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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Which nerve provides the motor innervation of the levator palpebrae superioris?
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Oculomotor nerve
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What is the posterior attachment of the levator palpebrae superioris?
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Small tendon on the lessor wing of sphenoid
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Which muscle opposes the action of the levator palpebrae superioris?
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Orbicularis oculi
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Where does the nasolacrimal duct drain and where does it empty?
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Drains lacrimal secretions and empties into the inferior meatus
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What bone forms the lateral wall of the nose?
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Ethmoid bone
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What bones does the orbital surface of the zygomatic bone articulate?
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-Frontal bone
-Zygomatic process of temporal bone -Maxilla -Greater wing of sphenoid |
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What nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure?
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-Oculomotor
-Trochlear -Abducent -Ophthalmic division of the trigeminal |
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Which nerve passes through the optic canal?
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Optic nerve
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Name the foraminae located on the greater wing of sphenoid
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-Foramen ovale
-Foramen spinosum -Foramen rotundum |
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What bones does the maxilla articulate with?
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-Frontal bone
-Nasal bone -Lacrimal bone -Ethmoid bone -Zygomatic bone -Palatine bone -Inferior conchae |
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Which nerve runs in the infraorbital groove?
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Infraorbital nerve (branch of V2)
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What are the attachments of the superior oblique muscles?
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-Tendon of muscle passes through the trochlea
-Under the attachment of superior rectus -Attaching to the postero-superior quadrant of the eyeball behind the coronal equator of the eye |
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What is the motor innervation of the superior oblique muscle?
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Trochlear Nerve
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What effect does the superior oblique have on the eyeball when it contracts?
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-Depresses and abducts the eye ball
-Rotates eyeball inwards |
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What is the action of the lateral rectus muscle?
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Abducts the eyeball
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How do secretions of the lacrimal gland reach the inferior meatus?
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Drains into the medial lower corner of the eye via lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct
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Describe the autonomic innervation of the lacrimal gland
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-Parasympathetic secretomotor axons leave facial nerve within the petrous temporal bone within its greater petrosal branch
-Passes along the floor of the middle cranial fossa -Exits via the pterygoid canal entering pterygopalatine fossa -Synapse in pterygopalatine ganglion -Postganglionic axons travel in zygomatic nerve -Enters the orbit via the inferior orbital fissure joining the lacrimal nerve which innervates the gland |
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Which nerve leaves the skull via the supraorbital foramen?
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Supraorbital nerve
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Which nerve does the supraorbital nerve branch from?
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The Frontal nerve
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Which foramen does the frontal nerve leave the skull?
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Superior orbital fissure
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Name the branches of the frontal nerve
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-Nasociliary nerve
-Lacrimal nerve -Supraorbital nerve |
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Which ossicle makes the final connection with the inner ear?
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Stapes
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What are the functions of the ossicles?
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-Apply force to the oval window only
-Act as an impedance matching device -Reduce bone conducted sound |
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Name the muscles attached to the ossicles
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-Tensor tympani
-Stapedius |
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What are the functions of the muscles attached to the ossicles?
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-Protect against loud sounds
-Modulate frequency response of the ossicles reducing their ability to conduct sounds of low frequency |
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Name 2 branches of the facial nerve given off in the petrous temporal bone
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-Chorda tympani
-Greater petrosal nerve |
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What organs does the chorda tympani innervate?
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Submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
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What organs does the greater petrosal nerve innervate?
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Nasal and palatine mucosal glands
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Give one anatomical reason for baby stopping crying when fed from a bottle when on an aeroplane
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-Pain relieved by swallowing
-Build up of pressure on tympanic membrane due to pressure difference -Swallowing; contraction of salpingopharyngeus muscle -Raises larynx and opens auditory tube -Pressure equalised and pain relieved |
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Why does child pupils constrict and mouth become dry as she sits in dental chair?
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-Increase activity of sympathetic nervous system
-Pupil dilation; dilator pupillae muscle -Decrease in secretion of watery saliva |
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How does pupil constriction occur?
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Parasympathetic stimulation of the sphincter pupillae
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Which part of the brain rests on the orbital plate of the frontal bone?
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Frontal lobes of cerebral hemispheres
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What is the function of the small holes in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone?
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Transmit the branches of the olfactory cranial nerve from the olfactory epithelium in the nose to the olfactory bulbs
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Which part of the brain normally rests on the greater wing of sphenoid?
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Temporal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres
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Which division of the trigeminal passes through the superior orbital fissure?
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V1
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What structures does V1 innervate?
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Sensory:
-to skin of forehead -Lateral wall of the nose -Cornea Motor: -Lacrimal gland |
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Which nerve travels through the foramen ovale?
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-V3
-Lesser superficial petrosal nerve |
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What is the function of V3?
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Sensory:
-Mandibular teeth and supporting structures -Skin overlying the mandible -Cheek Motor: -Muscles of mastication -Anterior belly of digastric -Mylohyoid -Tensor veli palatini -Tensor tympani - - |
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What is the function of the lesser superficial petrosal nerve?
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-Preganglionic parasympathetic axons originate from glossopharyngeal nerve (via tympanic plexus)
-Synapse in otic ganglion -Provide secretomotor nerve supply to parotid gland |
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What would the effect be of damage to the middle meningeal artery?
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Extradural haemorrhage
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Which structure travels through foramen rotundum?
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V2
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Name the venous sinus located at superior border of petrous temporal bone?
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Superior petrosal sinus
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What bone is the dorsum sellae a part of?
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Sphenoid bone
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Which part of the brain rests on the cerebellar fossa in the squamous part of the occipital bone?
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Cerebellum
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What is normally attached to the margins of the transverse sinus?
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Tentorium cerebelli
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Where does the superior sagittal sinus drain?
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Transverse sinus at the confluence of sinuses
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What normally attaches to the edges of the groove located on interior surface of calvarium in the midline of the frontal bone where the superior sagittal sinus is located?
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Falx cerebri
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Which sinus is located in the groove in the body of the sphenoid bone ?
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Cavernous sinus
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Which artery passes immediately medial to the cavernous sinus?
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Internal carotid artery
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Which cranial nerves pass close to the cavernous sinus
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-Oculomotor
-Trochlear -Abducent -V1 and V2 (V3 lies close but does not run in its wall) |
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Which nerves enter the internal auditory meatus?
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Facial and vestibulocochlear
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What would be the effect of damage to the nerves transmitted through the internal auditory meatus?
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-Ipsilateral facial paralysis (VII)
-Loss of taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue (VII) -Loss of stapedial reflex (VII) -Loss of lacrimal gland secretion (VII) -Hearing and balance loss (VIII) |
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Which ganglion is located in the trigeminal impression?
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Trigeminal ganglion
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What would be the effect of a fracture of the skull base involving the jugular foramen?
(Spinal Accessory, Vagus and Glossopharyngeal nerves) |
-Paralysis of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles
-Loss of sensation from larynx, thoracic and abdominal viscera & paralysis of muscles of larynx, pharynx and soft palate & muscles lining the thoracic and abdominal viscera -Loss of touch and taste to posterior 1/3 of tongue, oropharynx, carotid sinus receptors & paralysis of stylopharyngeus & loss of parotid salivary secretion |
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Which meningeal layers does the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow?
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Arachnoid and the pia mater
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What role does the CSF play in brain protection?
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-Shock absorber (incompressible)
-Reduces effective weight of brain in skull by ~30% |
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Which other anatomical mechanism involving the meninges help to protect the brain from mechanical damage?
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-Meningeal reflections
-Shock absorbers and support weight |
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What mechanisms help to protect the brain?
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-Venous sinuses; Cool brain and protect against fluctuations in venous pressure
-Bones of skull; Thick & immobility in joints (sutures) -Sutures; Interdigitation, bevelling and strength of ligaments give them immobility function |
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Which arteries supply blood to the brain?
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-Internal carotid arteries
-Vertebral arteries |
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What is the origin of the vertebral arteries and how do they reach the brain?
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-Arise from root of neck (vertebral arteries)
-Pass through transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae -Enter skull via foramen magnum |
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Where does the frontal sinus drain?
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Inferior meatus
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Where does the maxillary sinus drain?
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Inferior part of hiatus semilunaris within the middle meatus
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Where does the ethmoidal air sinuses drain?
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Middle meatus (anterior and middle air cells) or superior meatus
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Where does the sphenoidal air cells drain?
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Superior ethmoidal recess
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Where does the mastoid air cells drain?
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Middle air, tympanic cavity via mastoid antrum that opens via the epitympanic recess
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