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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is a forage grass?
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stems and leaves that are used for livestock
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where do most forage grasses originate from?
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europe
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what do forage grasses produce?
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hay, silage, green chop, and pasturage
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what is reed canarygrass useful for?
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reducing erosion
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what is tall fescue used for?
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pasturage
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what is kentucky bluegrass used for?
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it's barely seeded; sometimes it's lawn
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what are the emergence and early seedling development similar to?
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that of corn and oats
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forage grasses have which type of root system?
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crown
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what type of buds develop into tillers, stolons, and rhizomes?
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axillary
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are stolons common in forage grasses?
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no
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what is the enlarged internode in timothy called?
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the haplocorm
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sodformers have rhizomes as well as ----. ---- buds are on the rhizomes.
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tillers/axillary
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what are the three types of sod-formers?
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smooth bromegrass, quackgrass, and reed canarygrass
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bunch grasses have tillers but no ---.
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rhizomes
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what are the three types of bunch grasses?
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orchardgrass, timothy, and tall fescue
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how many tillers can sudangrass have by the end of growing season?
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20-100
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what type of inflorescence is sudangrass?
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panicle
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what is palatability?
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acceptability of the feed by the animal determined by taste, texture, and odor
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which grasses are more palatable?
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bromegrass and timothy
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how tall does sudan grass grow to be?
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2 to 3 meters
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how tall do perennials grow to be?
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.5 to 1 meters
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what is curing hay?
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drying
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perennials/sudangrass has a higher yield.
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sudangrass
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which forage grass has spike inflorescence?
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quackgrass
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SHOULD I LOOK AT PAGE 9:15?
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YES
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what are the three types of crop pests?
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weeds, insects and disease
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what is a weed from an agronomist perspective?
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a plant growing where is is not wanted
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how do weeds reduce crop yields?
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compete for light, water, and nutrients, not to mention chemicals and mechanical interference
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how do weeds reduce product quality?
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weed parts get into harvested crop
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how do weeds increase production costs?
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weed control and crop decontamination
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how do weeds poison livestock?
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they eat bad weeds
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how do weeds reduce land value?
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they are pests and no one wants weedy land
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how do weeds harbor insects and diseases?
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provide alternate hosts and places for egg laying
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what does it mean to be a prolific seed producer?
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up to one million seeds/plant which can survive in soil for years
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weeds can adapt to large/small ranges of environmental factors.
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large
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how does being the same size and density as a crop benefit a weed?
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it is hard to be sorted and removed mechanically
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because weeds have short life cycles, they then reproduce vegetation ---
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often
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how many insect species are considered crop pests?
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600
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what does it mean if an insect has chewing mouth parts?
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it feeds directly on the plant parts
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what does it mean if an insect has piercing-sucking mouthparts?
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it feeds on cell contents
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how do insects cause lodging?
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they damage the stems and stalks
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what results when insects damage seeds?
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less germination leads to lower seed quality
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what causes epidemics of disease in plants?
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large scale or continuous production of the same plant in the same area, introduction of pests, and favorable weather conditions, reduction of natural enemies, and cultural practices
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what is fungi?
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small, sometimes microscopic organisms lacking chlorophyll and conductive tissue
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what is bacterial disease?
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simple, single-celled microorganisms
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what is a virus?
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entities that are too small to be seen by a light microscope and multiply only in living cells
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what is a nematode?
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small worm-like animals that attack plants
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how does disease affect a plant through decreasing leaf area?
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it reduced photsynthesis
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how does disease affect a plant through plugging vascular tissue?
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reduced movement of water and photosynthate
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how does disease affect a plant through product quality?
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worse in field and stored
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how does disease affect a plant through money?
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it increases production costs
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how does disease affect a plant through mainly nematodes?
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root damage
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what are the three components of the plant disease triangle?
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disease causing organism (pathogen), susceptible host plant, proper environmental conditions
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what is host plant resistance?
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genetic factors that protect plants from disease
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what is non-preference host plant resistance?
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involves certain characteristics that reduce or eliminate insect feeding or egg laying.. EXAMPLE=cotton w/smooth leaves
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what is antibiosis host plant resistance?
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involves anatomical or chemical characteristics that adversely influence that survival, development, and reproduction of an insect, pest, or pathogen
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what is tolerancehost plant resistance?
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the ability to withstand or repair the effects of a disease infection, insect feeding, or weed competition to minimize yield reduction
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what is escape host plant resistance?
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altered maturity or crop development to avoid pest damage
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what is a cultural control?
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management of the crop environment to create conditions unfavorable or destructive to pests
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what are four ways of cultural control?
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tillage, crop rotation, planting and harvesting dates, and chemical control
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what is mode of action?
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the chain of events taken after exposure to pesticide which usually leads to death
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what is a biological control?
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regulation of a pest by use of its natural enemies.
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what is integrated pest management?
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the use of all available methods of pest control in a program to prevent economic damage to crops
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