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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How is CP determined?
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Measure the nitrogen content of feed.
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Why is CP 6.25 x N?
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Because protein is 16% Nitrogen.
(100/16 = 6.25) |
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What is NDF?
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Neutral Detergent Fibre
Hemicellulose + Cellulose + Lignan |
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What is ADF?
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Acid Detergent Fibre
Cellulose + Lignan |
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Typically, when is grass growth most productive in the UK?
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April, May and June
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What is the most important factor that determines the nutritive value of grass?
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Stage of growth.
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Which grass species accumulates the highest level of WSC?
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Ryegrass
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What does WSC stand for?
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Water Soluble Carbohydrate
Fructan and Simple Sugars |
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What is the DM of good quality hay?
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85%
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Why is HT (high temperature) forage higher in nutritive value?
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Young hay is used.
(the most iportant factor effecting the nutrient value of grass is growth stage) |
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What are the desirable characteristics of low DM silage?
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Low pH
Low Butyrate Low Ammonia-N High Lactate |
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What affects the aerobic stability of silage?
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Dry Matter + Temperature
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What is the starch content of the following:
Oats Barley Maize |
Oats - 40% Starch
Barley - 55% Starch Maize - 70% Starch |
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Why is the processing of cereal grains important for non-ruminents?
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It increases SI digestibility.
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How is digestibility measured?
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Intake - (Output/Intake)
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What are the limitations of TT (total tract) digestibility?
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No information on the site of digestion.
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What is DE?
How is it measured? What species uses this energy system in the UK? |
Digestible Energy
DE = (GE food - GE feaces) measured by collecting feaces Pigs and Horses |
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What is ME?
How is it measured? What species uses this energy system in the UK? |
Metabolisable Energy
ME=(DE- GE urinary +GE gaseous) measured by collecting urine Ruminants, Poultry, Cats & Dogs |
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What is NE?
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Net Energy
NE = (ME-energy heat losses) heat losses = the heat increment |
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What energy system is used for horses and pigs in the UK?
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ME
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List the Energy System used for the following:
Horses & Pigs Ruminants Poultry Cats & Dogs |
Horses & Pigs - DE
Ruminants- ME Poultry- ME Cats & Dogs-ME |
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What is MP?
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MP=metabolisable protein
It is the total digestible true protein (aa) available for the animal's metabolism after digestion and absorption. |
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What are the 2 components of the MP (metabolizable protein) system?
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DMTP - digestible microbial true protein (synthesized by microbes)
and DUP - digestible undegraded protein (from feed) (feed that is undegraded in the rumen, so it passes to the abomasum and SI for digestion) |
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What is MCP and what is the digestibility coefficient of MCP?
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Microbial Crude Protein =
Total Protein - Non-Protein N (non-protein N is sythesized by microbes) 0.75 MCP = = it's digestibility coefficient |
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What is UDP and what is the digestibility coefficient of UDP?
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UDP = undegradible dietary protein
UDP = the protein digested in the small intestine (as opposed to the rumen) 0.9 UDP = it's digestibility coefficient |
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What is MTP and what is the digestibility coefficient of MTP?
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MTP= Microbial True Protein
It is the true protein synthesized by microbes. 0.85 MTP = it's digestibility coefficient |
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DM
OM CP NDF ADF |
Dry Matter
Organic Matter Crude Protein Neutral Detergent Fibre Acid Detergent Fibre |
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CW
EE CF NSP DP |
Cell Wall
Ether Extract Crude Fibre Non-Starch Polysaccharide Degree of Polymerization |
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NSC
WSC |
Non-Structural Carbohydrate
Water Soluble Carbohydrate |
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Why is nutrition important to animal health and productivity?
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Nutrition is the cornerstone of animal productivity, health and welfare:
Production: 80% of production costs = Nutrition Health: control and prevent deficiencies/toxicity/metabolic disorders Welfare: food quality&safety/behavioral problems/weight management ex) deficiencies: Cu -> swayback (pigs) Se/E -> white muscle dz (pigs) Co/B12 -> pining ex)toxicity: Cu toxicity in Sheep ex) Metobolic Syndromes: hypocalcemia, hypomagnesaemia, hypoglycemia/acetonemia, fatty liver syndrome, hyperleptinemia, pregnancy toxemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipemia |
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Constituents of Forages
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Forage = H20 + DM
DM = inorganic (minerals) + organic matter Organic Matter = CHO+ Lipids + Lignin + Vitamins + Protein CHO = structural (cell wall) + non-structural (storage) Protein = true protein + non-protein N |
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How is feed analyzed?
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Moisture - DM, dried to consistent weight
Ash - ignite to 550C (OM = DM-Ash) Crude Protein - calculated from the N content of food (assumes protein contains 16% Nitrogen, CP = Nx6.25) Ether Extract -> oil: lipids, organic acids, alcohols + pigments Crude Fibre -residual food from ether extract, CW contents boiled in acid or alkali NDF = fibre insoluble in neutral detergent (HC, C + Lignin) ADF = fibre insoluble in acid detergent (C + Lignin) Nitrogen-Free Extracts = everything else: 1000-(moisture +ash+CP+EE+CF) |
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CHO can be broken into..?
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Structural and Non-Structural CHO
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How are Structural CHOs, the fibrous fraction of the plant, a major energy source for ruminants?
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Microbial degredation
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What are the constituents of the Cell Wall (the Structural CHO portion of the plant)?
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NSP (non-starch polysaccharides)
phenolics (including lignins) proteins H20 minerals |
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What does NSP stand for and what are it's constituents?
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NSP = non-starch polysaccharides
90% of the cell wall material cellulose, hemicellulose and Pectin |
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What is Lignin?
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Lignin is part of the cell wall (it is a constituent of the structural CHO portion of the plant)
Gives the plant stregnth Negaively correlated with digestibility Lignin content increases with maturity Higher maturity = Higher structural material = lower nutritive value b/c less digestibility (#1 factor in nutritive value is stage of maturity) younger plants = higher nutritive value b/c less structural material = higher digestiblility |
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What factors effect CHO storage in plants?
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genetics, part of plant, stage of growth, season, time of day, environment
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What is the NSC fraction composed of?
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NSC= non-structural carbohydrate
NSC fraction consists of WSC and Starch NSC is associated with cell contents, the components are the storage CHO's of the plant (WSC = fructan + simple sugars) (Starch = amylose + amlopectin) |
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What is the majority of the cell wall made up of?
what percentage is that? What are they? |
NSP non-starch polysaccharides make up 90% of the cell wall.
NSPs include: cellulose, hemicellulose and Pectin |
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What is the #1 factor in nutritive value of forages and why?
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Stage of maturity:
↑ maturity = ↑ structural material (i.e. stem) Result = ↓ nutritive value |
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What components of starch effect SI digestibility?
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Ratio of amylose to amylopectin affects SI digestibility
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