, determine sequence, network diagram, critical path, update PERT chart as project progresses

Front 486

CPM stands for:

Back 486

Critical Path Method

Front 487

CPM

Back 487

tool to analyze a project. The analysis results in a "critical path" through the project tasks. each task has a know amount of time to complete and cannot be completed before its previous one is completed. The longest pathway is the critical pathway.

Front 488

PERT and CPM work when?

Back 488

A project is of a large scale. Using software.

Front 489

Strategic Planning

Back 489

used to assist in guiding the future. Sets goals, objectives, and policies for reaching objectives.

Front 490

Strategic Plan should address major questions:

Back 490

1. What is the current situation and how is it going to change? 2. Where are we going as an org? 3. How will we get there?

Front 491

Eight elements of a Strategic Plan

Back 491

1Analyze the community's needs 2Identify results-det the long-term objectives that will be pursued 3Admit uncertainties-SWOT analysis relating to the objectives 4Inv stakeholders 5.Dev & eval alt's 6ID role of City 7Dev funding policy 8Eval performance

Front 492

Strategic Planning is ________ -term in focus and is specific in accomplishing certain________________

Back 492

short, objectives

Front 493

An operating budget includes:

Back 493

the everyday expenditures of an organization, such as supplies, personnel, and maintenance of office space

Front 494

A capital budget includes:

Back 494

long-term purchases, such as a new building, a rec center, water main, or majore equipment.

Front 495

Capital Budget is for the period of

Back 495

one year

Front 496

Capital Improvements Program is for the period of

Back 496

Five to ten years

Front 497

CIP includes

Back 497

project descriptions, estimated costs, construction timeline, and sources of funding

Front 498

Budgeting can be used for (name 5)

Back 498

resource allocation, financial control management control, a communication tool, a planning tool

Front 499

Line-item Budgeting

Back 499

the emphasis is on projecting the budget for the next year and adding in inflationary costs

Front 500

Advantages of Line Item Budgeting

Back 500

Does not require eval of existing services, is easy to prepare and justify, and is easy for public officials to understand

Front 501

Disadvantages of Line Item Budgeting

Back 501

lack of flexibility, lack between budget request and objectives of the organization

Front 502

Line-Item Budget looks at ________ year(s) and is not linked to:

Back 502

ONE, strategic, comprehensive, or capital improvement plans.

Front 503

PPBS stands for:

Back 503

Planning, Programming, Budgeting Systems

Front 504

PPBS is focused on planning through

Back 504

accomplishing goals set by the department

Front 505

Advantage of PPBS

Back 505

it helps deparments place programs in perspective and evaluate efforts and accomplishments

Front 506

Disadvantages of PPBS

Back 506

Time consuming, requires goals and objectives to be stated in measurable terms

Front 507

PPBS includes:

Back 507

Program mission statements, objectives, and indicators of success.

Front 508

ZBB stands for:

Back 508

Zero Based Budgeting

Front 509

ZBB

Back 509

Emphasizes Planning and fosters understanding within all units of the organization

Front 510

Performance Based Budgeting is focused on

Back 510

linking funding to performance measures.

Front 511

Pay-as-you-go Financing

Back 511

uses current funds to pay for capital improvement projects

Front 512

Reserve Funds

Back 512

are ones that have been saved for the purchase of future capital improvements

Front 513

General Obligation Bonds

Back 513

are voter approved bonds for capital improvements. GO Bonds use the tax revenue of the gov. to pay back the debt

Front 514

Revenue Bonds

Back 514

use a fixe source of revenue to pay back debt. i.e. water use fees could be used to pay back revenue bonds for a water main

Front 515

TIF stands for

Back 515

Tax Increment Financing

Front 516

TIF allows a designated area to

Back 516

have tax revenue increases used for capital improvements in the area

Front 517

Special Assessments

Back 517

allow a particular group of people to be assesssed the cost of a public improvement.

Front 518

Lease-purchase allows a governement to

Back 518

"rent to own"

Front 519

GRANTS are available to government by

Back 519

all levels of government, the private sector and foundations

Front 520

Taxes are used to generate revenue to:

Back 520

finance government and redistribute income

Front 521

Three types of taxes:

Back 521

Progressive, proportional, and regressive

Front 522

Progressive Taxes

Back 522

The tax rate increases as income rises

Front 523

Proportional Tax

Back 523

The tax rate is the same regardless of income

Front 524

Regressive Tax

Back 524

The tax rate decreases as income rises

Front 525

Criteria used for the implementation of a tax:

Back 525

fairness, certainty, convenience, efficiency, productivity, and neutrality

Front 526

Tax-Write off

Back 526

when governments offer tax inventives in order to attract economic development

Front 527

Design Charette

Back 527

intensive collaborative effort that brings together citizens, stakeholders, and staff to develop a detailed design plan for a certain area

Front 528

Delphi Method

Back 528

structured process of citizen participation with the intent of coming to a consensus

Front 529

Facilitation

Back 529

uses a person who does not have a direct stake in the outcome of a meeting to help groups that disagree work together to solve complex problems and come to a consesus decision.

Front 530

Mediation

Back 530

is a method where a neutral third party facilitates discussion in a structured multi-stage process to help parties reach a satisfactory agreement.

Front 531

Public Hearing

Back 531

A meeting before a public body allowing for formal citizen input. Public hearings are typically mandated by law.

Front 532

Visual Preference Survey

Back 532

a technique that can be used to assist citizens in evaluating physical images of natural and built environments.

Front 533

Visioning

Back 533

a process whereby citizens attend a series of meetings that provide the opportunity to offer input on how the community could be in the future. Visioning is typicall a 20 to 30 year outlook

Front 534

problem definition steps

Back 534

1define problem 2specify boundaries 3develop fact base 4list goals & objectives 5identify range of solutions 6define potential costs & benefits 7review the problem statement

Front 535

Used making a decision on whether or not to spend money to build a new senior center or hire more police.

Back 535

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

Front 536

Retaining existing business and industry is a goal of?

Back 536

Economic Development Programs

Front 537

Attracting business is a goal of?

Back 537

Economic Development Programs

Front 538

Developing and financing facilities that help capture business is a goal of?

Back 538

Economic Development Programs

Front 539

When material that is a matter of public record containing sensitive, private, or confidential information is removed from a public file.

Back 539

Redaction

Front 540

Concurrency is attributable to which state?

Back 540

Florida

Front 541

The most common measure of traffic volume is?

Back 541

LOS

Front 542

Compares what a community gains from a project to what must be sacrificed to obtain it.

Back 542

Cost-Benefit Analysis

Front 543

A systematic comparision between the amount one section of the communty is paying to the cost of serivices provided to that sector.

Back 543

Cost-Revenue Analysis

Front 544

Its purpose is to assist the city in determining if the project will generate sufficient revenue to defray the cost of public services.

Back 544

Fiscal Impact Study

Front 545

The industrial classification system that replaced the SIC is?

Back 545

North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)

Front 546

Utilize quantitative methods to analyze impact on the community- ie economic base theory, location quotient, shift-share, etc.

Back 546

Economic Development Plans

Front 547

Use of info or current data symptomatic of what is being studied- ie sampling

Back 547

Estimate

Front 548

"Best Guess" - id future considtion analysist feels to occur- decisions & judgement with respect to various factors & variables- might be skewed

Back 548

Forecast

Front 549

"what If" about future if assumptions prove true (IF)

Back 549

Projection

Front 550

Constructed to avoid undesirable futures, make desired forecasts come true, to create more desirable futures

Back 550

Plan

Front 551

Method adds a shift factor to account for jobs into or out of local economy due to factors affecting local economy.

Back 551

Shift-share

Front 552

Method determines level of basic sector employment by comparing local economy to economy of larger geographic region, State or country.

Back 552

Location Quotient

Front 553

Method which allows analysts to quantify and evaluate connections between industrial sectors.

Back 553

Input-Output Modeling

Front 554

Give money to develop businesses in a certain location.

Back 554

Place-Related Programs (Carter) Federal fundiing 1960s

Front 555

Enacted in 1994-Federal funds to distressed areas.

Back 555

Empowerment Zone Program (Clinton)

Front 556

Zone with tax breads for new investment are offered - tax reductions, direct grants, waiving land use requirements.

Back 556

Enterprize zone

Front 557

Special Tax/Revenue Bonds

Back 557

Repaid from earmarked taxes or user charges

Front 558

Private Activity Bonds

Back 558

Repaid with receipts from private firm

Front 559

Performance Bonds

Back 559

Required by City & County gov conver offsite public improvement obligations associated with commerecial & residential developments.

Front 560

Impact fees & tax increment financing

Back 560

Used to pay for capital projects

Front 561

Revenue bonds

Back 561

usually pays for parking garages, swater and sewer systems, landfills etc.

Front 562

Capital Improvement Progamming

Back 562

one way to implement comprehensive plan

Front 563

Capital Improvement Program (CIP)

Back 563

prepared by planning director or planning commission, use collaboration-consensus building.

Front 564

Community Development Block Grants

Back 564

Administered by HUD on formula basis for entitlement communities and by State Dept of Hsg & Community Development (HCD) for non-entitlement jurisdictions. Came about after Housing & Community Development Act of 1974.

Front 565

Community Development Block Grants

Back 565

Eliminates blight, slums, health & safety issues,provide decent home to evey family, rational use of land, reduce isolation of income groups, economic opportunity for low and moderate income, Cities with 50,000 pn+, low & moderate pn, prepare a HAP

Front 566

Growth Management goal 1

Back 566

protect lands that provide public & quasi public goods

Front 567

Special Tax/Revenue Bonds

Back 567

Repaid from earmarked taxes or user charges

Front 568

Private Activity Bonds

Back 568

Repaid with receipts from private firm

Front 569

Performance Bonds

Back 569

Required by City & County gov conver offsite public improvement obligations associated with commerecial & residential developments.

Front 570

Impact fees & tax increment financing

Back 570

Used to pay for capital projects

Front 571

Revenue bonds

Back 571

usually pays for parking garages, swater and sewer systems, landfills etc.

Front 572

Capital Improvement Progamming

Back 572

one way to implement comprehensive plan

Front 573

Capital Improvement Program (CIP)

Back 573

prepared by planning director or planning commission, use collaboration-consensus building.

Front 574

Community Development Block Grants

Back 574

Administered by HUD on formula basis for entitlement communities and by State Dept of Hsg & Community Development (HCD) for non-entitlement jurisdictions. Came about after Housing & Community Development Act of 1974.

Front 575

Community Development Block Grants

Back 575

Eliminates blight, slums, health & safety issues,provide decent home to evey family, rational use of land, reduce isolation of income groups, economic opportunity for low and moderate income, Cities with 50,000 pn+, low & moderate pn, prepare a HAP

Front 576

Growth Management goal 1

Back 576

protect lands that provide public & quasi public goods

Front 577

Special Assessment Districts

Back 577

Area subject to special prop tax assessment for financing special improvements in district.

Front 578

General Obligation Bonds

Back 578

Repaid from general taxes

Front 579

Growth Management goal 2

Back 579

Accommodate Development needs

Front 580

Urban growth boundaries (UGB)

Back 580

Identifies when/where land available for development 20-25 yrs growth in employment & population.

Front 581

Urban Service Areas (USA)

Back 581

Geographic areas targeted for new or improved infrastructure or for public fac. & urban services next 5-10 yrs.

Front 582

Intermediate Growth Boundaries (IGB)

Back 582

Formed within Urban growth boundaries (UGB) where development channeled over time.

Front 583

Urban Reserve Boundaries

Back 583

define land outside UGB which free for development should UGB expand.

Front 584

Growth Management goal 3

Back 584

Provide adequate public facilities and services at minimum cost & distribute costs equitably.

Front 585

Growth Management goal 4

Back 585

Distribute the burdens of and benefits of growth fairly- communities share plan, finance & manage- use regional approach- housing- share wealth, lulus.

Front 586

Growth Management goal 5

Back 586

Prevent or mitigate negative and foster positive externalities- separation of incompatible land uses- containment of urban dev- use zoning & buffers.

Front 587

Growth Management goal 6

Back 587

Provide admin efficiency-streamlined permitting procedures- streamlined judicial review.

Front 588

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis

Back 588

Used to compare & advocate policies by quantifying total costs & effects. Costs measured iin monetary terms- effects measured in units of any type.

Front 589

Cost-Revenue Analysis

Back 589

systematic comparison of two money flows.

Front 590

Fiscal Impact Analysis

Back 590

Detemines whether project generates sufficient revenues to offset cost of public services. similar to cost-revenue but CR broader application-impacts on public service. FI-fiscal implications of cost of public services & infrastructure.

Front 591

Municipal Financing Methods

Back 591

lease purchase- special assessments- special districts- state & federal grants- tax increment financing.

Front 592

Economic Development dimensions

Back 592

Employment, development base, location assets, knowledge resources.

Front 593

local economic development stratgegy

Back 593

locality development, business development, HR devlopment, community development

Front 594

Exaction

Back 594

contribution or payment required as authorized precondition for receiving a development permit-mandatory dedication or fee-in-lieu of dedication reqmts.

Front 595

Windfall tax

Back 595

tax on a financial benefit conferred on a property owner as a result of a publlic action. Recapture windfall profits by the public.

Front 596

Revenue forecasting

Back 596

Requires understanding of past, an object view of future & intuitive feel of future.

Front 597

Budget

Back 597

Allocating & spending tax $ to provide services to the public that woulod otherwise have to be provided by themselves. Series of goals with price and priorities.

Front 598

Operating Budget

Back 598

Everyday expenditures for salaries, supplies, and maintenance.

Front 599

Planning programming budget system (PPBS)

Back 599

Technique that organizes budget so it relates to a goal or activity.

Front 600

Zero Base Budgeting

Back 600

Budget starts from scratch every year.

Front 601

Taxes

Back 601

Generate revenues to finance govt goods & services, redistribute income, reduce income and spending when overall demand is excessive.

Front 602

Criteria when imposing tax

Back 602

Fairness, certainty, convenience, efficiency, productivity, neutrality.

Front 603

Progressive tax

Back 603

Tax rate increases as income rises.

Front 604

Proportional tax

Back 604

Tax rate is constant as income rises.

Front 605

Regressive tax

Back 605

Tax rate declines as income rises.

Front 606

Current Revenue

Back 606

Current funds for capital improvements

Front 607

Reserve funds

Back 607

Accumulation of funds for future capital improvements

Front 608

General Obligation Funds

Back 608

Votger approval to sell bonds for capital improvements

Front 609

Revenue Bonds

Back 609

Sell bonds at high interest rates for capital improvements

Front 610

Lease Purchase

Back 610

Private developer pays for capital improvement and municipality "rents-to-own"

Front 611

Assignment of or symbols (renaming, categorical) for purpose of designating subclasses that represent unique characteristics. Weakness level of measurement, meaningless to find mean, standard deviations, etc.

Back 611

Nominal Scale

Front 612

Assignment of or symbols identifying ordered relationships of some characteristic but having unspecified intervals.

Back 612

Ordinal

Front 613

Assignment of for purpose of identifying ordered relations of some characteristic. Can mathematically see differences between values on the scale. (ie. temperature)

Back 613

Interval Scale

Front 614

Assignment of for purpose of identifying ordered relations of some characteristic, order having arbitrarily assigned & equal interval and absolute zero point. Meets math assumptions to perform arithmetic operations.

Back 614

Ratio Scale

Front 615

nominal and sometimes ordinal

Back 615

Qualitative

Front 616

interval or ratio

Back 616

Quantitative

Front 617

Takes on finite number of values. Generally whole numbers.

Back 617

Discrete variable

Front 618

Where any numaber value can change to another in a given moment (ie. interest rate)

Back 618

Continuous variable

Front 619

fixed value throughout time (ie. male or female)

Back 619

Dichotomous variable

Front 620

Basic tool for organizing data. Helps researcher "see" data. Easy to sort from lowest to highest values. Count of occurances. Add % of occurrance for each score and cumulative frequency.

Back 620

Frequency Distribution

Front 621

Most frequent score in distribution. Can have more hatn one mode - b i-modal.

Back 621

Mode

Front 622

sum of scores in distribution divided by number of scores.

Back 622

Mean

Front 623

Midpoint or midscore in distribution 50% of observations fall above, 50% below. Can be calculated for ordinal, interval or ratio data.

Back 623

Median

Front 624

Probability of distribution that is symmetrical around the mean. A BELL CURVE.

Back 624

Normal Distribution

Front 625

Probability curve where a few high numbers pulls the mean to the right.

Back 625

Skewed right

Front 626

Probability curve where few low numbers pulls the mean to the left

Back 626

Skewed left

Front 627

Difference between highest and lowest score

Back 627

Range

Front 628

Measure of how spread out a distribution is. Computed as average squared deviation of each number from its mean.

Back 628

Variance

Front 629

Test viability of null hypothesis in light of experimental data. Depending on data, null hypothesis either will or will not be rejected as a viable possibility.

Back 629

Hypothesis Testing

Front 630

Reverse of what experimenter actually believes-put forward to allow data to contradict it.

Back 630

Null Hypothesis

Front 631

Statement expressing relationships between phenomena. Acceptance or non-acceptance upon logical analysis of data using scientific method. 1st describe prediction (trying to prove)- 2nd describe possible outcomes.

Back 631

Research Hypothesis

Front 632

Test statistic provides a measure of the amount of difference between the two frequency distributions.

Back 632

Chi Square - non-parametric

Front 633

Difference between the cost of a particular policy or project to gov unit & benefits to gov unit.

Back 633

Fiscal Impact Analysis

Front 634

Cost & benefits of competing altern during life of program. Impact of inflation. Present value cals give future value by applying discount rate-considers impact of inflation & growth of services over time. Actual dollars-no inflation, constant dollars yes

Back 634

Cost Benefit Analysis

Front 635

The location quotient (LQ) is an index for comparing an area's share of a particular activity with the area's share of some basic or aggregate phenomenon.

Back 635

Location quotient

Front 636

a technique sometimes used for forecasting land use, most often for forecasting changes in a set of urban areas or regions. (ie. employment and population are growing or declining)

Back 636

shift-share analysis

Front 637

Decomposes employment growth (or decline) in a region over a given time period into three components: (1) a national growth effect, (2) an industry mix effect, (3) a competitive effect. Sum of these three effects equals the actual change in total employme

Back 637

shift-share analysis

Front 638

examines historical trends in the regional economy, including recent changes in employment and business establishments, civilian labor force and unemployment rates, wages, labor force skill levels, and other related data.

Back 638

Economic Base analysis

Front 639

quantifies the multiple economic effects resulting from a change in the final demand for a specific product or service.

Back 639

Input-Output Economic Analysis

Front 640

Used to analyze the profitability of an investment or project. Sensitive to the reliability of future cash inflows that an investment or project will yield.

Back 640

Net Present Value

Front 641

Frequency distribution of one variable when another is held fixed at each of the several levels.

Back 641

Regression

Front 642

concerns a number of procedures concerned with comparing two averages.

Back 642

T-test

Front 643

Most comprehensive approach to project eval. Shows anticipated attainment of projects goal and assignment of accomplishing goal to a group.

Back 643

Goals Achievement Matrix (GAM)

Front 644

Focuses on single objective and projects effeictiveness with respect to that objective. When 2 or more projects achieve same level of service, comparision comes down to cost.

Back 644

Cost Effectiveness Analysis (CEA)

Front 645

Compares community gains from project to what community must forego in order to achieve. Project with higher ratio that 1 provides more benefits than costs.

Back 645

Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Front 646

Focuses on costs and revenues associated with specific form of growth. Resust is statement of net govt surplus or deficit expressed in financial terms.

Back 646

Cost Revenue Anslysis (CRA)

Front 647

Scheduling technique that graphically depicts inter-relationships of tasks that constitute project.

Back 647

PERT -Program evaluation and review technique

Front 648

Used to determine most critical steps to keep project going.

Back 648

Critical Path Programming

Front 649

Determines whether project will generate sufficient revenues to defray public service costs.

Back 649

Fiscal Impact Analysis

Front 650

Industries that draw money into economy from outside its borders.

Back 650

Basic Industries

Front 651

Industries serve the needs of local populance and businesses in localities borders.

Back 651

Non-basic Industries

Front 652

Ratio of employment in basic industries to non-basic industries that utilizes economic multipliers. Varies with size of community. Larger community, larger multiplier.

Back 652

Export Ratio

Front 653

Technique to monitor real pattern of money flows. Increase in production in one industry results in increases in other industries. Shows relationships among sectors of an economy.

Back 653

Input-Output modeling

Front 654

Two cities attract retail trade from any mid-sized town in direct proportion to population of 2 cities and in inverse proportion to the square of the distances from these 2 cities from the mid-sized town.

Back 654

Retail Gravitational Law (by W.J. Reilly)

Front 655

Group to generalize to

Back 655

Population

Front 656

Subset of the population.

Back 656

Sample

Front 657

the fact researcher is interested in explaining

Back 657

Dependant Variable

Front 658

variable used to explain the one dependent or causally prior to dependent variable.

Back 658

Independent Variable

Front 659

When experimenter can intentionally create variation in independent variable (ie. amount of funding)

Back 659

Manipulation

Front 660

Rival explanations for behavior of dependent variable.

Back 660

Confounding Variable

Front 661

units observations are made (regions, municipalities, etc)

Back 661

Subjects

Front 662

Set of data with which treatment group is compared.

Back 662

Control

Front 663

Subjects have equal chance of being assigned to treatment group or control group-purely by chance.

Back 663

Randomization

Front 664

Program rather than other factor caused results.

Back 664

Internal Validity

Front 665

Can the effect be expected under similar conditions in other settings.

Back 665

External Validity

Front 666

Convenience sampling-those accessible- volunteer sampling - volunteers-OK for descriptive results, may be bias, not representative of population

Back 666

non-probability sampling

Front 667

Individual has equal chance of being selected for sample

Back 667

Simple random (probability sampling)

Front 668

every Xth individual selected form list, starting randomly chosen point

Back 668

Systematic (probability sampling)

Front 669

Population may have 2 or more groups in study-provides best results- ensures even coverage of population- maintains random selection probabilities.

Back 669

Stratified (probability sampling)

Front 670

Used when stratified or simple random sampling would be difficult and/or expensive.

Back 670

Cluster (probability sampling)

Front 671

As ______increases, standard error decreases

Back 671

Sample size

Front 672

What level does corridor transportation planning typically occur at?

Back 672

Regional level

Front 673

Most corridor transportation planning is conducted by the .....?

Back 673

Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO)

Front 674

The National Corridor Planning and Development Program is a grant program that is funded as part of ....?

Back 674

SAFETEA-LU

Front 675

What deos SAFETEA-LU stand for? Who founded it and what year?

Back 675

Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users: which governs US Federal surface transportation spending through FY10, was signed into law by President George W. Bush in Montgomery, IL. Aug 10, 2005.

Front 676

Programs provide funding for planning, project development, construction and operation of projects that serve border regions near Mexico and Canada and high priority corridors throughout the US. What program is this?

Back 676

National Corridor Planning & Development Program & the Coordinated Border Infrastructure Program (CORBOR).

Front 677

The National Scenic Byways Program is a...?

Back 677

US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration program developed in 1992

Front 678

Purpose of the program is to designate & fund enhancements of scenic hwys across the US. In order to receive Scenic Byway Designation, the roadway must have archaeolgoical, cultural, historic, natural, recreational, &/or scenic qualities.

Back 678

The National Scenic Byways Program

Front 679

Which is the best way to solicit citzen input in plan making?

Back 679

Neighborhood group leaders and citizen committees

Front 680

Which generates the most effective adequate citizen participation?

Back 680

Developing a multi-faceted public information program

Front 681

Common citizen surveys

Back 681

mailed-inexpensive but slow, telephone-fast,cheaper but some no phone & must have interviewers, in-person-works well but very expensive & could be bias.

Front 682

Charrette

Back 682

Intensive interactive problem-solving process convened around development of specific plans. Experts within & outside community.

Front 683

Task Force

Back 683

agency-sponsored committee with a specific task related to a single problem.

Front 684

Citizen Advisory Committee

Back 684

Citizens groups presumed to represent the ideas and attitudes of local residents. Purpose to advise planning agency.

Front 685

Citizen referendum

Back 685

Citizens vote their approval or disapproval of a public measure by official ballot.

Front 686

Delphi technique

Back 686

used to develop consensus between two or more groups that are in conflict. Develop goals & objectives. Group facilitation skills.

Front 687

Focus Groups

Back 687

Representative sample of a community. Facilitated in an informal setting directed toward a specific subject.

Front 688

Alinsky's Org: Paul Alinsky

Back 688

Funding guarantee- paid organizer to neighborhood or community-Organizer identifies problem, develop citizen awareness with them & action- power is basis for successfully negotiating for economic and political gains.

Front 689

Advocacy Planning: Paul Davidoff

Back 689

Planner takes into account interests of those affected by plan- planners involved in political process as advocates for interests of gov and groups-mostly low income & minority.

Front 690

Ladder of Citizen Participation: Sherry R. Arnstein

Back 690

Defines citizen participation in terms of amount of control citizens have over policy decision. without distribution of power citizen participation is "empty ritual".

Front 691

Citizen Participation & Code of Ethics

Back 691

Continuing responsibility of professional planners- include disadvantaged citizens- special efforts required to reach disadvantaged- "Planners primary obligation is to serve the public interest".

Front 692

Freedom of speech applies to adult uses and signs. Freedom of religion applies to religious facilities. Freedom of association applies to group homes. What amendment?

Back 692

1st amendment

Front 693

This applies in cases of takings and eminent domain- just compensation for takings. What amendment

Back 693

5th amendment

Front 694

Due process can be applied to takings, eminent domain, and exactions. What amendment?

Back 694

14th Amendment

Front 695

What type of zoning is equal protection applied to?

Back 695

exclusionary zoning

Front 696

What constitutional principles relates to the ruling in Dolan v. City of Tigard (1994)?

Back 696

Takings

Front 697

Munn v Illinois (1876)

Back 697

In this case which concerned whether a grain operator had to comply with city ordinances, the court ruled that private property becomes a public interest when it is used in a manner which affect the community at large

Front 698

Cochran v Preston (1908)

Back 698

Determined that Baltimore could control height based on the concern that excesive height could pose a fire hazard. Established a nexus between legislative intent & legislative standard.

Front 699

Welch v Sawsey (1909)

Back 699

Upheld a Boston law that differentiated height restriction between commercial & residential areas. Determined that height controls were a legitimate excersise of police powers.

Front 700

Eubank v City of Richmond (1912)

Back 700

Overturned a Richmond ordinance that enabled a set of property owners from controling the private rights of others in the neighborhood. Resulted in a deprivation of due process & equal protection.

Front 701

Hadacheck v Sebastian

Back 701

Upheld L.A. law that prevented landowners from manufacturing bricks on private property because the property had been annexed into the city & the excavation of the valuable soil was not restricted.

Front 702

Thomas Cusack Co v City of Chicago (1917)

Back 702

Upheld law that allowed community members to vote on whether a billboard would be allowed in the neighborhood. Determined erection of billboards could negatively impact community's health, safety, & welfare.

Front 703

Town of Windsor, CT v Whitney (1920)

Back 703

Court held that cities could require developers to provide a development plan that included the layout (location, width, and building placement, and infrastructure placement) for highways & roads.

Front 704

Romar Realty v Board of Commissioners (1921)

Back 704

Overturned a law which sought to establish building heights & lot lines expressly for "aesthetic considerations" because such concerns do not impact health, safety, & welfare of a community.

Front 705

Inspector of Building of Lowell v Stoklosa (1924)

Back 705

Upheld city ordinance which created sepate areas/zones for business & residential areas.

Front 706

Zahn v Public Works of LA (1925)

Back 706

Upheld legislation that prohibited business uses in residential areas even if it diminished some of the property's value and there were business operations existing in the area that had been established prior to the zoning change.

Front 707

Euchlid v Ambler Realty (1926)

Back 707

Upheld zoning ordinance that separated "uncompatible" land uses

Front 708

Washington Ex Rel. Seattle Trust Co v Roberge

Back 708

Overturned an ordinance that arbitrarily delegated power to determine acceptance of child/senior home to the surrounding property owners. Violation of due process.

Front 709

Jones v City of Los Angeles (1930)

Back 709

Overturned part of a legislation that sought to cause exisiting businesses to cease once a new zoning classification was placed upon it. Upheld idea of "nonconforming uses"

Front 710

Dowsey v Kensington (1931)

Back 710

Found that there is fine line between reasonable use of police powers to restrict lawful use of private property and takings. Determined that the ordinance stepped over the line & deemed unconstitutional.

Front 711

Welton v Hamilton (1931)

Back 711

Overturned a Chicago ordinance which delegated zoning appeals to another body that had not been elected by the citizens without providing standards for ruling & criteria for judgement which resulted in the body having arbitrary authority.

Front 712

US v Certain Lands, City of Louisville (1935)

Back 712

Overturned a proposed US gov't action to secure lands through condemnation for purpose of cleaning slums as a provision of the National Industrial Recovery Act. Determined the federal gov't has no police powers in local land use concerns.

Front 713

NYC Housing Authority v Muller (1936)

Back 713

Upheld a NYC action to condem private property to place city owned & operated housing projects on it. Housing for poor/low income is a legitimate use concern for police powers.

Front 714

Austin v Older (1938)

Back 714

Upheld a Michigan city ordinance that prevented an existing non-comforming use to place a second nonconforming structure on the property.

Front 715

People of Tuoky v City of Chicago (1946)

Back 715

Upheld the right for a city to condem slums/blighted areas for public ownership & that levying taxes for said purpose is a legitimate exercise of a governments taxation powers.

Front 716

Ayres v City of L.A. (1949)

Back 716

Upheld the right for the LA planning commission to place conditions on a development during the review process. A nexus existed between the development conditions & protection of public interests.

Front 717

Pennsylvania Coal Company v Mahon

Back 717

A land regulation was that diminished the economic viability land constitutes a taking under the Fifth Amendment

Front 718

1978 - Takings Ruling - Penn Central Transportation Company v. City of New York

Back 718

Found that a NYC Preservation Law was not a "taking" 1)Land use & economic viability remained and 2) Historic preservation is in the public's general welfare

Front 719

Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas - 1974

Back 719

Communities may restict unrelated individuals from living together in a single dwelling unit

Front 720

Young v. American Mini Theatres - 1976

Back 720

Zoning of adult entertainment facilities is not a violation of the 1st Amendment

Front 721

5th Ammendment

Back 721

Protects agains a taking without just compensation

Front 722

Takings Definition

Back 722

A restriction of the use of privately owned land, or the actual taking of the land through eminent domain by governmental entities, without fair payment and/or without any benefit to the public. Protected against by the 5th Amendment

Front 723

1977 Moore v East Cleveland

Back 723

The Court found an ordnance that prevented a grandmother and a grandson from living together violated the Due Process Law of the 14th Ammendment

Front 724

Why was East Cleveland's "non-family" definition overturned by the courts & Belle Terra's uphelp?

Back 724

E Cleveland -- The parties were RELATED though not parent/child. Belle Terra's -- The parties were UNRELATED individuals.

Front 725

Metromedia v. San Diego - 1981

Back 725

Sign ordinanced which allows commercial signs in places noncommercial signs are not allowed is unconstitution because 1) noncommercial speech has higher 1st Amendment protection than commercial speech and 2) regulations may not be based on message content

Front 726

What does the POLICE POWER of Planning refer to?

Back 726

The regulation of personal property to prevent a use of the property that is detrimental to the public interest or general welfare.

Front 727

AGINS V. TIBURON (1980) -- What is the Takings Test that resulted from this ruling?

Back 727

The AGINS test asks whether the regulation advances some legitimate government purpose and whether the property owner has any economic use left over after the regulation is applied. If the answer to either part is no, a taking may be found

Front 728

Berman v. Parker - 1954

Back 728

Upheld urban renewal practices, in which governments sought to revitalize urban areas by removing slums and eliminating blight - even those where government took the land from one pricate land owner & gave it to another private land owner

Front 729

What is significant about the taking ruling in Berman v Parker - 1954

Back 729

It changed the test for eminent domain as the Court transformed the words 'public use' to mean 'public purpose'.

Front 730

What must every government action do to be lawful? Test against a Takings.

Back 730

All land use and zoning regulations must advance a legitimate public interest.

Front 731

village of euclid v ambler realty -- 1926

Back 731

The six-to-three decision in Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. legitimized zoning as a way of controlling land uses.

Front 732

What does the term "euclidean zoning" refer to?

Back 732

The act of segragating land uses from one another in order to ensure that incompatible uses do not locate in close proximity to one another. Upheld in the 1926 Landmark Planning Law Case Village of Euclid v Ambler Realty.

Front 733

What are the 3 tests of a Taking Case

Back 733

1) Essential Nexus 2) Rough Proportionality 3) Physical Invasion

Front 734

What 2 conditions are necessary for special exceptions, conditional use, or special use laws to be lawful?

Back 734

1) Enactment of the law (must be rational) 2) Application of law (must be fairly applied through established criteria in ordinances)

Front 735

What are the 2 elements of due process

Back 735

1) Procedural (the way in which a law operates) 2) Substantive (what is restictions are imposed in the law)

Front 736

What 2 Constitutional Amendments address due process issues

Back 736

1) Fifth Amemendment & 2) 14th Amendment (Specifically addresses States)

Front 737

What are the 2 legal tests for eminiment domain?

Back 737

A community must prove that 1) Public Purpose 2) Necessity

Front 738

What 2 amendments deal with eminent domain

Back 738

1) 5th Amendment (taking without compensation 2) Fourteenth (comdementation without due process)

Front 739

Explain Eminent Domain & what historical law it orginates from

Back 739

Eminent domain is the fundamental soverign power to take private property for public use that originates from the Magna Carta

Front 740

What Landmark Case established the right to zone or redevelop land for aesthetic / master planning purposes?

Back 740

Berman v Parker 1954

Front 741

What are the 2 types of nuisance ordinances? What do they involved

Back 741

1) Private Nuisance (Property owners right to uses that promote enjoyment of their land) 2) Public Nuisance (Common right to health, safety, morals,and comfort)

Front 742

What are the 3 tests for evaluating variances?

Back 742

1) Enactments (rational) 2) Application (unnecessary hardship & practical dificulties) 3) Hardship creation (self imposed or external)

Front 743

Lincoln Trust Co v Williams Building Corp -- 1920

Back 743

Upheld New York's zoning legislation

Front 744

Dolan v City of Tigard, 1994

Back 744

Landmark Case that established test of essential nexus & rough proportionality

Front 745

According tot he Constitution AnalysisTree What are the 11 Constiution Principles land use legistation may be analyzed by?

Back 745

1) Delegation of Power, 2) Void for Vagueness, 3) Procedural Due Process, 4) Substantive Due Process, 5) Equal Protection, 6) Just Compensation, 7) Ripeness, 8) Freedom of Speech, 9) Freedom of Religion, 10) Establishment Claus, 11) Free Exercise Clause

Front 746

What are the primary tests used to analyze "Discretionary Planning"

Back 746

1) Delegation of Power, 2) Procedural Due Process, 3) Void for Vagueness, 4) Substantive Due Process & 5) Equal Protection

Front 747

What are the primary tests used to analyze "Special Exceptions or Conditional Use Permits"

Back 747

1) Delegation of Power, 2) Substantive Due Process, 3) Equal Protection, & 4) Just Compensation (takings)

Front 748

What are the primary used to analyze "Aesthetic Regulations"

Back 748

1) Delegation of Power, Procedural Due Process, 3) Substantive Due Process, 4) Equal Protection, 5) Just Compensation

Front 749

What are the primary tests used to analyze "Rezoning (Negotiated) Approvals"

Back 749

1) Delegation of Power, 2) Procedural Due Process, 3) Substantive Due Process, 4) Equal Protection

Front 750

What are the primary tests used to analyze "Prohibition of Adult Uses"

Back 750

1) Void for Vagueness, 2) Equal Protection, 3) Freedom of Speech, 4) Substantive Due Process

Front 751

What are the primary tests used to analyze "Prohibition of Places of Worship"

Back 751

1) Substantive Due Process, 2) Freedom of Religion, 3) Equal Protection

Front 752

What are the primary tests used to analyze "Prohibition of Group Homes"

Back 752

Equal Protection

Front 753

What are the primary tests used to analyze "Downzoning"

Back 753

1) Procedural Due Proces, 2) Equal Protection, 3) Substantive Due Process, & 4) Just Compensation (takings)

Front 754

What are the primary tests used to analyze "Parcel Rezoning"

Back 754

1) Procedural Due Process, 2) Equal Protection, 3) Substantive Due Process, 4) Just Compensation (takings)

Front 755

Pennsylvania Coal v. Mahon

Back 755

1922 - Takings Case - Restrictions on Use - Justice Holmes wrote in opinion "The general rule...is, that while property maybe regulated to a certain extent, if regulation goes too far it will be recognized as a taking"

Front 756

Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co.

Back 756

1926 - Takings - Restrictions on Use -This case upheld zoning as constitutional under the United States Constitution, as being within the police power of the state. If zoning classifications were reasonable, then they would be upheld

Front 757

Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City

Back 757

1978 - Takings - Restriction on Use - Upheld that the restrictions imposed (by the Landmarks Law) are substantially related to the general welfare and not only permit reasonable use but also afford appellants opportunities to further enhance the property.

Front 758

Agins v. City of Tiburon

Back 758

1979 - Takings - Restriction on Use - Two prong test - 1 "does not substantially advance legitimate state interests" or 2 "denies an owner economically viable use of his land"

Front 759

Keystone Bituminous Coal Assn. v. DeBenedictis

Back 759

1987 - Takings - Affirmed Agins Test 1 - Stated that some states interest are more "legitimate than others" The more defensible the states interest the more likely it will be upheld.

Front 760

Nollan v. California Coastal Commission

Back 760

1987 - Takings - Expanded Agins Test 1 required a Nexus between the taking and the state's interest.-

Front 761

Dolan v. City of Tigard

Back 761

1994 - Takings - Expanded Agins Test 1 - "required a reasonable relationship" between the conditions to be imposed on a permit and the development's impact. "rough proportionality"

Front 762

Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council

Back 762

1992 - Takings - Expanded Agins test 2 - found a takings when the owner was called upon to sacrifice all economically beneficial uses in the name of the common good.

Front 763

Munn v. Illinois

Back 763

1877 - A landmark decision that paved the way for future governmental intervention in private development.

Front 764

Welch v. Swasey

Back 764

1909 - The first clear-cut nationwide authority for communities to regulate development of private property through limitation of building heights, and to vary these heights by zone.

Front 765

Eubank v. City of Richmond

Back 765

1912 - Setback legislation declared constitutional.

Front 766

Hadacheck v. Sebastian

Back 766

1915 - Provided that the restriction of future profitable uses was not a taking of property without just compensation.

Front 767

Town of Windsor v. Whitney

Back 767

1920 - Made land subdivision regulations possible by holding that dedication of streets as a prerequisite to platting was possible.

Front 768

Second Prong of the Agins Test

Back 768

An owner may not be denied economically valuable use of his or her land.

Front 769

First Prong of the Agins Test

Back 769

Regulations must substantially advance a legitimate state (governmental) interest.

Front 770

Nexus

Back 770

The condition has a required degree of connection.

Front 771

Metromedia v. City of San Diego

Back 771

1981 - Ordinances that placed tighter restrictions on non-commercial signs than commercial signs violate the 1st Amendment.

Front 772

Young. v. American Mini Theaters

Back 772

1976 - Communities can zone locations of adult entertainment establishments without violating the 1st Amendment.

Front 773

Renton v. Playtime Theaters

Back 773

1986 - Upheld separation or concentration requirements for adult uses where a substantial government interest exists.

Front 774

Procedural Due Process

Back 774

An assurance that all parties to the proceeding are treated fairly and equally.

Front 775

Pennsylvania Coal v. Mahon

Back 775

1922 - Takings Case - Restrictions on Use - Justice Holmes wrote in opinion "The general rule...is, that while property maybe regulated to a certain extent, if regulation goes too far it will be recognized as a taking"

Front 776

Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co.

Back 776

1926 - Takings - Restrictions on Use -This case upheld zoning as constitutional under the United States Constitution, as being within the police power of the state. If zoning classifications were reasonable, then they would be upheld

Front 777

Penn Central Transportation Co. v. New York City

Back 777

1978 - Takings - Restriction on Use - Upheld that the restrictions imposed (by the Landmarks Law) are substantially related to the general welfare and not only permit reasonable use but also afford appellants opportunities to further enhance the property.

Front 778

Agins v. City of Tiburon

Back 778

1979 - Takings - Restriction on Use - Two prong test - 1 "does not substantially advance legitimate state interests" or 2 "denies an owner economically viable use of his land"

Front 779

Keystone Bituminous Coal Assn. v. DeBenedictis

Back 779

1987 - Takings - Affirmed Agins Test 1 - Stated that some states interest are more "legitimate than others" The more defensible the states interest the more likely it will be upheld.

Front 780

Nollan v. California Coastal Commission

Back 780

1987 - Takings - Expanded Agins Test 1 required a Nexus between the taking and the state's interest.-

Front 781

Dolan v. City of Tigard

Back 781

1994 - Takings - Expanded Agins Test 1 - "required a reasonable relationship" between the conditions to be imposed on a permit and the development's impact. "rough proportionality"

Front 782

Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council

Back 782

1992 - Takings - Expanded Agins test 2 - found a takings when the owner was called upon to sacrifice all economically beneficial uses in the name of the common good.

Front 783

Munn v. Illinois

Back 783

1877 - A landmark decision that paved the way for future governmental intervention in private development.

Front 784

Welch v. Swasey

Back 784

1909 - The first clear-cut nationwide authority for communities to regulate development of private property through limitation of building heights, and to vary these heights by zone.

Front 785

Eubank v. City of Richmond

Back 785

1912 - Setback legislation declared constitutional.

Front 786

Hadacheck v. Sebastian

Back 786

1915 - Provided that the restriction of future profitable uses was not a taking of property without just compensation.

Front 787

Town of Windsor v. Whitney

Back 787

1920 - Made land subdivision regulations possible by holding that dedication of streets as a prerequisite to platting was possible.

Front 788

Second Prong of the Agins Test

Back 788

An owner may not be denied economically valuable use of his or her land.

Front 789

First Prong of the Agins Test

Back 789

Regulations must substantially advance a legitimate state (governmental) interest.

Front 790

Nexus

Back 790

The condition has a required degree of connection.

Front 791

Metromedia v. City of San Diego

Back 791

1981 - Ordinances that placed tighter restrictions on non-commercial signs than commercial signs violate the 1st Amendment.

Front 792

Young. v. American Mini Theaters

Back 792

1976 - Communities can zone locations of adult entertainment establishments without violating the 1st Amendment.

Front 793

Renton v. Playtime Theaters

Back 793

1986 - Upheld separation or concentration requirements for adult uses where a substantial government interest exists.

Front 794

Procedural Due Process

Back 794

An assurance that all parties to the proceeding are treated fairly and equally.

Front 795

Substantive Due Process

Back 795

Payment by government of just compensation to property owners when property is condemned or dimished by government action.

Front 796

Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas

Back 796

1974 - Upheld power to prohibit more than two unrelated individuals from residing together as a family.

Front 797

S. Burlington County NAACP v. Mount Laurel

Back 797

1972 - Held that communties in growing areas in the way of urban expansion must take their fair share of the region's growth.

Front 798

Construction Industry Assoc. or Sonoma County v. Petaluma

Back 798

Communities can restrict the number of building permits granted each year if reasonable.

Front 799

Golden v. Ramapo

Back 799

Upheld conditional development on the provision of services.

Front 800

Berman v. Parker

Back 800

Upheld redevelopment programs that took property in eminent domian and resold the property to private developers for redevelopment.

Front 801

Moore v. East Cleveland

Back 801

Cities cannot define family so that the definition prevents closely related individuals from living with each other.

Front 802

Associated Home Builders v. City of Livermore

Back 802

1976 - Allowed for time phasing in future residential growth until performance conditions were met, including schools, sewers, water, and fire protection.

Front 803

1st English Evangical Luthern Church v. County of Los Angeles

Back 803

Court rejected concept that sole remedy for taking is payment of full value of property. City could either buy property outright or revoke ordinance and pay church for losses at time of trial.

Front 804

Rivers and Harbors Act

Back 804

1899 - Prohibited the construction of any bridge, dam, dike, or causeway over any navigable waterway without Congressional Approval. Also required Congressional approval for all wharfs, piers, or jetties, and the excavation or fill of navigable waters.

Front 805

Water Pollutant Control Act

Back 805

1948 allowed the Surgeon General working w/ other governmental entities, to prepare a comprehensive program to eliminate/reduce the pollution of interstate waters and tributaries and improving the sanitary conditions of surface and underground waters.

Front 806

Water Quality Act

Back 806

1965 - Established the Water Pollution Control Administration within the Department of the Interior. This was the first time water quality was treated as an environmental concern rather than a public health concern.

Front 807

Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)

Back 807

Adresses: probable impact of proposed action- adverse environ effects that cannot be avoided- alternatives to proposed action-relationship btwn shortterm use man's environ & maint & enhancement of longterm productivity- irreversible & irretrievable commit

Front 808

Federal Water Pollutant Control Act 1972

Back 808

Requires states to control water pollution

Front 809

Clean Water Act 1977

Back 809

Amend to Fed Water Pollutant Control Act of 1972. Must have permit if discharge pollutants into body of water, amt of discharge regulated by ambient and effuent water quality stds. Excl ship sewage.

Front 810

Clean Air (1990)

Back 810

Federal government sets ambient air quality standards and states devise methods to meet the standards.

Front 811

Clean Air Act

Back 811

Air Quality Control Regions (AQCR) are airsheds of our communities

Front 812

Clean Air Act

Back 812

PSD stds dictate total ambient & effluent stds & new air pollutions not allowed unless reduce pollutants > than pollutants contributed by new source.

Front 813

Ambient Standards

Back 813

Standards for air & water quality relatiing to quality of receiving environ. Baseline for gauging improvements.

Front 814

First Earth Day

Back 814

April 22, 1970

Front 815

Metropolitan Water District of Southern California

Back 815

Established in 1927, to build and operate the Colorado River Aqueduct. Aqueduct built between 1933 and 1941 and ran a water pipeline to Los Angeles.

Front 816

Rachel Carson

Back 816

Author of Silent Spring, published in 1962. Examined the dangers of chemical pesticides, such as DDT, on plants, animals, and humans. Major influential in the way people think about the environment.

Front 817

Effluent Standards

Back 817

Set restrictions on the discharge of pollutants into the environment. The EPA has effluent guidelines for more than 50 categories.

Front 818

Point Source Pollution

Back 818

Discharged directly from a specific site, such as a sewage treatment plant or an industrial pipe.

Front 819

Non-point Source Pollution

Back 819

Contaminated runoff from many sources.

Front 820

Potable Water

Back 820

Safe to drink.

Front 821

Aquifer

Back 821

One or more strata of rock or sediment that is saturated and sufficiently permeable to yield economically significant quantities of water to wells or springs.

Front 822

Estuary

Back 822

An area where fresh water meets salt water.

Front 823

Lagoon

Back 823

A shallow body of water that is located alongside a coast.

Front 824

Marsh

Back 824

A type of freshwater, brackish water or saltwater wetland found along rivers, ponds, lakes, and coasts. It does not accumulate appreciable peat deposits and is dominated by herbaceous vegetation.

Front 825

Reservoir

Back 825

A pond, lake, tank, or basin that can be used for the storage and control of water, and can be either natural or man-made.

Front 826

Surface Water

Back 826

Includes rivers, lakes, oceans, ocean-like water bodies, and coastal tidal waters.

Front 827

Swamp

Back 827

A freshwater wetland that has spongy, muddy land and a lot of water.

Front 828

Watershed

Back 828

A region drained by, or contributing water to, a surface water body.

Front 829

Wetlands

Back 829

Include swamps, marshes, bogs, and other similar areas. They are areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetland

Front 830

Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD)

Back 830

Relates to air quality and requires that a project will not increase emissions above a specified increment.

Front 831

Endangered Species Act

Back 831

1973 - Provided protection of animal and plant species that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service designate as threatened or endangered. Act was later amended in 1988.

Front 832

Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act (PURPA)

Back 832

1978 - Promoted alternative energy sources, energy efficiency, and reduced dependence on foreign oil. It also created a market for non-utility power producers and requires competition in the utility industry.

Front 833

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

Back 833

1980 - Created a $1.6 billion Superfund to clean up abandoned hazardous waste sites and requires major industries to report annual releases of toxic wastes into the air, water, or ground. "Superfund Sites"

Front 834

Brownfields

Back 834

Land previously used for industrial purposes, or certain commercial uses, and that may be contaminated by low concentrations of hazardous waste or pollution and has the potential to be reused once it is cleaned up.

Front 835

Greyfield

Back 835

Economically obsolete, outdated, failing, moribund and/or underutilized real estate assets or land. Typically do not require remediation in order to unlock value to an investor.

Front 836

EPA's Environmental Indicators Initiative

Back 836

Numerical values from actual measurements of a pressure, state or ambient condition, exposure, human health, ecological condition over a specified geographic domain, whose trends over time represent/draw attention to underlying trends in the environment.

Front 837

EPA's Environmental Indicators Initiative

Back 837

Draft 2003 - Multiyear effort to identify credible indicators to answer key questions pertaining to the environment & human health and to understand/improve what is know about current state of the environment & identify where additional info is needed.

Front 838

Biomass energy

Back 838

Uses organic material which is burned to create energy.

Front 839

Methane

Back 839

Is a naturally occurring byproduct of decaying plant and animal material. Gas is burned to produce electricity.

Front 840

Hydroelectric power

Back 840

typically associated with large dams. It uses falling water to produce power, which is moved through a turbine, causing it to spin. The spinning turbine is coupled with a generator, which produces energy.

Front 841

Solar Energy

Back 841

uses photovoltaic panels to convert sunlight directly into electricity. The panels can be added together to create large systems.

Front 842

Wind power

Back 842

Uses tall turbines (100 feet plus) to convert wind to electrical power. Multipple turbines built close together, and they can be found in coastal, mountain, or other regions with a constant wind supply.

Front 843

Insulation

Back 843

Allows for more efficient heating of a building.

Front 844

R-value

Back 844

Ratings for insulationindicates the resistance to heat flow. The higher the number, the greater the insulating effectiveness.

Front 845

LEED

Back 845

Developed by the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), provides a list of standards for environmentally sustainable construction.

Front 846

Greenfield

Back 846

A piece of undeveloped land, either currently used for agriculture or just left to nature.

Front 847

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA)

Back 847

1980 - Identifies potentially responsible parties (PRPs) for environmental contamination. Setup Federal ￢ﾀﾜSuperfund￢ﾀﾝ to clean up uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous-waste sites.

Front 848

R-20

Back 848

Minimum R-value recommended for home insulation?

Front 849

Lowering a thermostat by 1 degree Fahrenheit can reduce a heating bill by what percent?

Back 849

Up to 3 percent

Front 850

Tennessee Valley Authority

Back 850

Created in May 1933 to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic development in a region particularly hard hit by the Great Depression. Served as a large-scale regional planning program.

Front 851

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)

Back 851

The system for granting and regulating discharge permits. Regulates both point and non-point sources that discharge pollutants into waters of the U.S.

Front 852

Secondary Treatment

Back 852

A biological process to remove dissolved organic matter from wastewater. Sewage microorganisms are cultivated and added to the wastewater. The microorganisms absorb organic matter from sewage as their food supply.

Front 853

Effluent

Back 853

The discharge of pollutants into the environment in an untreated, partially treated, or completely treated state.

Front 854

Mass Wasting

Back 854

The downslope movement of earth materials due to the force of gravity.

Front 855

Alfred Bettman

Back 855

The "Father of Zoning". Helped shape Standard City Enabling Act 1928. However, Edward Bassett is also known as the Father of Zoning.

Front 856

Alfred Bettman

Back 856

Cincinnati Lawyer. Played a key role in Cincinnati Plan (1925), Euclid v. Amber (1926)ￂﾠ

Front 857

Daniel Hudson Burnham

Back 857

Father of city planning in US. Among city planners is renowned for the influential 1909 "Plan for Chicago". Famous for his quote, "Make no little plans, they have no magic to stir men's blood".

Front 858

Daniel Hudson Burnham

Back 858

His "White City" at the Columbian Expo inspired the "City Beautiful Movement", and his Chicago Plan (1909) gave birth to modern city planning.

Front 859

Paul Davidoff

Back 859

Founded the Suburban Action Institute in 1969, whose members challenged exclusionary zoning in the courts, winning in the Mt. Laurel case. Developed the concept of the "advocacy planner".

Front 860

Patrick Geddes

Back 860

Author of the "Cities in Evolution". Considered the "father" of regional planning.

Front 861

Ebenezer Howard

Back 861

Published "Tomorrow, A Peaceful Path to Real Reform" in 1898, starting the Garden City Movement. The book was reissued in 1902 as "Garden Cities of Tomorrow"

Front 862

Jane Jacobs

Back 862

Author of 1961 book, "The Death and Life of Great American Cities", forced its readers to rethink urban renewal and other contemporary tools of city building.

Front 863

T.J. Kent Jr.

Back 863

San Francisco - served as the coordinator for housing, planning, and development. Wrote "The Urban General Plan".

Front 864

Pierre Charles L'Enfant

Back 864

Plan for Washington DC - made use of grid pattern, axials, and circles.

Front 865

Kevin Lynch

Back 865

Author of "Image of the City". Focused on how users perceive and organize spatial information as they navigate through cities. Coined the words "imageability" and "wayfinding".

Front 866

Ian McHarg

Back 866

Wrote "Design with Nature". Father of Modern Ecology/Environmental Movement. Proposed the use of transfer of development rights (TDR) to preserve landscape. Renowned for his advocacy of ecological planning and for the layered mapping techniques.

Front 867

Lewis Mumford

Back 867

Outspoken critic of the Regional Plan of NY 1929. Prolific author - "The Culture of Cities" (1938)- inspired city and regional planning efforts.

Front 868

Fredrick Law Olmsted, Sr.

Back 868

Co-designer of Forest Hills and Riverside, IL. Site planner for the 1893 Columbian Exposition

Front 869

Fredrick Law Olmsted, Jr.

Back 869

Designer of Forest Hills Gardens and Palos Verdes Estates. Played important role in shaping Standard City Enabling Act 1928

Front 870

Clarence Arthur Perry

Back 870

Promoter of the neighborhood unit concept. Author of "Housing for a Mechanic Age, Regional Survey of New York and Environs" (1929)

Front 871

Pullman, George

Back 871

His model company town, he tried to combine the industrialist's need for efficiency with the worker's need for decent housing

Front 872

Jacob Riis

Back 872

Used photography and writing to reveal the terrible conditions of the urban poor in "How The Other Half Lives" (1890) and "Children of the Poor" (1892). Led to the first federal investigation of slums and to changes in NYC's housing laws

Front 873

Charlotte Rumbold

Back 873

Influential in citizen planning. Helped found the Ohio Planning Conference, the 1st statewide citizen based group (1919). Won legislative support for planning enabling laws, zoning and subdivision regs, and public housing (1920-30's)

Front 874

Mary K. Simkhovitch

Back 874

Organized one of the nation's first settlement houses, Greenwich House in New York. Described in her autobiography, "Neighborhood: My Story of Greenwich House

Front 875

Clarence S. Stein

Back 875

Co-designer of Radburn, NJ. Member of Regional Plan Association of America (RPAA)

Front 876

Catherine Bauer

Back 876

Wrote "Modern Housing". She attributed the lack of low cost housing to the liberal intellectuals, trade unions, and planners. Considered a key housing reformer of the 20th Century

Front 877

Clarence Perry

Back 877

Father of the Neighborhood Unit Concept, wrote "Housing for the Mechanic Age" (1939) and "Regional Survey of New York and its Environs" (1929).

Front 878

Frank Lloyd Wright

Back 878

Wrote "Broadacre City - A New Community Plan" (1935)

Front 879

Ebenezer Howard

Back 879

Wrote "Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform" (1898)

Front 880

Ian McHargￂﾠ

Back 880

Wrote "Design with Nature" 1971 ￂﾠ

Front 881

Jacob Riis

Back 881

Wrote "How the Other Half Lives" (1890) and "Children of the Poor" (1892)

Front 882

Jacobs, Jane

Back 882

Wrote "The Death and Life of a Great American City" (1961)

Front 883

Kevin Lynch

Back 883

Image of the City (1960), summarizes a 5-year study on how people perceive their cities- What Time is This Place (1972), examining how time may be passed in cities and urban conservation- and Up in Cities (1977), explores how environments affect children

Front 884

Lewis Mumford

Back 884

Wrote "The Culture of Cities" (1938), The Condition of Man (1944), and The Conduct of Life (1951)

Front 885

Patrick Geddes

Back 885

Wrote "Cities in Evolution" (1915) Focus on place - Work - Folk

Front 886

Sherry Arnstein

Back 886

Wrote "Ladder of Citizen Participation"

Front 887

Peter Calthorpe

Back 887

Developed the design feature "Transit Oriented Developments" (TOD's)

Front 888

Saul Alinksy

Back 888

Father of Neighborhood Organizing Movement, 1940's Back of the Yards (Chicago) from Upton Sinclair's The Jungle. Rules for Radicals 1971. Industrial Areas Foundation (IAF)1940

Front 889

Saul Alinksy ￂﾠ

Back 889

The organization uses boycotts to initiate change, a paid organizer is used to organize people and an invitation is given to members of a community to participate in the organization.

Front 890

Robert Moses

Back 890

Known as "Great Expediter" leading city planner in 1920's replacing Burnham. "If the ends don't justify the means, than what the hell does." Portland, OR program of public improve. NY region over 400 miles of parkways-Triborough Bridge, Jones Beach

Front 891

Thomas Adams

Back 891

Secretary of the Garden City Association and the 1st manager of Letchworth, England

Front 892

Rachel Carson

Back 892

Wrote Silent Spring, focused on the negative effects of pesticides on the environment

Front 893

Rexford Tugwell

Back 893

Head of the Resettlement Administration under FDR - began work on the greenbelt communities

Front 894

Joel Garreau

Back 894

Wrote Edge City - Life on the New Frontier, 1991, about the end of central city growth, population and economic activity shifting to suburbs, and the urban secession and other autonomy struggles that arise

Front 895

Catherine Bauer

Back 895

Founder of American housing policy, wrote Modern Housing (1934) and was influential in the passage of the Housing Act of 1937

Front 896

John Muir

Back 896

one of the earliest modern environmental preservationists Founded the Sierra Club.

Front 897

Richard Babcock

Back 897

Author of "The Zoning Game" (1966) observations on American zoning practice.

Front 898

William Whyte

Back 898

Knonw for "Street Life Project" (1969) - Authored several texts about urban planning and design and human behavior in various urban spaces.

Front 899

Saul Alinsky

Back 899

Was associated with advocacy planning.

Front 900

Harland Bartholomew

Back 900

1916 - First full time city planner in the US, wrote the comprehensive plan for St. Louis, & owned a private consulting firm.

Front 901

Alfred Bateman

Back 901

First president of the American Society of Planning Officals

Front 902

Charles Lindbolm

Back 902

Known for theory of incrementalism in policy and decsion making as described in his work the "The Science of Muddling Through" - 1959

Front 903

Norman Krumholz

Back 903

Associated with the development of equity planning theory. Was head of Cleveland￢ﾀﾙs city planning from 1969 -1979.

Front 904

Herbert Simon

Back 904

Introduced the concept of Satisficing

Front 905

John Friedmann

Back 905

Research focus is on processes of urbanization, knonw for many publications including "Planning in the public domain : from knowledge to action" (1987)

Front 906

Amitai Etzioni

Back 906

Modern planning theorist - famous for work on socioeconomics and communitarianism believes individual rights and aspirations should be protected but that they should be inserted into a sense of the community

Front 907

George Haussmann

Back 907

Responsible for the 19th century Plan of Paris

Front 908

Peter Drucker

Back 908

Associated with Management by Objectives (MBO) - a process of agreeing upon objectives within an organization so that management and employees buy in to the objectives and understand what they are.

Front 909

John Logan & Harvey Molotch

Back 909

Commonly associated with the term "Growth Machine"

Front 910

Ernest Burgess

Back 910

Urban sociologist - research, provided the foundation for The Chicago School. In "The City" described the city into the concentric zones (Concentric ring model), central business district, transitional, working class, residential, and commuter/suburban

Front 911

Homer Hoyt

Back 911

Known for the "Sector Model", that modified the concentric zone model of city development. Suggested that various groups expand outward from the city center along railroads, highways, and other transportation arteries.

Front 912

Louis Wirth

Back 912

Major contribution to social theory of urban space was a classic essay "Urbanism as a Way of Life" interests included city life, minority group behaviour and mass media and he is recognised as one of the leading urban sociologists.

Front 913

Baron Georges-Eugene Haussmann

Back 913

A French civic planner whose name is associated with the rebuilding of Paris, commissioned by Napolￃﾩon,spanning from 1852 to 1870. The project encompassed all aspects of urban planning

Front 914

Homer Hoyt

Back 914

Known for the "Sector Model" aka Theory of Axial Development (1939)

Front 915

Harris and Ullman

Back 915

Proposed Multi-Nuclei Model in 1945 - progressive integration of a number of separate nuclei. Nodes become specialized by attributes: accessibility, compatibility, incompatibility and sustainability.

Front 916

Earnest Burgess

Back 916

Concentric zone model with CBD in center and residential in outer zones. Pattern of ￢ﾀﾜInvasion and Succession￢ﾀﾝ would change pattern with inner zones pushing outer zones further out (1920s).

Front 917

Edward J. Kaiser

Back 917

Focus on improving the quality of local land use plans and and developing land use planning strategies for hazard mitigation and environmental protection. Famous book "Urban Land Use Planning" 5th ed.

Front 918

Randall Arendt

Back 918

In Rural by Design (1994) advocates creative, practical land-use planning techniques to preserve open space and community character. He shows how developments all across America have used these techniques successfully.

Front 919

James Kunstler

Back 919

New Urbanist "The Geography of Nowhere" " The City in Mind" Anti Modernism, Strip Malls, & Sprawl

Front 920

Rooted in agriculture most humanly valuable. T. Jefferson & Hector St John de Crevecoeur

Back 920

Agrarian (1800s)

Front 921

total unrestricted competition in society ultimately benefits & individual hardships from competition essential to ultimate good of state. Exploit the poor...

Back 921

Laissez Faire (1800s)

Front 922

Gov't involvement in public health & safety of worker. max standards, min hsg standards, light & air provisions.

Back 922

Public Health (1800s)

Front 923

Beauty of public works projects to attract wealthy, pleasant life of poor, accessible to all men, create unifying civic pride.

Back 923

City Beautiful (1900-1920s)

Front 924

Create broad, tree lined aves, bring light, air, nature to the slum.

Back 924

City Beautiful (1900-1920s)

Front 925

Burnham, Lomsted, McKim, St Gaudens, Gottlieb- St. Louis Worlds Fair, Carnegie Libraries.

Back 925

City Beautiful (1900-1920s)

Front 926

Big business lost interest, awarenesss of corruption-movement declined but emphasis of physical site planning was internalized in planning movements regulating development of suburbs.

Back 926

City Beautiful (1900-1920s)

Front 927

Began with Columbian Expo at Chicago worlds fair in 1893, White City, 1st US example of great group of bldgs. designed in relation to each other and to surrounding open space.

Back 927

City Beautiful (1900-1920s)

Front 928

Anti-urban, agarian, predicated on: sacredness of nature, inherent immorality of the city, & return to pre-industrial village.

Back 928

Garden City ((1920s in US)

Front 929

Ebenezer Howard "Tommorrow Peaceful Path to Reform 1898)

Back 929

Garden City ((1920s in US)

Front 930

Lethchworth, England 1903-20, Welwyn England 1919-34, Radburn New Jersey 1928

Back 930

Garden City ((1920s in US)

Front 931

Influenced by Howard's cities & Ray Unwin's "Hampstead Gardens" (1907). 1st compr suburban neighborhood design, planning & physical design of residential with spatial open, lush green, parks, shopping, schools.

Back 931

Garden City (1920s in US)

Front 932

"City of Motor Age", superblocks & cul-de-sacs, public pedestrian ways between properties to natural amenities (parks,schools), utilize underpass to cross busy sts.

Back 932

Garden City:Radburn, NJ 1928

Front 933

Not really "Garden City" DID NOT HAVE planned greenbelt, not self-contained,not single tax rent system

Back 933

Garden City:Radburn, NJ 1928

Front 934

Emergency Relief Act 1935, admin by Rural Resettlement Admin, created for soil conservation, relocate farmers from poor to good soil, owned & operated by fed govt until sold to private during Eisenhower admin in 1950s.

Back 934

Greenbelt Towns: Greenbelt MD- Greenhills, OH- Greendale, WI (1935-50s)

Front 935

Never built because RRA stopped by courts -Fed govt couldn't use power of eminent domain that way.

Back 935

Greenbrook, NJ

Front 936

Massive land subdivisions and single-family hsg projects with few community facilities & built on model of war hsg projects of 1940s.

Back 936

New Towns: Levittown, NY & Park Forest, IL (1947-1948)

Front 937

Major amenities, large open spaces, high quality physical design. 75,000 pop cluster plan in 7 villages (10,000 ea). Satellite cities rather than uncontrolled sprawl. 6,810 acres 22% open space-detached townhomes, apts.

Back 937

New Towns: Reston, VA (1960s)

Front 938

Overlapping communities

Back 938

New Towns: Columbia MD (1960s)

Front 939

The Plan of Chicago

Back 939

(1909) First comprehensive plan in US. Proposed Public housing as a proper government function.

Front 940

The Works of Clarence Stein

Back 940

Co-designer of Radburn N.J. the first New Town in America 1928

Front 941

The Cincinnati Plan

Back 941

(1925) The Ford-Goodrich plan for this city. First officially adopted Plan. Landmark in the 20's because of its scope was far broader than other plans of the period. Legal connection between zoning and plan.

Front 942

Greenbelt Towns

Back 942

Visualized as Green-Belt Cities.

Front 943

Country Club Plaza, Kansas City, MO

Back 943

(1922) First "auto-oriented suburban shopping center".

Front 944

Euclid v. Amber, US Supreme Court

Back 944

(1926) The 1926 US Supreme Court case upholding zoning.

Front 945

The New York City Zoning Code

Back 945

(1915) First comprehensive zoning code in the US prepared under the leadership of Edward Bassett.

Front 946

The Plan of Riverside, IL

Back 946

(1869) Railroad suburb designed by F.L. Olmsted Sr. and Calvert Vaux.

Front 947

The San Francisco Zoning Ordinance

Back 947

(1867) Prevented slaughter houses and hog storage in certain areas, thus laying the foundations for zoning controls elsewhere.

Front 948

The Plan of Washington DC

Back 948

(1791) Radial/gridiron plan by Peirre L'Enfant influenced plans across the US.

Front 949

The Plan of Savannah, GA

Back 949

(1733) The original ward system, with a central square, was followed in later development. Rare example of early city growth design in America.

Front 950

Forest Hills Gardens, Long Island, NY

Back 950

(1911+) In Queens, NY begun in 1908. US's first "garden suburb".

Front 951

"Radburn" at Fairlawn, NJ

Back 951

(1928-29) One of the first New Towns, designed by Clarence Stein & Henry Wright ("city in the motor age"). It established the superblock, with center block paths, as a model for residential site planning.

Front 952

Hawaii's State Land Use Law

Back 952

(1961) It was the first such statewide regulatory system in the US.

Front 953

The Plan of Vieux Carre, New Orleans

Back 953

(1721) In 1925, the neighborhood was protected by the nations's first historic preservation ordinance.

Front 954

The Town of Norris, TN

Back 954

(1933) The TVA's first new town. It was seen as a demonstration of the greenbelt town idea.

Front 955

Yellowstone National Park

Back 955

(1872) First National Park in the US.

Front 956

Central Park, New York City

Back 956

(1857) Designed by F.L. Olmstead Sr. and Calvert Vaux. Became the model for large urban parks throughout the US.

Front 957

City Beautiful Movement

Back 957

Re-create cities as works of art, grandeur, strong axis, monuments, parks.

Front 958

Greenbelt Towns

Back 958

Begun in 1935 with the New Deal Program "Rural Resettlement Administration" RPA under USDA.

Front 959

Greenbelt, MD- Greenhills, OH- Greendale, WI- & Greenbrook, NJ

Back 959

Greenbelt towns built and operated by the Federal Government.

Front 960

Kalamazoo Mall, MI

Back 960

1956 - Nations first downtown pedestrian mall.

Front 961

Northland Center, Michigan, 1954

Back 961

The fiirst major regional shopping center to open in the United States.

Front 962

Was a component of the New Town of Columbia, Maryland.

Back 962

Neighborhood Clusters

Front 963

Was a component of the New Town of Columbia, Maryland.

Back 963

Prior land assembly.

Front 964

Characterized by Local Management & self-government without the need from intervention from the state.

Back 964

Garden City Movement

Front 965

Planning should be designed for socioeconomic stratums just above the poor.

Back 965

Garden City Movement

Front 966

What was the " Standard State Zoning & Enabling Act"? Year? Who prompted its development?

Back 966

The Standard State Zoning Enabling Act (SZEA) established states' right to plan through zoning of land uses. Secretary of State Herber Hoover led its development in 1924.

Front 967

What were some of the major provisions of the SZEA?

Back 967

1) grant of zoning power, 2) land uses could be divided into districts, 3) required statement of purpose for the zoning regulations, 4) required procedures for creating & amending codes, 5) required a zoning commission be created as a planning advisor

Front 968

What ws the Standard City Planning Enabling Act? Year? Who led its development?

Back 968

The SCPEA was a 1928 Federal legislation that promoted city master or comprehensive planning. Effort led by Sec of State Herbert Hoover.

Front 969

What the primary priciples of the SCPEA?

Back 969

1) organization & power of a planning commission to develop a master plan, 2) plan for the physical development, 3) master street plan, 4) approval of public improvements, 5) control private subdivision of land, 6) develop a rpc & regional plan.

Front 970

Where was the first rural zoning established? When?

Back 970

Wisconsin in 1929

Front 971

When was Sunnyside Garden built? Designers? Builders? Location? Significance?

Back 971

Sunnyside Gardens was the first PLANNED "Garden City" in the US. Located in Queen, NY it was designed by Clarence Stein & Henry Wright and built by the City Housing Corp under the mangement of Alexander Bing.

Front 972

When was Radburn, NJ built? Builders? Significance?

Back 972

Radburn, NJ was the first CONSTRUCTED "Garden City" in the US. It was designed by Clarence Stein & Henry Wright in 1928.

Front 973

What Federal Department was responsible for the SZEA & SCPEA? Who led it? What years?

Back 973

Te SZEA & SCPEA were established by US Department of Commerce which was led by Sec of State Herbert Hoover. The SZEA was completed in 1924 & SCPEA was completed in 1928.

Front 974

What was the first comprehensive plan to be adopted in the US? When?

Back 974

The 1925 Cincinnatti Plan.

Front 975

Describe the "Neighborhood Unit Principle". Who developed it? What Year?

Back 975

The neighborhood is the core of the community and all people should be able to acess all parts of the community from the neighborhood. Developed by Clarence Perry in 1929.

Front 976

Explain what the "Concentric Zone Model" of city planning.

Back 976

The Concentric Zone Model is a planning theory which states that a city is developed in rings. Core is the business district- the 1st circle is a low-income, high crime residential- 2nd is working class- 3rd is middle class, 4th is upper class.

Front 977

What book is about the "Concentric Zone Model" of city planning? Authors? Year? What is another name for this model?

Back 977

"The City" written by Ernest Burgess, Robert Park, & Roderick McKenzie in 1925. Because of its circles around the core design it is also known as the "Bull's Eye" model

Front 978

Where was the first county wide planning/ regional plan in the US?

Back 978

Los Angeles County in 1922.

Front 979

What was the predecessor to JAPA? When was it published? What organization?

Back 979

"City Planning" by the American City Planning Institute in 1925.

Front 980

Where was the first regional planning commission formed? Year?

Back 980

Los Angeles County in 1922

Front 981

What is the significance of the "Regional Plan for New York and Environs"? Author? Year?

Back 981

It was the first plan focused on "Suburban Development" by planning for highway construction & suburban recreational facilities. Developed by Clarence Stein & Lewis Mumford from 1922- 1929.

Front 982

Where was the first historic commission established? Year? Name?

Back 982

New Orleans established "Vieux Carre Commission" in 1921.

Front 983

What is the significance of Mariemont, OH? Year? Designers?

Back 983

Designed by John Nolen, Mariemont,OH's design of short blocks, mixture of rental and owner-occupied housing were precurssors to the new urbanist movement. It was built in 1923.

Front 984

What is the planning significance of the stock market crash?

Back 984

The proverty ensued prompted people to think about planning on a national level in order to address the needs of all.

Front 985

What is the Federal Roads Act?

Back 985

Federal Roads Act of 1920 called for the widening of streets which led to land use zoning & development of new roads.

Front 986

When & where was the 1st National Convention of Planning

Back 986

1909 in Washington, DC

Front 987

What was the Inland Waterway Commission? Founder? Year?

Back 987

Federal commission to encourage multipurpose planning in waterway development: Navigation power, irragation, flood control, water supply. Pres Roosevelt in 1907.

Front 988

What did the "White City" bring about? What is its significance?

Back 988

The Chicago Plan of 1909. It was the first long range comprehensive plan for the orderly development of an American City.

Front 989

What was the "Antiquities Act of 1906"

Back 989

The 1st law to institute federal protection for preserving archealogical sites.

Front 990

What was the "Public Lands Commission"? Who appointed it? Year?

Back 990

In 1903, the Public Lands Commission was appointed by Pres Theodore Roosevelt to propose rules for the orderly development & managment of land.

Front 991

When was the original Garden City constructed? Where?

Back 991

Letchworth, England, 1903

Front 992

What is significant about the NY State Tenement House Law? Who led its passage? Year?

Back 992

It established the basis for the revision of NYV codes that outlawed tenements such as the "dumbell" style. Lawerence Veeler in 1901

Front 993

What was the "NY Committee on Congestion of Population"? Who led it? Year?

Back 993

A committee established in NY to decentralize the population. Founded in 1907 by Benjamin Marsh.

Front 994

What was the country's first local civil center plan? Year? Who developed it?

Back 994

In 1903 Daniel Burnham, John Carrere, and Arnold Brunner developed the first local civic center plan in Cleveland.

Front 995

Where was the first town planning board created? Year?

Back 995

Harford, Ct in 1907

Front 996

What was the first major city to apply the City Beautiful Principles? Year? Developer?

Back 996

San Francisco in 1906. The plans were developed by Daniel Burnham.

Front 997

When was "Garden Cities of To-morrow" Published? Author?

Back 997

1902 by Ebenezer Howard

Front 998

What was the "US Reclamation Act"

Back 998

A 1902 federal legislation which allowed the proceeds of public land sales to be used to build water storage and irragation systems.

Front 999

When was the National Park Service Established? What was its charge?

Back 999

The NPS was established in 1916 to conserve and preserve resources of special value.

Front 1000

What major transportation resource was completed in 1914? Why is it significant?

Back 1000

The Panama Canal created a shipping channel between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Front 1001

When was the "US Housing Corp & Emergency Fleet Corp" established? What did it do?

Back 1001

Established in 1918 the US Housing Corp & Emergency Fleet Corp helped build housing for WWI workers. It influenced early public housing efforts.

Front 1002

What was the first major textbook on city planning? When was it written?

Back 1002

"Carrying out the City Plan" written by Flavel Shurtleff" in 1914

Front 1003

What is the importance of the "Principle of Scientific Management"? Who wrote it? When?

Back 1003

It spearheaded the effeciency movement in city government. It was written by Frederick Winslow Taylor in 1911.

Front 1004

What was the predecessor to the American Institute of Planners? Year was it established? 1st President?

Back 1004

American City Planning Institute established in 1917 led by Frederick Law Olmstead, Jr.

Front 1005

What is the significance of the American City Planning Institute?

Back 1005

It was the first professional organization of planners led by Frederick Law Olmstead,Jr..

Front 1006

Who passes the nation's 1st comprehensive zoning law? When? Who led the effort?

Back 1006

NYC Board of Estimates in 1916 under the leadership of George McAneny & Edward Basset.

Front 1007

When was the first enabling legislation created? Where?

Back 1007

1909 in Wisconsin

Front 1008

What was the first city to use land use zoning to guide development? Year

Back 1008

Los Angeles in 1909

Front 1009

What was the first city to hire a full time employee for the planning commission? Who did they hire? Year?

Back 1009

Newark, NJ hired Harland Bartholomew in 1914

Front 1010

What city adoped the first comprehensive zoning code? Who wrote it? Year?

Back 1010

New York City adopted the first comprehensive zoning code in 1916. It was written by Edward Bassett.

Front 1011

What was one of the pioneering books about regional planning? Year?

Back 1011

"Cities in Evolution" by the Father of Regional Planning, Patrick Geddess, written in 1915.

Front 1012

What early book about planning was adopted for grade school classrooms? Year?

Back 1012

"Wacker's Manual of the Plan of Chicago" written by Water Moody in 1914.

Front 1013

What early planning book was written by Nelson Lewis? Year?

Back 1013

"Planning of a Modern City" in 1916