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25 Cards in this Set
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Theme 2: 1. What does the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk suggest about Germany's attitude towards Wilson's 14 points on March 1918? Brendan Wojtecki |
* Imposed harsh terms after observing that Russia was desperate to end it's invlovment in WW1. Contradicted point 6 of Wilson's 14 Points. * Russia was to be welcomed into the League of Nations and get it's land back. |
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Theme 2: 'Criticism of the Paris Peace settlement is unfair, and shows a lack of understanding of the problems facing the peacemakers in 1919-1920' Discuss. |
Criticisms leveled against the settlement include: *overly harsh peace terms on Germany and other defeated nations *Creating politically unstable successor states left 30 million people under foregin rule, making future conflict unavoidable Problems faced by peacemakers included: *varying demands of victorious nations *disintegration of Turkish, Habsburg, and Russian empires |
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Theme 2 3. How justified were German objections to the Treaty of Versailles? |
*Concerns about national security as a result of disarmament; Germany was economically unstable, with fears of revolutions and riots *loss of colonies to victors of WWI *German people were forced to live under new foreign governments*War Guilt Clause, which blamed Germany for causing WW!, which was largely untrue. |
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Theme 2 4. The USA's decision not to ratify the Paris Peace Settlement was the major cause of international tension in the period from '1919-1923'. Discuss |
In support: *USA's failure to ratify the Paris Peace settlements could have increased France's feelings of insecurity. Against: *Britain's desire to withdraw from European affairs added to French feelings of insecurity *USA's decision to demand full war reparation payments hurt Britain and France economically. *Germany failed on multiple occasions to repay their reparations; undermined the ability for Britain and France to repay war debts to the USA *The victors of WW1 had different and clashing ideas for Germany's future *boarder disputes and growing tension between the USA and Japan |
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Theme 2: 5. What attempts were made to improve international relations during the 1920s, and how successful were they? |
Examples: Washington Navel Conference, Genoa Conference, the Dawes Plan, the Loncarno Treaties, the Kellogg-Briand Pact all were attempts to improve international relations with other contrives, but most were unsuccessful. |
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Theme 2: 6. Why was the issue of war reparations so important in the period from 1921-1929? |
* France was determined to keep Germany as weak as possible *due to the economic problems facing the world Germany had issues making payment for war reparations they own the victors of WW1. *France and Britain had conflicting ideas about the future of Germany France was very aggressive toward Germany as see in the French occupation of the Ruhr and at the Genoa Conference *All of these events caused tension between France and Germany *Germany's issue with the reparation's insanely high figures was resolved with US intervention via the Young Plan, which accepted that the figures were too high in the first place |
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Theme 2: 7. To what extent was French foreign policy between 1919-1929 dictated by fear of Germany? |
After the events of the Persian-Prussian War and the First World War it is understandable that France feared a German revival in the 1920s that would come back and attack France again. This attitude toward Germany influenced France to be aggressive toward Germany prior to 1924, in the occupation of the Ruhr and demanding full repayment of German war reparations. |
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Theme 2: 8. Why did France adopt a more co-operative and friendly approach towards Germany after 1924? |
After the occupation of the Ruhr turned out to be a complete failure. France's allies were condemned for their actions, and France's sense of insecurity. But France started to take a more consolatory stance toward Germany with relations between Briand and Stressman after the Locarno Conference eased tension between France and Germany and the Dawes Plan offered a potential solution to German reparations. |
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Theme 2: 9. Why were there no Russian representatives at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919-1920? |
Communist Revolution in Russia had caused major concern with European countries, who feared the spread of communism. |
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Theme 2: 10. How successful was the USSR in it's attempts to establish better relations with the rest of Europe between 1919 and 1933? |
Lenin realized that a world wide communist revolution was not going to take place and started to seek coexistence with other nations. |
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Theme 1: 1. Why did European nations take part in a 'scramble for Africa' in the period from 1871 to 1900? |
* Territorial expansion without the risk of war *Developments in transport and medicine *opportunity to spread influence due to advances do advances made in the industrial revolution *to exploit Africa under the idea of spreading civilization. |
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Theme 1: 2. 'The Industrial Revolution in Europe was the main reason for the "scramble for Africa" between 1871 and 1900.' How far do you agree? |
Yes because: *Due to the Industrial Revolution, more materials were needed to manufacture goods for new markets. No because: *Political Factors: Couldn't expand in Europe due to boarders being set in 1871, leaving Africa the only place where Europeans could expand. |
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Theme 1: 3. Where the aims of the Treaty of Berlin (1885)? |
*prevent war as Europeans were competing for limited African Territory. *Made sure Europeans respected claims on African territory *ensure vital trade routes remained opened to all nations |
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Theme 1: 4. What were the implications of the Boar Wars for British foreign policy? |
*Showed weaknesses with the British Army *Other European nations were critical of Britain's choices during the war, leading to a deterioration in Anglo-German relations |
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Theme 1: 6. To what extent did the African people benefit from the 'scramble for Africa'? |
Benefits: *efficient governments *education *new systems of transport and communication *advances in medical systems Drawbacks: *ignoring ethnic boundaries *natives had no say in governments *Many European nations exploited Africans |
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Theme 1: 7. Why did the USA move away from its traditional isolationist foreign policy in the period 1871-1914? |
*As a result of the economic downturn of 1893, Industrialization grew. *New overseas territories were gained after the US won over Spain in the Spanish War *Panama Canal, Platt Amendment, Roosevelt Corollary |
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Theme 1: 8. How far was President Theodore Roosevelt responsible for the USA's move toward a more expansive foreign policy? |
*Panama Canal, Roosevelt Corollary, Spanish War in 1889 giving the USA more island territory |
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Theme 1: 9. To what extent had Japan become a mmajor world power by 1905? |
Support: *increase in military strength *Won war against China *Signed the Anglo_Japanese Alliance in 1902 *Defeated Russia in the Russo_Japanese War Against *Britain had it's motives for forming an alliance with Japan *Russia was weak as far as it's military goes *Any other bold actions taken by Japan were monitored by western powers *Japan wasn't able to expand until World War One. |
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Theme One: 10. Explain why Japan able to defeat of the major European powers in the Russo-Japanese War. |
*Russia was arrogant and assumed it's oudated military was stronger than Japan's mor updated and modern military. |
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Theme One: Which of the following posed the greatest threat to international peace in the period from 18711-1914 and why? |
Rivalry between France and Germany posed the biggest threat to international peace. Due to France's uncompromising position, Germany was imposed with large war debts that couldn't reasonably be paid and other aggressive actions like the French occupation of the Ruhr. |
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Theme 4: 1. Why were Europeans and Americans so eager to gain influence in China during the 19th century? |
China offered: *new materials and markets for commerce, avoiding protectionism and reliance on domestic markets. |
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Theme 4: Explain why China became a Republic in 1912. |
*Weaknesses in the Manchu dynasty. *Chinese internal problems like rebellions caused more problems *Lost territory to Japan and Russia *Demands for reforms after becoming more westernized |
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Theme 4: 3. "Internal rather than external factors best explain why China had disintegrated by 1918." Discuss. |
Internal Factors: lack of a strong central government, rebellions, traditionalists vs. western modernization, etc. External factors: European countries, the USA, and Japan, wanted to trade with China, aggressive actions by foreigners, Japan's new-found influence over China |
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Theme 4 4. What was the significance of the May the Fourth Movement? |
China was fed up with old Chinese traditions and wanted to modernize and adopt western ideas, |
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Theme 4 5. What were Sun Yat-sen's political aims? |
Yat-sen wanted to westernize China and put a democratic government in place of the Manchu dynasty. In order to unify China, he believed that nationalism, democracy and land reform were the key to uniting China |
