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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Matter is
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Anything that has weight and takes up space, including solids, liquids, and gasses.
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Elements
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Pure chemical substances with only one type of atom.
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About how many elements do most living organisms require?
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About 20
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Atoms
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The smallest complete units of an element.
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Chemical bond
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Attractive force between atoms.
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The center portion of an atom is the
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Nucleus
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Electrons
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Small, negatively charged particles that encircle the nucleus of an atom.
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Protons
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Positively charged particles in the nucleus of an atom.
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Neutrons
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Electrically neutral particles in the nucleus of an atom.
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What is the ration of protons to electrons in an atom, and what is the overall electrical charge of an atom?
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There are as many protons as electrons, therefore, the overall atom is negatively charged.
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Atomic number
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The number of protons in an atom of an element.
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Atomic weight
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The number of the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom.
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Isotopes
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Atoms that have the same number of protons as other atoms of the same element but a different number of neutrons, thus a different atomic weight.
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Unstable isotopes are called...
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Radioactive, because they emit energetic particles.
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The three forms of radiation are?
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Alpha, beta, and gamma
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Radiation that consists of particles from atomic nuclei, which includes two protons and two neutrons, travel slowly and weakly penetrate matter is?
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Alpha radiation
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Radiation that consists of much smaller particles (electrons) that travel more rapidly and penetrate more deeply is?
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Beta radiation
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Radiation that is similar to X-ray and is the most penetrating of the radiation forms is?
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Gamma radiation
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What is the half-life of a radio active isotope?
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The time required for an isotope to lose one-half of it's radioactivity.
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What is the space occupied by electrons called?
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Shell
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Inert
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Atoms whos outermost shells are filled, making them stable and chemically inactive.
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Ions
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Electrically charged atoms or molecules.
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Ionic bond
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A chemical attraction between two ions by transfer of electrons.
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Covalent bond
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Chemical bond formed by electron sharing between atoms.
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Polar
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A molecule in which carge distribution is uneven.
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Hydrogen bond
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A weak chemical attraction between a hydrogen atom and an atom of oxygen or nitrogen.
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Molecule
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A particle composed of two or more joined atoms.
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Compounds
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A substance composed of two or more chemically bonded elements.
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Molecular formula
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An abbrieviation for the number of atoms of each element in a compound.
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Structural formulas
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A representation of the way atoms bond to form a molecule, using symbols for each element and lines to indicate chemical bonds.
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Synthesis
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Building large molecules from smaller ones that join.
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Decomposition
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The breakdown of molecules into simpler compounds
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Exchange reaction
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A chemical reaction in which parts of two kinds of molecules trade positions.
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Reversible reaction
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Chemical reaction in which the products react, reforming the reactants.
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Catalysts
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A chemical that increases the rate of a chemical reaction, but is not permanently altered by the reaction.
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Electrolytes
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Substances that release ions in water.
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Acids
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Electrlytes that release hydrogen ions in water.
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Bases
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Electrolytes that reelease ions that BOND WITH hydrogen ions.
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PH value measures
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Hydrogen ion concentration
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PH scale ranges from?
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0-14
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What is the pH of a neutral substance?
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7
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If a substance has a pH of less than 7, it is called?
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Acidic
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If a substance has a pH of greater than 7, it is called?
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Basic
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How many fold is the difference between each whole number on the pH scale?
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Tenfold (For instance, pH 6 has 10 times the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution with a pH of 7
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Buffers
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A subsstance that can react with a strong acid or base to form a weaker acid or base and thus resist change in pH.
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Inorganic
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Chemical substances that do not include carbon and hydrogen. Electrolytes.
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Organic
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Chemical substances that include both carbon and hydrogen.
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nonelectrolytes
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Organic substances that dissolve in water but do not generally release ions.
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List four examples of inorganic substances.
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Water, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Salts
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Carbohydrates
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Organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
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Four examples of organic substances needed by the body.
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Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucliec acids.
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Ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in most carbohydrates?
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2:1
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Monosaccharides
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Simple sugars, such as glucose or fructose.
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Disaccharides
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Sugars produced by the union of two monosaccharides.
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Polysaccharides
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Carbohydrates composed of many bonded monosaccharides.
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Lipids
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Organic substances that are insoluble in water but soluble in certain organic solvents, such as ether and chloroform.
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Fats
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Used primarily to store energy for cellular activities. Fat molecules can supply more energy, gram for gram, than carbohydrate molecules.
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Fatty acids
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Building blocks of fat molecules.
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Glycerol
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An organic compound that is a building block for fat molecules.
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Phospholipid
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A lipid that includes two fatty acid molecules and a phosphate group bound to a glycerol molecule.
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Steroid
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A type of organic molecule including complex rings of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
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Proteins
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Nitrogen-containing organic compounds consisting of amino acids.
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Amino acids
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Small organic compounds that include an amino group and a carboxyl group; structural units of a protien molecule.
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Conformation
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3-D shape of a molecule
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Nucleic acids
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A molecule that is a polymer of nucleotides; RNA or DNA
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Nucleotides
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A building block of a nucleic acid molecule consisting of a sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.
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RNA
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ribonucleic acid is a nucliec acid whose necleotides each include the sugar ribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
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DNA
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Deoxyribonucleic acid is a double-stranded polymer of nucleotides, eachcontaining a phosphate group, a nitrogenousbase, and the sugar deoxyribose.
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