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Mercantilism

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belief in the benefits of profitable trading

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Salutary neglect

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seventeenth- and eighteenth-century British Crown policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws meant to keep American colonies obedient to England.

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Albany Plan of Union

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plan to create a unified government for the Thirteen Colonies, suggested by Benjamin Franklin, then a senior leader (age 45) and a delegate from Pennsylvania, at the AlbanyCongress on July 10, 1754 in Albany, New York.

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Sugar Act

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law passed by the British Parliament in 1764 raising duties on foreign refined sugar imported by the colonies so as to give British sugar growers in the West Indies a monopoly on the colonial market.

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Currency Act

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several Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain that regulated paper money issued by the colonies of British America. The Acts sought to protect British merchants and creditors from being paid in depreciated colonial currency.

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Quarterning Act

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name given to a minimum of two Acts of British Parliament in the local governments of the American colonies to provide the British soldiers with any needed accommodations or housing. It also required colonists to provide food for any British soldiers in the area.

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Stamp Act

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British Parliament in 1756 that exacted revenue from the American colonies by imposing a stamp duty on newspapers and legal and commercial documents. Colonial opposition led to the act's repeal in 1766 and helped encourage the revolutionary movement against the British Crown.

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Townshend Acts

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series of acts passed – beginning in 1767 – by the Parliament of Great Britain relating to the British colonies in North America. Theacts are named after Charles Townshend, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, who proposed the program.

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James Otis

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February 5, 1725 – May 23, 1783) was a lawyer in colonial Massachusetts, a member of the Massachusetts provincial assembly, and an early advocate of the Patriot views against British policy that led to the American Revolution.

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John Dickinson

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born in 1732 and won fame in 1767 as the author of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies." The letters helped turn public opinion against the Townshend Acts, enacted by the British Parliament. Dickinson also helped draft the Articles of Confederation and craft the U.S. Constitution. His legacy is honored through Dickinson College and Penn State's Dickinson School of Law, both in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.

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Committees of Correspondence

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allied colonial opposition against British policy and established a political union among the Thirteen Colonies. Letter from Samuel Adams to James Warren, 4 November 1772. Massachusetts Historical Society.

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Sons of Liberty

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organization of American colonists that was created in the Thirteen American Colonies. The secret society was formed to protect the rights of the colonists and to fight taxation by the British government. They played a major role in most colonies in battling the Stamp Act in 1765.

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Samuel Adams

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American Revolutionary leader and patriot; an organizer of the Boston Tea Party and signer of the Declaration of Independence (1722-1803) Synonyms: Adams, Sam Adams Example of: American Revolutionary leader. a nationalist leader in the American Revolution and in the creation of the United States.

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John Hancock

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American revolutionary patriot who was president of the Continental Congress; was the first signer of the Declaration of Independence (1737-1793)

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Patrick Henry

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May 29, 1736 – June 6, 1799) was an American attorney, planter and politician who became known as an orator during the movement for independence in Virginia. A Founding Father, he served as the first and sixth post-colonial Governor of Virginia, from 1776 to 1779 and from 1784 to 1786.

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Boston Massacre

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a riot in Boston (March 5, 1770) arising from the resentment of Bostoncolonists toward British troops quartered in the city, in which the troops fired on the mob and killed several persons

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Tea Act

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Actof the Parliament of Great Britain. The principal objective was to reduce the massive amount of tea held by the financially troubled British East India Company in its London warehouses and to help the struggling company survive.

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Boston Tea Party

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a raid on three British ships in Boston Harbor (December 16, 1773) in which Boston colonists, disguised as Indians, threw the contents of several hundred chests of tea into the harbor as a protest against British taxes on tea and against the monopoly granted the East India Company.

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Coercive Acts

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series of British measures passed in 1774 and designed to punish the Massachusetts colonists for the Boston Tea Party. For example, one of the laws closed the port of Boston until the colonists paid for the tea that they had destroyed.

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Intolerable Acts

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American Patriots' term for a series of punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 after the Boston Tea Party. They were meant to punish the Massachusetts colonists for their defiance in throwing a large tea shipment into Boston Harbor.

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First Continental Congress

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meeting of delegates from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies that met on September 5 to October 26, 1774 at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, early in the American Revolution.

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Thomas Paine

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patriot and author in the Revolutionary War, whose pamphlets, such as Common Senseand the American Crisis series, urged American independence. He took part in the French Revolution and wrote The Rights of Man to defend it against the criticisms of Edmund Burke.

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Lexington and Concord

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The first battle of the Revolutionary War, fought in Massachusetts on April 19, 1775. British troops had moved from Boston toward Lexington and Concord to seize the colonists' military supplies and arrest revolutionaries.

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Second Continental Congress

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convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that started meeting in the summer of 1775, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that, soon after warfare, declared the American Revolutionary War had begun.

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Olive Branch Petition

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drafted on July 5, 1775, was a letter to King George III, from members of the Second Continental Congress, which represents the last attempt by the moderate party in North America to avoid a war of independence against Britain.

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George Washington

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first president of the United States, and the commanding general of the victorious American army in the Revolutionary War. The best known of the Founding Fathers,Washington is called the father of his country.

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Continental Army

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formed by the SecondContinental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies that became the United States of America.

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Thomas Jefferson

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A political leader of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries; one of the Founding Fathers; the leader of the Democratic-Republican party. Jefferson was principal author of the Declaration of Independence and served as president from 1801 to 1809, between John Adams and James Madison.

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Declaration of Independence

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formal statement written by Thomas Jefferson declaring the freedom of the thirteen American colonies from Great Britain. An example of the Declaration of Independence was the document adopted at the Second Continental Congress on July 4th, 1776.

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Minute Men

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in the period preceding and during the American Revolution) a member of a class of American militiamen who volunteered to be ready for service at a minute's notice.

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Hessians

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18th century German auxiliaries contracted for military service by the British government, which found it easier to borrow money to pay for their service than to recruit its own soldiers. They took their name from the German state of Hesse-Kassel.

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Charles Cornwallis

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general in charge of British forces during the American Revolution. When he admitted defeat to George Washington at the Battle of Yorktown the war was ended.

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Ethan Allen

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Vermont native who fought in the French and Indian War and Revolutionary War. He and his Green Mountain Boys, along with Benedict Arnold, were instrumental in the capture of Fort Ticonderoga, which contained a stockpile of British weapons.

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Benedict Arnold

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American general of the Revolutionary War. He performed notably in the early days of the war but became bitter over several setbacks to his career. After receiving command of the American fort at West Point, New York, Arnold plotted to betray it to the British.

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Bunker Hill

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first great battle of the Revolutionary War; it was fought near Boston in June 1775. The British drove the Americans from their fort at Breed's Hill to Bunker Hill, but only after the Americans had run out of gunpowder.

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Ticonderoga

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a pitched battle in which American revolutionary troops captured Fort Ticonderoga from the British in 1775. ... American Revolution, American Revolutionary War, American War of Independence, War of American Independence - the revolution of the American Colonies against Great Britain; 1775-1783.

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Trenton

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mall but pivotalbattle during the American Revolutionary War which took place on the morning of December 26, 1776, in Trenton, New Jersey.

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Saratoga

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major battle of the Revolutionary War, fought in 1777 in northern New York state. Benedict Arnold, who had not yet turned traitor, was a leader of the American offensive, which forced the surrender of British troops under General John Burgoyne.

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Yorktown

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last battle of the Revolutionary War, fought in 1781 near the seacoast of Virginia. There the British general Lord Cornwallis surrendered his army to General George Washington.

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Savannah

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Second Battleof Savannah was an encounter of the American Revolutionary War in 1779. The year before, the city of Savannah, Georgia, had been captured by a British expeditionary corps under Lieutenant-Colonel Archibald Campbell.

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Charleston

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one of the major battles which took place toward the end of the American Revolutionary War, after the British began to shift their strategic focus to the American Southern Colonies.

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Treaty Of Paris

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negotiated between the United States and Great Britain, ended the revolutionary war and recognized American independence. The Continental Congress named a five-member commission to negotiate a treaty–John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, and Henry Laurens.

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Patriots

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a person who vigorously supports their country and is prepared to defend it against enemies or detractors.

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Loyalists

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a person who remains loyal to the established ruler or government, especially in the face of a revolt.a colonist of the American revolutionary period who supported the British cause.

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Inalienable rights

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Natural rights are those that are not dependent on the laws or customs of any particular culture or government, and therefore universal and inalienable(i.e., rights that cannot be repealed or restrained by human laws). The concept of natural law is closely related to the concept of natural rights.

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Abigail Adams

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1744-1818) was an American first lady (1797-1801), the wife of JohnAdams, the second president of the United States, and the mother of John QuincyAdams, the sixth president.

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Republican Motherhood

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20th-century term for an attitude toward women's roles present in the emerging United States before, during, and after the American Revolution.

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Judith Murray

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May 1, 1751 – June 9, 1820) was an early American advocate for women's rights, an essayist, playwright, poet, and letter writer.

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Richard Allen

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ebruary 14, 1760 – March 26, 1831) was a minister, educator, writer, and one of America's most active and influential black leaders. In 1794 he founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), the first independent black denomination in the United States.

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Yeoman

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1. historicala man holding and cultivating a small landed estate; a freeholder.

2.historicala servant in a royal or noble household, ranking between a sergeant and a groom or a squire and a page.

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Aritsans

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a worker in a skilled trade, especially one that involves making things by hand.