Ahmad 4

Front 1

Biological membranes with ion channels behave electrically as

Back 1

capacitors in parallel with resistors.

Front 2

For the circuit diagram of biological membranes, ion channels act as

Back 2

resistors.

Front 3

For the circuit diagram of biological membranes, cell membranes act as

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capacitors.

Front 4

For the circuit diagram of biological membranes, the resistor and capacitor are wired parallel because

Back 4

ion channels are gaps through membrane.

Front 5

For the circuit diagram of biological membranes, the current generator is

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resting membrane potential that maintains a charge on either side

Front 6

For the circuit diagram of biological membranes, the current generator is produced by

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ion pumps.

Front 7

For the circuit diagram of biological membranes, the switch is

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voltage sensor or motif that binds ligand of ion channel

Front 8

For the circuit diagram of biological membranes, the switch is off when

Back 8

AMPAR closed (current/ions don’t flow).

Front 9

For the circuit diagram of biological membranes, the switch is on when

Back 9

AMPAR open (current/ions flow).

Front 10

For the circuit diagram of biological membranes, when the ion channel opens, current flows, but doesn’t normally

Back 10

go through resistance first.

Front 11

Outside-out patch clamp is

Back 11

outside of membrane is outside of clamp.

Front 12

The patch-clamp electrode is attached to the membrane with

Back 12

High resistance seal.

Front 13

Because the resistance of the patch-clamp electrode seal is high,

Back 13

very little current flows in and out of seal, so measured current comes from channel.

Front 14

Patch clamp is now used over intracellular electrodes because

Back 14

less resistance for patch clamp.

Front 15

For patch clamp, there is low resistance access between

Back 15

patch pipette and interior of the cell.

Front 16

The one key difference between voltage clamp and patch clamp circuitry is

Back 16

patch clamp uses the bath electrode to set the zero current (ground) level.

Front 17

The electron flow in the electrode of the patch-clamp is generated by

Back 17

silver/silver chloride reaction taking lace in patch pipette.

Front 18

The uses of whole-cell patch-clamp are

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1. Voltage-clamp recordings, 2. Current-clamp recordings, 3. Measurement of membrane capacitance, 4. Introduction of dyes, drugs, and peptides into the cell, 5. Collection of mRNA for single cell PCR.

Front 19

Voltage-clamp recordings measure

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current

Front 20

Current-clamp recordings measure

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voltage.

Front 21

The types of calcium imaging are

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small molecule dyes, FRET-based GECI, single-fluorophore GECI.

Front 22

Small molecule dye based calcium imaging works by

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1. Calcium binds to bioluminescent proteins and it fluoresces, or 2. Calcium chellator binds to calcium and its fluorophore fluoresces.

Front 23

GECI is

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genetically encoded calcium indicators

Front 24

GECI works by

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Calcium binding modifies fluorescent proteins so they fluoresce

Front 25

An advantage of GECI is

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the proteins can be encoded under specific promoters to expressed in certain cell types.

Front 26

FRET-Based GECI works by

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calcium binds calmodulin causing conformational shift and ECFP and Venus come together to fluoresce

Front 27

Single-fluorophore GECI works by

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calcium binds calmodulin attached to EGFP and causes it to fluoresce.

Front 28

Optogenetics measures

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post-synaptic current.

Front 29

Optogenetics cannot differentiate

Back 29

different inputs.

Front 30

In optogenetics, channelrhodopsin is permeable to

Back 30

cations

Front 31

In optogenetics, halorhodopsin is permeable to

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anions

Front 32

In optogenetics, the rhodopsin channels are activated by

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light (light-gated)

Front 33

___ions excited cells.

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cat

Front 34

___ions inhibit cells.

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an