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65 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Which nerve provides the motor innervation of the levator palpebrae superioris?
Oculomotor nerve
What is the posterior attachment of the levator palpebrae superioris?
Small tendon on the lessor wing of sphenoid
Which muscle opposes the action of the levator palpebrae superioris?
Orbicularis oculi
Where does the nasolacrimal duct drain and where does it empty?
Drains lacrimal secretions and empties into the inferior meatus
What bone forms the lateral wall of the nose?
Ethmoid bone
What bones does the orbital surface of the zygomatic bone articulate?
-Frontal bone
-Zygomatic process of temporal bone
-Maxilla
-Greater wing of sphenoid
What nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure?
-Oculomotor
-Trochlear
-Abducent
-Ophthalmic division of the trigeminal
Which nerve passes through the optic canal?
Optic nerve
Name the foraminae located on the greater wing of sphenoid
-Foramen ovale
-Foramen spinosum
-Foramen rotundum
What bones does the maxilla articulate with?
-Frontal bone
-Nasal bone
-Lacrimal bone
-Ethmoid bone
-Zygomatic bone
-Palatine bone
-Inferior conchae
Which nerve runs in the infraorbital groove?
Infraorbital nerve (branch of V2)
What are the attachments of the superior oblique muscles?
-Tendon of muscle passes through the trochlea
-Under the attachment of superior rectus
-Attaching to the postero-superior quadrant of the eyeball behind the coronal equator of the eye
What is the motor innervation of the superior oblique muscle?
Trochlear Nerve
What effect does the superior oblique have on the eyeball when it contracts?
-Depresses and abducts the eye ball
-Rotates eyeball inwards
What is the action of the lateral rectus muscle?
Abducts the eyeball
How do secretions of the lacrimal gland reach the inferior meatus?
Drains into the medial lower corner of the eye via lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct
Describe the autonomic innervation of the lacrimal gland
-Parasympathetic secretomotor axons leave facial nerve within the petrous temporal bone within its greater petrosal branch
-Passes along the floor of the middle cranial fossa
-Exits via the pterygoid canal entering pterygopalatine fossa
-Synapse in pterygopalatine ganglion
-Postganglionic axons travel in zygomatic nerve
-Enters the orbit via the inferior orbital fissure joining the lacrimal nerve which innervates the gland
Which nerve leaves the skull via the supraorbital foramen?
Supraorbital nerve
Which nerve does the supraorbital nerve branch from?
The Frontal nerve
Which foramen does the frontal nerve leave the skull?
Superior orbital fissure
Name the branches of the frontal nerve
-Nasociliary nerve
-Lacrimal nerve
-Supraorbital nerve
Which ossicle makes the final connection with the inner ear?
Stapes
What are the functions of the ossicles?
-Apply force to the oval window only
-Act as an impedance matching device
-Reduce bone conducted sound
Name the muscles attached to the ossicles
-Tensor tympani
-Stapedius
What are the functions of the muscles attached to the ossicles?
-Protect against loud sounds
-Modulate frequency response of the ossicles reducing their ability to conduct sounds of low frequency
Name 2 branches of the facial nerve given off in the petrous temporal bone
-Chorda tympani
-Greater petrosal nerve
What organs does the chorda tympani innervate?
Submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
What organs does the greater petrosal nerve innervate?
Nasal and palatine mucosal glands
Give one anatomical reason for baby stopping crying when fed from a bottle when on an aeroplane
-Pain relieved by swallowing
-Build up of pressure on tympanic membrane due to pressure difference
-Swallowing; contraction of salpingopharyngeus muscle
-Raises larynx and opens auditory tube
-Pressure equalised and pain relieved
Why does child pupils constrict and mouth become dry as she sits in dental chair?
-Increase activity of sympathetic nervous system
-Pupil dilation; dilator pupillae muscle
-Decrease in secretion of watery saliva
How does pupil constriction occur?
Parasympathetic stimulation of the sphincter pupillae
Which part of the brain rests on the orbital plate of the frontal bone?
Frontal lobes of cerebral hemispheres
What is the function of the small holes in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone?
Transmit the branches of the olfactory cranial nerve from the olfactory epithelium in the nose to the olfactory bulbs
Which part of the brain normally rests on the greater wing of sphenoid?
Temporal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres
Which division of the trigeminal passes through the superior orbital fissure?
V1
What structures does V1 innervate?
Sensory:
-to skin of forehead
-Lateral wall of the nose
-Cornea
Motor:
-Lacrimal gland
Which nerve travels through the foramen ovale?
-V3
-Lesser superficial petrosal nerve
What is the function of V3?
Sensory:
-Mandibular teeth and supporting structures
-Skin overlying the mandible
-Cheek
Motor:
-Muscles of mastication
-Anterior belly of digastric
-Mylohyoid
-Tensor veli palatini
-Tensor tympani
-
-
What is the function of the lesser superficial petrosal nerve?
-Preganglionic parasympathetic axons originate from glossopharyngeal nerve (via tympanic plexus)
-Synapse in otic ganglion
-Provide secretomotor nerve supply to parotid gland
What would the effect be of damage to the middle meningeal artery?
Extradural haemorrhage
Which structure travels through foramen rotundum?
V2
Name the venous sinus located at superior border of petrous temporal bone?
Superior petrosal sinus
What bone is the dorsum sellae a part of?
Sphenoid bone
Which part of the brain rests on the cerebellar fossa in the squamous part of the occipital bone?
Cerebellum
What is normally attached to the margins of the transverse sinus?
Tentorium cerebelli
Where does the superior sagittal sinus drain?
Transverse sinus at the confluence of sinuses
What normally attaches to the edges of the groove located on interior surface of calvarium in the midline of the frontal bone where the superior sagittal sinus is located?
Falx cerebri
Which sinus is located in the groove in the body of the sphenoid bone ?
Cavernous sinus
Which artery passes immediately medial to the cavernous sinus?
Internal carotid artery
Which cranial nerves pass close to the cavernous sinus
-Oculomotor
-Trochlear
-Abducent
-V1 and V2 (V3 lies close but does not run in its wall)
Which nerves enter the internal auditory meatus?
Facial and vestibulocochlear
What would be the effect of damage to the nerves transmitted through the internal auditory meatus?
-Ipsilateral facial paralysis (VII)
-Loss of taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue (VII)
-Loss of stapedial reflex (VII)
-Loss of lacrimal gland secretion (VII)
-Hearing and balance loss (VIII)
Which ganglion is located in the trigeminal impression?
Trigeminal ganglion
What would be the effect of a fracture of the skull base involving the jugular foramen?

(Spinal Accessory, Vagus and Glossopharyngeal nerves)
-Paralysis of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles
-Loss of sensation from larynx, thoracic and abdominal viscera & paralysis of muscles of larynx, pharynx and soft palate & muscles lining the thoracic and abdominal viscera
-Loss of touch and taste to posterior 1/3 of tongue, oropharynx, carotid sinus receptors & paralysis of stylopharyngeus & loss of parotid salivary secretion
Which meningeal layers does the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow?
Arachnoid and the pia mater
What role does the CSF play in brain protection?
-Shock absorber (incompressible)
-Reduces effective weight of brain in skull by ~30%
Which other anatomical mechanism involving the meninges help to protect the brain from mechanical damage?
-Meningeal reflections
-Shock absorbers and support weight
What mechanisms help to protect the brain?
-Venous sinuses; Cool brain and protect against fluctuations in venous pressure
-Bones of skull; Thick & immobility in joints (sutures)
-Sutures; Interdigitation, bevelling and strength of ligaments give them immobility function
Which arteries supply blood to the brain?
-Internal carotid arteries
-Vertebral arteries
What is the origin of the vertebral arteries and how do they reach the brain?
-Arise from root of neck (vertebral arteries)
-Pass through transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae
-Enter skull via foramen magnum
Where does the frontal sinus drain?
Inferior meatus
Where does the maxillary sinus drain?
Inferior part of hiatus semilunaris within the middle meatus
Where does the ethmoidal air sinuses drain?
Middle meatus (anterior and middle air cells) or superior meatus
Where does the sphenoidal air cells drain?
Superior ethmoidal recess
Where does the mastoid air cells drain?
Middle air, tympanic cavity via mastoid antrum that opens via the epitympanic recess