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54 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
"irrepressible conflict"
-argument
-between opposing and enduring forces
-US eventually either entirely slaveholding or entirely free-labor
"economic determinism"
-argument
-theory
-primacy to economic structure over politics in development of human history
-belief that economic laws determine history
Morrill Tariff Act
1861
-high protective
-President Buchanan, Democrat
-appealed to industrialists and factory workers
--> industrial growth --> limited competition from European lower-wage industries
Homestead Act
1862
-Lincoln
-anyone who had never taken arms against gov
--> 21 years or older/ head of family
---> file application to claim federal land grant
Pacific Railway Act
1862
-acts by Congress
-promote construction of transcontinental RR in US
-authorizing issuance of gov bonds and grants of land to RR companies
Morrill Land Grant College Act
1862
-US statutes
-allowed for creation of land-grant colleges
National Bank Acts
1863 and 1864
-two federal banking acts
-established system of national bank for banks
-created US National Banking System
greenbacks
-paper currency
-Civil War
-2 forms --> Demand Notes and US Notes
-not backed by gold or silver
--> only credibility of US gov
Conscription Act
1863
-fresh manpower for Union Army
-enroll every male citizen
-immigrants who filed for citizenship
--> ages 20-45
"A rich man's war, but a poor man's fight!"
-inequality of provision
-draftee could gain exemption
--> pay fee of $300
-hire substitute
NY Draft Riots
-violent disturbances
-NYC
-culmination of working-class discontent with new laws passed by Congress
--> draft men to fight in Civil War
-Lincoln fired divert militia and volunteer troops from following up
-Battle of Gettysburg to control city
Peace Democrats (Copperheads)
-vocal group
-Democrats
-North
-oppose Civil War
-want immediate peace settlement with Confederates
Clement L. Vallandigham
-Ohio politician
-leader of Copperheads
-2 terms in House of Representatives
Ex parte Merriman
1861
-test authority of president to suspend habeas corpus under Constitution's suspension clause
-Chief Taney ruled authority to suspend habeas corpus lay with Congress, not president

--> Lincoln ignored ruling
Ex parte Milligan
1866
-ruled that application of military tribunals to citizens when civilian courts still operating
-->unconstitutional
-controversial
--> one of first cases after end of Civil War
Union Party
1864 presidential election
-Republican Party
-attract War Democrats and border state Unionists
--> would not vote for Republican
-nominated Lincoln and Johnson
War Democrats
-reject Copperheads who controlled party
-demand aggressive policy toward Confederacy
-support policies of Republican Lincoln when Civil War broke out
-->1860 election
General George B. McClellan
-Democratic presidential nominee 1864
-Governor of NJ
-Army of Potomac
-briefly general-in-chief of Union Army
Confiscation Acts
1861, 1862
-intend to free slaves still held by Confederate forces in South

1st--> authorized confiscation of Confederate property (slaves) by Union forces
2nd--> any Confederate official, military or civilian, who did not surrender within 60 days
--> slaves freed

---> only applicable to Confederate areas occupied by Union Army
13th Amendment
-abolished slavery and involuntary servitude
--> except as punishment for crime
-1st of 3 Reconstruction Amendments adopted following Civil War
Emancipation Proclamation
-announcement made by Lincoln
-Civil War
-9/22/1862
-emancipating all black slaves in states still engaged in rebellion against Union
-declaration turned war into crusade against slavery
-signed 1/1/1863
54th Massachusetts Regiment
-infantry regiment
-extensive serve in Union Army
-1st official African American unit in US during Civil War
Clara Barton
-US social activist
-founded American Red Cross
-served as its first president
--> (1882-1904)
National Women's Loyal Legue
-formed 5/14/1863
-campaign for amendment to US constitution to abolish slavery
-organized by Stanton, president
-Susan B. Anthony, secretary
Matthew Brady
-bushranger (live far from civilization)
--> Van Dieman's Land
-"Gentleman Bushranger"
--> good treatment
--> find manners when robbing victims

bushranger= those who abandoned social rights and privileges to take up "robbery under arms" as a way of life, using the bush as their base
Jefferson Davis
-US politician and president of Confederacy
-US senator from Mississippi (1847-1851)
-defender of slavery
-soldier and statesman
-unable to find strategy to defeat Union
-diplomatic efforts failed to gain recognition
-paid little attention to economy
--> paper money --> inflation
Alexander H. Stevens
-American politician
-Georgia
-slave owner
-VP of Confederacy
-US Representative
-Governor of Georgia
"backcountry" and "upcountry" settlers
backcountry: rural southerners

upcountry: urban, city southerners
Alexander Cartwright
-father of baseball
-drew diagram of diamond shaped baseball field
-developer of rules of modern game
-inventor of baseball
Committee on the Conduct of War
-US Congressional investigating Committee created to handle issues surrounding Civil War

-purpose=investigation
-->illicit trade with Confederacy
-->military contracts
-->causes of Union battle losses

-endorse:
-->emancipation
-->use of black soldiers
-->appointment of generals known to be aggressive fighters

-Radical Republicans--> want more aggressive policies
Southern Bread Riots
1863
-events of civil unrest in Confederacy
-women March-April 1863
-cities throughout South
-women and men violently invaded and located various shops and stores
Mary Boykin Chesnut
-South Carolina author
-Civil War diary
-upper-class circles of Southern planter society
U.S.S. Monitor
-iron-hulled steamship
-first ironclad warship commissioned by US Navy during Civil War
-Battle of Hampton Roads
--> fought CSS Virginia
C.S.S. Merrimac (Virginia)
-first steamship powered ironclad warship built by Confederate Navy first year of Civil War
-Battle of Hampton Roads
William Seward
-American politician from NY
-under Lincoln and Johnson:
-->Governor of NY
-->US Senator
-->US Secretary of State
-opponent of spread of slavery
-Republican Party
Charles Francis Adams
-son of John Quincy Adams
-Massachusetts State Senate
-->ran unsuccessfully for VP election 1848
-->Free-Soiler
-Lincoln's foreign minister in London
-->kept Britain neutral
-overseer of Harvard
-->built library
"King Cotton" diplomacy
-South
-coerce Britain and France to support them
-implementing cotton trade embargo against Europe
Trent affair
-international diplomatic incident
-USS San Jacinto, commanded by Wilkes, intercepted Br mail
-->removed Mason and Slidell (diplomats)
-envoys for Br and Fr for recognition and financial support for Confederacy
-Br-->outraged at violation of neutral rights and insult to honor
-Br Gov demanded apology and release of prisoners
William C. Quantrill
-Confederacy guerilla leader
-led Confederacy bushwhacker unit along Missouri-Kansas border
-early 1860s
-->ended up in Kentucky
-->mortally wounded in Union ambush
-->May 1865, age 27

bushwhacker= form of guerrilla warfare
Jayhawks
Kansas, 1858
-comradeship-->keep Kansas free state
-guerilla fighters who often clashed with pro-slavery Missouri
Samuel Colt
-inventor
-revolver patented 1836, adopted by US Army 1846
-armory at Hartford, CT
-->advanced manufacturing techniques
-Colt's Patent Fire-Arms Manufacturing Company
Oliver Winchester
-American businessman and politician
-manufacturing and marketing
-->repeating rifle
First Battle of Bull Run
(First Manassas)
7/21/1861
-Prince William Country, Virginia
-first major land battle of Civil War
-McDowell-->Union
-Beauregard-->Confederacy
Anaconda Plan
-outline strategy for subduing seceding states in Civil War
-proposed by general-in-chief Winfield Scott
-blockade of Southern ports
-advance down Mississippi River to cut South in two
Admiral David G. Farragut
-flag officer of US Navy
-first rear admiral, vice admiral, admiral
-order at Battle of Mobil Bay
-->"Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead!"
General Robert E. Lee
-American career military officer
-commanded Confederate Army
-Northern Virginia
General "Stonewall" Jackson
-Confederate general
-after Lee
-Valley campaign 1862
-corps commander in Army Northern Virginia under Lee
-accidentally shot at Battle of Chancellorsville
-->survived
-->died of pneumonia
General Ulysses S. Grant
-military commander
-18th president of US
-Union Army defeated Confederacy under him
-war and secession ended with surrender of Lee at Appomattox
Battle of Antietam
aka Battle of Sharpsburg
1862
-first major battle in Civil War on Union soil
-bloodiest single-day battle in American history
-27,717 dead, wounded, missing
Battle of Gettysburg
July 1863
-near town of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania
-Union army under Meade repulsed Confederate army of Lee
-->forced him to abandon invasion of north
General William Tecumseh Sherman
-American soldier, businessman, educator
-general in Union Army
-great military strategy
-harsh "scorched earth" policies
-->total war against Confederacy
Sherman's "March on the Sea"
-Savanna campaign-->Georgia 1864
-Sherman's troops left captured capital city: Atlanta, Georgia
-capture of port of Savannah
-forces destroyed:
-->military targets
-->industry
-->infrastructure
-->civilian property
--->disrupted Southern economy and transportation networks
"War is hell!"
-William Tecumseh Sherman
-address to graduating class of Michigan Military Academy
-6/19/1879
Andersonville
-village of southwestern Georgia
-near Americus
-site of large and infamous Confederate prison camp