Ahmad All

Front 1

Postsynaptic potentials at the NMJ are measured by

Back 1

attaching 1 measuring electrode to measure voltage connected to amplifier that calculates difference between it and control electrode.

Front 2

Volt is a measure of

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potential difference

Front 3

Ampere is a measure of

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current.

Front 4

Deactivation of post-synaptic receptors occurs when

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agonist is removed.

Front 5

Desensitization of post-synaptic receptors occurs when

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agonist still binding to receptor, but signal goes away.

Front 6

Deactivation of post-synaptic receptors causes

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loss in synaptic transmission.

Front 7

Capacitance of post-synaptic membranes causes

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delay in current change.

Front 8

Single channel recording can be accomplished using

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patch clamp.

Front 9

The time course of current in single channel patch clamp does not mimic

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time course of synaptic current b/c all or none phenomenon.

Front 10

The maximum size of the synaptic current (change of synaptic potential) at the NMJ is

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closest to end plate

Front 11

Synaptic current signal decreases further away from NMJ because

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leakage of current by ion channels like potassium.

Front 12

Type I synapses are

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excitative.

Front 13

Type I/excitative synapse characteristics are

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large postsynaptic density, thick active zone, wide distance of synaptic cleft.

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Type II synapses are

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inhibitory.

Front 15

Type II/inhibitory synapse characteristics are

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smaller active zone and narrow synaptic cleft.

Front 16

The two types of glutamate receptors are

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ionotropic and metabotropic.

Front 17

Ionotropic glutamate receptors are activated when

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agonist (glutamate) binds.

Front 18

Metabotropic glutamate receptors are activated when

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G-protein signaling occurs.

Front 19

The types of ionotropic glutamate receptors are

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AMPA and NMDA.

Front 20

The role of APV is

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blocks NMDA receptors.

Front 21

APV is used to determine

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what percent of current was mediated by NMDA or AMPA receptors.

Front 22

APV determines what percent of current was mediated by NMDA or AMPA receptors by

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record current without APV, then with APV. APV(without) – APV(with) = amount of current by NMDA receptors. APV(without) = amount of current by AMPA receptors.

Front 23

The obligate subunit of glutamate receptor structure required for function is

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GluN1.

Front 24

Glutamate binds to the glutamate receptors are

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N-terminal and Loop.

Front 25

The AMPAR subunits that prevents passage of calcium is

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GluA2

Front 26

Density of sodium channels in a neuron is highest at

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axon hillock.

Front 27

Temporal summation of synaptic potentials is

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when they occur rapidly after each other

Front 28

Spatial summation of synaptic potentials is

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when multiple synapses fire on the same axon simultaneously.

Front 29

Retrograde/back propagating action potentials activate

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NMDA receptors.

Front 30

The major inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors are

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GABA(A)

Front 31

The activation type of GABA(A) receptors is

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ionotropic and ligand-gated.

Front 32

The ligand for GABA(A) receptors is

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gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

Front 33

The major inhibitory NT of the CNS is

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GABA

Front 34

When activated, the GABA(A) receptor conducts

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chlorine.

Front 35

The result of GABA(A) activation is

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hyperpolarization.

Front 36

Action potential generation depends on

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excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP) and inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP) summation.

Front 37

Direct gating of NT is

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transmitter is ligand for channel

Front 38

Indirect gating of NT is

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1. transmitter is ligand for GPCR that uses second-messenger cascade to open channel, 2. Transmitter is ligand for Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that uses second-messenger cascade to open channel.

Front 39

Presynaptic modulation by indirect action causes

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increased post-synaptic potential

Front 40

Postsynaptic modulation by indirect action causes

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increased post-synaptic potential

Front 41

Modulation in cell body by indirection action causes

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increased duration of depolarization.

Front 42

Retrograde transmission is

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when synapse causes membrane-permeable modulators in post-synaptic cell to leave the cell and signal at receptors in pre-synaptic cell.

Front 43

Synaptic plasticity changes

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the strength of synaptic transmission

Front 44

Short-term synaptic plasticity (STSP) lasts on the order of

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seconds to minutes

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Long-term synaptic plasticity lasts on the order of

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hours to years.

Front 46

Most forms of short-term synaptic plasticity (STSP) are expressed

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presynaptically.

Front 47

Most forms of long-term synaptic plasticity are expressed

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generally postsynaptically.

Front 48

A2/A1 is

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paired pulse ratio.

Front 49

For (A2/A1), greater than 1 means

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the second pulse is bigger than the first

Front 50

For (A2/A1), less than 1 means

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the second pulse is smaller than the first.

Front 51

Paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) occurs when

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the second excitatory post-synaptic current (EPSC) is bigger than the first

Front 52

In Paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), the (A2/A1) is

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greater than 1 for the second pulse.

Front 53

In Paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), the closer the AP are to each other

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the higher the A2/A1 ratio.

Front 54

In Paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), the second AP releases _____ NT.

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more

Front 55

Paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) is most likely caused by

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residual calcium.

Front 56

Paired-pulse depression (PPD) occurs when

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the second excitatory post-synaptic current (EPSC) is smaller than the first.

Front 57

In Paired-pulse depression (PPD), the (A2/A1) is

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less than 1 for the second pulse.

Front 58

In Paired-pulse depression (PPD), the closer the AP are to each other

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the lowerr the A2/A1 ratio.

Front 59

In Paired-pulse depression (PPD), the second AP releases _____ NT.

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less

Front 60

Paired-pulse depression (PPD) is caused by

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buildup of calcium but depletion of NT

Front 61

A tetanus is

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repeated stimulation

Front 62

In Post-tetanic potentiation (PTP), the synapse is

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potentiated.

Front 63

Post-tetanic potentiation is just like

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a longer term paired-pulse facilitation.

Front 64

In PTP, the A2/A1 is

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higher for the second.

Front 65

Three properties of LTP are

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cooperativity, associativity, synapse specificity

Front 66

For LTP, cooperativity is

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when more than 1 fiber in synapses gets activated

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For LTP, associativity is

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when weak stimulation in one synapse is combined with strong stimulation at a nearby synapse.

Front 68

For LTP, synapse specific is

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when LTP occurs with strong active input in only one synapse.

Front 69

The three stages of LTP are

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induction, expression, maintenance.

Front 70

______ starts the process of LTP.

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calcium

Front 71

The classical pathway of LTP induction is

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Calcium Calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII).

Front 72

When CaMKII is activated, it

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autophosphorylates to activate itself and allow phosphorylation of substrates.

Front 73

The primary mechanism underlying expression of LTP is

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increase in the number of AMPA receptors (AMPAR).

Front 74

The Receptor insertion mechanism of LTP is when

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AMPAR present in endosomes then fuse to post-synaptic membrane in response to LTP to increase number.

Front 75

The receptor-centric capture mechanism of LTP is when

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receptors come from perisynaptic membranes (side of synapse) by diffusing in.

Front 76

The PSD-centric capture mechanism of LTP is when

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something happens to scaffolding proteins in membrane to allow them to better capture AMPAR.

Front 77

A silent synapse is one that

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has NMDAR but not AMPAR.

Front 78

AMPAR regulate

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base line synaptic transmission.

Front 79

______ can convert silent synapses into non-silent synapses

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LTP.

Front 80

Maintenance of LTP occurs through

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structural remodeling and protein synthesis

Front 81

Structural remodeling for maintenance of LTP includes

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Synapses grows or more synapses, dendritic spine grows, presynaptic terminal increases in size, more NT released.

Front 82

A mechanism of protein synthesis for maintenance of LTP is

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synaptic tagging, where the synapse can capture more proteins coming in.

Front 83

Protein synthesis _______ for maintenance of LTP.

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increases.

Front 84

The three stages of long-term depression (LTD) are

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induction, expression and maintenance.

Front 85

________ determines whether LTP or LTD is induced

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level of calcium.

Front 86

_______ calcium levels gives LTP.

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Higher

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________ calcium levels gives LTD.

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lower

Front 88

The primary mechanism underlying expression of LTD is

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decrease in the number of AMPAR.

Front 89

A decrease in the number of AMPAR in LTD expression is caused by

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endocytosis of AMPAR, diffusal of AMPAR away from synapse.

Front 90

The time course of LTD is determined by

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AMPAR recycling in endosomes after endocytosis.

Front 91

Another form of LTP is

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presynaptic

Front 92

Other forms of LTD are

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mGluR-dependent LTD and eCB-LTD

Front 93

In mGluR-dependent LTD, the mechanism is

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metabotropic glutamate receptor activated and causes endocytosis of AMPAR

Front 94

In eCB-LTD, the mechanism is

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presynaptic (decreased NT release) caused by post-synaptic signaling.

Front 95

Elecrophysiology is

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detection of electric currents and potentials

Front 96

Extracellular electrophysiology is

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recording electrode outside of cell

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Intracellular electrophysiology is

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recording electrode inside of cell

Front 98

Patch-clamp electrophysiology is

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recording electrode attached to membrane.

Front 99

In electrophysiology, the reference electrode is in

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bath solution.

Front 100

In electrophysiology, the amplifier measures

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potential difference between recording and reference electrode.

Front 101

Deflection of synaptic potential close to synapse when measured by extracellular electrode is

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negative deflection.

Front 102

In the hippocampus, the cell bodies all lie in

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pyr

Front 103

For neurons, the current sink is

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synapses

Front 104

For neurons, the current source is

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cell body.

Front 105

If you stimulate synaptic transmission at the level of the current sink (synapses), and have the extracellular electrode at the synapse it

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activates synaptic transmission and causes negative deflection.

Front 106

If you stimulate synaptic transmission at the level of the current sink (synapses), and have the extracellular electrode at the cell body it

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causes positive deflection.

Front 107

Field potential recordings are

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in-vivo extracellular recordings mainly contributed by synaptic currents.

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Local field potential (LFP) recording is

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Field potential in-vivo extracellular recording where electrode is in brain.

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EEG recording is

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Field potential in-vivo extracellular recording where electrode is on scalp

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ECoG recording is

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Field potential in-vivo extracellular recording where electrode is placed on brain surface

Front 111

In Depth (LFP), all deflections are

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synaptic transmission

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The size of the synaptic signal is reduced

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further away from the synapse.

Front 113

For field potential recordings, ______ has the highest signal, while _______ has the lowest.

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LFP, EEG

Front 114

Single-unit in-vivo extracellular recording is

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recording of action potentials from individual neurons

Front 115

Multi-unit in-vivo extracellular recording is

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recording of action potentials from multiple neurons with more than 1 electrode.

Front 116

Voltage clamp allows you to

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clamp voltage at a value and measure current.

Front 117

In 2 electrode voltage clamps, the electrodes are

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1. In cell and measures voltage, 2. Outside cell for control.

Front 118

For voltage clamp, the differential amplifier measures

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potential different between electrode in cell and reference electrode.

Front 119

For voltage clamp, the feedback amplifier measures

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Difference in measured voltage to clamped/command voltage and injects or withdraws current to compensate.

Front 120

For voltage clamp, the feedback amplifier current is

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exactly equal in opposite direction to current flowing into cell.

Front 121

Biological membranes with ion channels behave electrically as

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capacitors in parallel with resistors.

Front 122

For the circuit diagram of biological membranes, ion channels act as

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resistors.

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For the circuit diagram of biological membranes, cell membranes act as

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capacitors.

Front 124

For the circuit diagram of biological membranes, the resistor and capacitor are wired parallel because

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ion channels are gaps through membrane.

Front 125

For the circuit diagram of biological membranes, the current generator is

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resting membrane potential that maintains a charge on either side

Front 126

For the circuit diagram of biological membranes, the current generator is produced by

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ion pumps.

Front 127

For the circuit diagram of biological membranes, the switch is

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voltage sensor or motif that binds ligand of ion channel

Front 128

For the circuit diagram of biological membranes, the switch is off when

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AMPAR closed (current/ions don’t flow).

Front 129

For the circuit diagram of biological membranes, the switch is on when

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AMPAR open (current/ions flow).

Front 130

For the circuit diagram of biological membranes, when the ion channel opens, current flows, but doesn’t normally

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go through resistance first.

Front 131

Outside-out patch clamp is

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outside of membrane is outside of clamp.

Front 132

The patch-clamp electrode is attached to the membrane with

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High resistance seal.

Front 133

Because the resistance of the patch-clamp electrode seal is high,

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very little current flows in and out of seal, so measured current comes from channel.

Front 134

Patch clamp is now used over intracellular electrodes because

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less resistance for patch clamp.

Front 135

For patch clamp, there is low resistance access between

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patch pipette and interior of the cell.

Front 136

The one key difference between voltage clamp and patch clamp circuitry is

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patch clamp uses the bath electrode to set the zero current (ground) level.

Front 137

The electron flow in the electrode of the patch-clamp is generated by

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silver/silver chloride reaction taking lace in patch pipette.

Front 138

The uses of whole-cell patch-clamp are

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1. Voltage-clamp recordings, 2. Current-clamp recordings, 3. Measurement of membrane capacitance, 4. Introduction of dyes, drugs, and peptides into the cell, 5. Collection of mRNA for single cell PCR.

Front 139

Voltage-clamp recordings measure

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current

Front 140

Current-clamp recordings measure

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voltage.

Front 141

The types of calcium imaging are

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small molecule dyes, FRET-based GECI, single-fluorophore GECI.

Front 142

Small molecule dye based calcium imaging works by

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1. Calcium binds to bioluminescent proteins and it fluoresces, or 2. Calcium chellator binds to calcium and its fluorophore fluoresces.

Front 143

GECI is

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genetically encoded calcium indicators

Front 144

GECI works by

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Calcium binding modifies fluorescent proteins so they fluoresce

Front 145

An advantage of GECI is

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the proteins can be encoded under specific promoters to expressed in certain cell types.

Front 146

FRET-Based GECI works by

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calcium binds calmodulin causing conformational shift and ECFP and Venus come together to fluoresce

Front 147

Single-fluorophore GECI works by

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calcium binds calmodulin attached to EGFP and causes it to fluoresce.

Front 148

Optogenetics measures

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post-synaptic current.

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Optogenetics cannot differentiate

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different inputs.

Front 150

In optogenetics, channelrhodopsin is permeable to

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cations

Front 151

In optogenetics, halorhodopsin is permeable to

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anions

Front 152

In optogenetics, the rhodopsin channels are activated by

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light (light-gated)

Front 153

___ions excited cells.

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cat

Front 154

___ions inhibit cells.

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an