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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Boundaries of Infratemporal Fossa
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-Medial: Lateral pterygoid plate
-Lateral: Ramus & coronoid process of mandible -Superior: Infratemporal surface of greater wing of sphenoid & squamous part of temporal bone -Anterior: Posterior wall of maxilla -Posterior: Styloid process -Inferior: No Physical boundary |
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Contents of Infratemporal Fossa
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-Lateral/Medial Pterygoid Muscles (mastication)
-Mandibular Division of Trigeminal Nerve (V3) -Chorda Tympani Branch of Facial Nerve -Maxillary Artery and Branches -Maxillary Vein and Branches -Otic Ganglion (parasympathetic ganglion) |
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Lateral Pterygoid Muscle Function
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-Has inferior and superior heads
-A muscle of mastication -Protractor (inferior head): Pulls jaw forward -Elevator (superior head): Raises mandible/jaw -Only muscle of mastication which can open jaw |
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Lateral Pterygoid Muscle Attachments
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-Posterior: Mandible
-Anterior: Lateral pterygoid plate & roof of infratemporal fossa |
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Medial Pterygoid Function
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-Has superficial and deep heads
-A muscle of mastication -Elevator of jaw along with masseter |
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Medial Pterygoid Attachments
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-Superior: Lateral pterygoid plate and maxillary tuberosity
-Inferior: Mandible |
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Mandibular Division of Trigeminal Nerve (V3)
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-Exits skull; Foramen ovale
-Divides into anterior and posterior division -Main trunk of nerve before division provide motor innervation to medial pterygoid, tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini muscles |
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Anterior Division of V3
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Mainly motor innervation (muscles of mastication) except long buccal nerve (sensory)
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Anterior Devision of V3; Long Buccal Nerve
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Provides sensory innervation to lateral pterygoid muscle and cheek
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Posterior Division of V3
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Mainly sensory innervation (auriculotemporal nerve, inferior alveolar nerve and lingual nerves) except nerve to mylohyoid (motor)
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Posterior Division of V3; Auriculotemporal Nerve
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Provides sensory innervation to auricle, external acoustic meatus, outer side of tympanic membrane, skin of temporal region and TMJ
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Posterior Division of V3; Inferior Alveolar Nerve
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-Enters mandible; Mandibular foramen
-Travels along mandibular canal -Provides sensory innervation to mandibular teeth (premolar, canine, incisors) and gums. -Gives off mental nerve emerging through mental foramen & innervating chin and lower lip |
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Posterior Division of V3; Lingual Nerves
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-Provides sensory innervation to the tongue
-Carries fibres from facial nerve (chorda tympani) to provide taste to anterior 2/3rd of tongue |
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Posterior Division of V3; Nerve to Mylohyoid
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-Provides motor innervation to the mylohyoid muscle and anterior belly of digastric muscle
-Comes off the inferior alveolar nerve |
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Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
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-Synovial Joint of the jaw
-Articulation between the mandible and temporal bone -Attached to mandibular glenoid fossa of temporal bone and the mandibular condyle |
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Components of TMJ
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-Articular surfaces
-Capsule -Articular Disc -Lateral Pterygoid Muscle -Ligaments |
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Articular Surfaces of TMJ
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-Diarthrodial (2 surfaces of left and right condyle)
-Cannot move one without the other -Lined with fibro-cartilage -Articular surface include head of mandible, articular tubercle of temporal bone & the mandibular fossa |
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Capsule of TMJ
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-Acts as sleeve that goes around joint holding synovial fluid in place
-Thin, loose envelope attached to the mandibular glenoid fossa and articular tubercle (holds mandible head in place) |
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Articular Disc of TMJ
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-Thin oval plate between the mandibular condyle and mandibular glenoid fossa
-Divides the joint cavity into 2 separate compartments -Has holds present which allow fluid to pass through allowing jaw movement otherwise would stick |
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Lateral Pterygoid in the TMJ
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-Inferior head attaches onto the neck of the mandible
-Superior head attaches to the articular disc and capsule of TMJ -Lowers the mandible and opens the jaw -Unilaterally aids mastication |
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Ligaments of TMJ
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-Reinforces joint and can be part of the capsule
-Lateral/temporomandibular ligament -Stylomandibular ligament -Sphenomandibular ligament |
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Lateral/Temporomandibular Ligament
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-Thick part of the joint capsule
-Base attached to zygomatic process of temporal bone and articular tubercle -Apex attached to lateral side of neck of mandible -Prevents backward movement of mandible |
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Stylomandibular Ligament
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-Runs from styloid process to angle of mandible
-Becomes taut when mandible protruded -Separates parotid and submandibular salivary glands |
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Sphenomandibular Ligament
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-Runs from spine of sphenoid bone to the lingula of the mandible
-Becomes more prominent and taut when mandible protruded |
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Innervation of TMJ
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-Sensory innervation by auriculotemporal nerve and V3
-No motor innervation as movement is via muscles |
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Blood Supply of TMJ
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-Blood supply by branches of Ext. Carotid artery
-Superficial temporal artery predominately supplies blood to the joint -Other branches include deep auricular artery, anterior tympanic artery, ascending pharyngeal artery and maxillary artery |
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Movement of The TMJ
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2 movements of the joint which combine causing either elevation or depression;
-Hinge/Rotation -Translation |
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Movement of The TMJ; Hinge/Rotational Movement
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-Lower compartment
-When open and close mouth -Occurs between mandibular condyle and articular disc -Disc remains stationary and condyle moves |
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Movement of The TMJ; Translation Movement
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-Upper compartment
-Protrusion and Retrusion -Occurs between articular disc and mandibular fossa -Condyle and disc both move together |
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Muscles Involved In Jaw Movement
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-Supramandibular muscles
-Inframandibular muscles -Suprahyoid muscles -Infrahyoid muscles |
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Muscles Involved In Jaw Movement;Supramandibular Muscles
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-Muscles of mastication
-Attached between mandible and skull -Mainly jaw elevators (close the mouth) -Small movement eg grinding food |
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Muscles Involved In Jaw Movement; Muscles of Mastication
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-Temporalis
-Lateral Pterygoid -Masseter |
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Muscles Involved In Jaw Movement; Inframandibular Muscles
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-Suprahyoid and Infrahyoid Muscles
-Move jaw indirectly by moving the hyoid bone down |
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Muscles Involved In Jaw Movement; Suprahyoid Muscles
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Mostly jaw depressors which open the mouth;
-Digastric muscles -Mylohyoid -Geniohyoid -Stylohyoid |
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Muscles Involved In Jaw Movement; Infrahyoid Muscles
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Jaw depressors which open the mouth;
-Sternohyoid -Sternothyroid -Thyrohyoid -Omohyoid |
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Jaw Opening and Closing Cycle
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-Rest Position (5mm freeway space)
-Jaw Opens -Wider Opening of Jaw -Jaw Closes |
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Jaw Opening and Closing Cycle; Opening of Jaw
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Jaw opening involves:
-Protraction; pulled forward and dropped under gravity -Hinge movement -Requires inferior head of lateral pterygoid and anterior digastric muscle |
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Jaw Opening and Closing Cycle; Wider Opening of Jaw
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-Involves recruitment from more muscles
-Hyoid bone needs to be lowered by inframandibular muscles (suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles) |
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Jaw Opening and Closing Cycle; Closing of Jaw
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-Closing of jaw reverses the process of opening (relax)
-Contraction of masster, temporalis, medial pterygoid muscles when closing against resistance pulling jaw up and backwards -Contraction of superior head of lateral pterygoid completes process making sure mandibular condyle positioned correct |
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
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-Controls internal environment
-Connects the CNS to viscera of body -Motor targets; glands, smooth and cardiac muscle -Motor Neurons synapse with ganglion (outside CNS) -2 divisions; Parasympathetic & Sympathetic |
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS); Sympathetic
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-Fight or Flight
-Thoracolumbar Outflow -Preganglionic motor neurons in thoracic or lumbar part of spinal cord -Preganglionic Axons Short (synapse in sympathetic chains) -Postganglionic Axons Long |
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS); Parasympathetic
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-Rest and digest
-Craniosacral Outflow -Preganglionic motor neurons in brain or sacral part of spinal cord -Preganglionic axons long (synapse in ganglia near targets) -Postganglionic axons short |
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Parasympathetic Ganglia of The Head
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-Otic Ganglion
-Pterygopalatine Ganglion -Submandibular Ganglion -Ciliary Ganglion |
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Parasympathetic Ganglia of The Head; Otic Ganglion
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-Located in infratemporal fossa
-Controls salivation of parotid gland |
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Parasympathetic Ganglia of The Head;Pterygopalatine Ganglion
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-Located in pterygopalatine fossa
-Controls lacrimal glands and glands of nasal cavity -Makes eyes water and nose run (hayfever) |
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Parasympathetic Ganglia of The Head; Submandibular Ganglion
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-Located on floor of mouth
-Controls salivation of submandibular and sublingual salivary glands |
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Parasympathetic Ganglia of The Head; Ciliary Ganglion
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-Located in orbit
-Controls sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles |
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Parasympathetic Ganglia of The Head; Connections in The Head
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-Parasympathetic (motor) root; Presynaptic motor fibres terminating at ganglia & synapsing with postsynaptic fibres which go to target organs
-Sympathetic Root; Postsynaptic sympathetic fibres (do not synapse) -Sensory Root; General sensory fibres (do not synapse) -Branches of distribution |
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Otic Ganglion; Parasympathetic (Motor) Root
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-From lesser petrosal nerve (preganglionic axons from glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
-To parotid gland |
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Otic Ganglion; Sympathetic Root
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-From middle meningeal artery
-To parotid gland |
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Otic Ganglion; Sensory Root
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-From parotid gland
-To otic ganglion via branch of auriculotemporal nerve |
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Otic Ganglion; Branches of Distribution
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-From ganglion
-To parotid gland (via auriculotemporal nerve) |
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Otic Ganglion; Somatic Motor Root
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-From otic ganglion
-To medial pterygoid and tensor veli palatini |
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Boundaries of Pterygopalatine Fossa
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-Posterior; Sphenoid bone (pterygoid process)
-Medial; Palatine bone (perpendicular plate) -Anterior; Maxilla (posterior aspect) -Lateral; Pterygomaxillary fissue |
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Content of Pterygopalatine Fossa
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-V2 of Trigeminal Nerve (Maxillary division)
-Pterygopalatine ganglion -3rd part of the maxillary artery |
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Maxillary Division of Trigeminal Nerve (V2)
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-Transmitted through foramen rotundum
-Exits infraorbital foramen (via inferior orbital fissure and infraorbital groove) -Passes along floor of orbit (roof of maxilla) |
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Maxillary Division of Trigeminal Nerve (V2); Branches
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-Zygomatic Nerves
-Infraorbital Nerve -Posterior Superior Alveolar Nerve -Anterior Superior Alveolar Nerve -Middle Superior Alveolar Nerve |
Zianists Interfere Partially As Mackems
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Maxillary Division of Trigeminal Nerve (V2); Superior Alveolar Nerves
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Supply upper dentition
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Pterygopalatine Ganglion; Parasympathetic (Motor) Root
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-From nerve of pterygoid canal
-To pterygopalatine ganglion -Postganglionic axons then go to palatine, nasal & pharyngeal mucous glands and lacrimal glands |
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Pterygopalatine Ganglion; Sympathetic Root
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-From deep petrosal nerve via nerve of pterygoid canal
-To pterygopalatine ganglion targets |
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Pterygopalatine Ganglion; Sensory Root
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-From maxillary nerve
-To targets via branches of distribution |
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Pterygopalatine Ganglion; Branches of Distribution
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Branches innervate structures of teeth eg gingiva
-Nasopalatine nerve -Posterior superior nasal nerve -Greater palatine nerve -Lesser palatine nerves -Pharyngeal nerve |
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Maxillary Artery
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Accompanies maxillary nerve with the following branches:
-Posterior Superior Alveolar -Infraorbital -Descending palatine -Sphenopalatine -Artery of pterygoid canal |
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Functions of The Nose
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-Ventilation
-Olfactory -Speech -Drainage |
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Functions of The Nose; Ventilation
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Filters, warms and humidifies air protecting the ciliated epithelium
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Functions of The Nose; Olfactory
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Roof of nose involved in sense of smell
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Functions of The Nose; Speech
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-Soft palate diverts air through nose
-Resonating chamber with presence of paranasal air sinus to produce sound |
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Functions of The Nose; Drainage
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Removal of secretions of lungs via nose
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The External Nose
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-Projects from face
-Pierced by 2 nasal apertures -Nasal septum divides cavity and supports external nose |
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The External Nose; Nasal Septum
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-Skeleton bony and cartilaginous
Composed of: -Ethmoid bone -Vomer bone -Septal Cartilage |
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The External Nose; Crista Galli
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-Median ridge of bone that projects from cribriform plates of ethmoid bone
-Olfactory bulbs lie on either side |
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The External Nose; Bridge of Nose
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-Only bony part
-Nasal bone & parts of maxillary/frontal bones made of elastic cartilage (bends if hit) |
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Paranasal Sinuses
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-Air filled extensions of nasal cavities
-Located in adjacent bones to nasal cavity -Growth is post natal and important in determining face shape/size -Growth dependant on air flowing past it in nose |
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4 Paranasal Sinuses
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-Maxillary
-Frontal -Sphenoidal -Ethmoidal |
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Maxillary Air Sinus
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-Largest sinus; pyramidal in shape
-Drains into hiatus semilunaris (2/3rd up wall) -Infection can lead to tooth ache as affects sensory innervation of maxillary teeth |
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Maxillary Air Sinus; Boundaries
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-Medial wall: Part of lateral wall of nose
-Roof: Floor of orbit -Floor: Palatine process of maxilla -Opening: High on medial wall (small) |
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Frontal Air Sinus
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-Lies in frontal bone above and behind superciliary arches (eyebrows)
-May extend over orbit -Drains into middle meatus |
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Sphenoidal Air Sinus
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-Lies in body of sphenoid
-Varies in size -Drains into sphenoethmoidal recess -Related to pituitary gland, nerves and vessels in cranium |
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Ethmoidal Air Sinuses
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-Occupies lateral parts of ethmoid bone
-Contains number of separate air cells -Drains into middle and superior meati -Closely related to orbit & base of skull |
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Paranasal Sinuses; Innervation
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-Maxillary sinus; V2 (infraorbital and superior alveolar nerves)
Frontal Sinus; V1 Supraorbital -Sphenoidal Sinus; V1 Ethmoidal -Ethmoidal Sinus; V1 Ethmoidal |
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