Agriculture

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agribusiness

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the interconnected industry of food production involving farmers, processors, distributors, and retailers.

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agriculture

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activities centered on cultivating domesticated crops and livestock in order to procure food and fiber for human use or consumption.

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agro-biotech

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side of of the third agricultural revolution. seeks to improve the quality and yield of crops and livestock through the use of such techniques as cross breeding, hybridization, and more recently genetic engineering.

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agroforestry

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purposeful integration of trees with crops and/or livestock in the same field simultaneously or sequentially, one after the other.

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biofuel

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fuel derived from renewable biological material, such as plant matter.

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cash crop

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crops with high value such as coffee, tea, palm oil, and sugar.

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commercial agriculture

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a farming system that relies heavily on purchases inputs and in which products are sold for use or consumption away from the farm.

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commercial dairy farming

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the management of cattle for producing and marketing milk, butter, cheese, or other milk by-products.

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commercial gardening

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the intensive production of non tropical fruits vegetables and flowers for sale off the farm.

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commercial grain farming

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agriculture involving the large scale, highly mechanized cultivation of grain.

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crop rotation

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growing a sequence of different crops in the same field in order to maintain soil fertility and health.

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desertification

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the creation of desert lie conditions in non desert areas through human and or environmental causes

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domesticaton

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selecting plants and animals for specific characteristics and influencing their reproduction.

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double cropping

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completing the cycle from planting to harvesting on the same field twice in one year.

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dual economy

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place with large scale export oriented agriculture operating alongside smallholder agriculture.

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dual society

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place with two specific social classes- upper class plantation managers and the lower class laborers.

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extensive agriculture

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an agricultural system characterized by low inputs of labor, capital, or equipment per unit area of land.

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factory farm

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a farm that houses huge quantities of livestock or poultry in buildings, dry lot dairies, or feedlot.

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first agricultural revolution

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began with domestication of plants and animals. 11,000 years ago.

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four course system

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balances planting of food crops with feed crops and incorporates legumes that enrich the soil. took away the fallow period.

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gene revolution

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the shift since the 1980s to greater private and corporate involvement in and controls of the research development intellectual property right and genetic engineering of highly specialized agricultural products, especially crop varieties.

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feedlot

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confined space used for the controlled feeding of animals.

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global food crisis

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when food goes to a very high price due to drought, more biofuels, etc.

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green revolution

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the dramatic increase in grain production between 1965 and 1985 in asia and latin america from high-yielding, fertilizer- and irrigation-dependent varieties of wheat, rice and corn.

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hunting and gathering

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hunting wild animals, fishing, and gathering wild plants for food.

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intensive agriculture

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an agricultural system characterized by high inputs, such as labor, capital, or equipment per unit area of land.

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intercropping

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planting two or more crops in a field at the same time.

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livestock ranching

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a form of agriculture devoted to raising large numbers of cattle or sheep for sale to meat processors.

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mediterranean agriculture

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the land surrounding the mediterranean sea is the hearth. a type of agroforesty centered on the inner cultivation of livestock, a grain crop, and a tree or vine crop.

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mixed crop and livestock farming

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an integrated system that involved raising crops to feed livestock. the animals were then sold off of the farm, generating most of the farms revenue.

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monoculture

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planting a single crop in a field often over a large area.

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nutrition transition

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a shift characterized by a decline in the consumption of rice and an increase in meat and wheat based food.

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organic agriculture

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a farming system that promotes sustainable and biodiverse ecosystems and relies on natural ecological processes and cycles, as opposed to synthetic inputs such as pesticides.

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pastoralism

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an agricultural system in which animal husbandry based on open grazing of herd animals is the sole or dominant farming activity.

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plantation

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a large estate in tropical or subtropical areas that specializes in the production of a cash crop.

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precision agriculture

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employs GIS and aerial imagery to measure and map the spatial variation in environmental conditions within a field.

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salinization

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the accumulation of salts on or in the soil.

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second agricultural revolution

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the invention of the curved metal plate used to make the moldboard plow, and the use of the horse collar. started in western europe in the middle ages.

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shifting cultivation

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an agricultural system that uses fire to clear vegetation in order to create fields for crops; it is based on a cycle of land rotation that includes fallow periods.

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smallholder agriculture

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a farming system characterized by small farms in which the household is the main scale of agricultural production and consumption.

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smallholder crop and livestock farming

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specific combination of crop types and livestock varies significantly from one place to another because of different socioeconomic, climatic, and soil conditions.

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subsistence agriculture

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a farming system that is largely independent of purchased inputs and in which outputs are typically used or consumed by farmers and their family or extended family.

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sustainable agriculture

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farming practices that carefully manage natural resources and minimize adverse effects on the environment while maintaining farm profits.

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3rd agricultural revolution

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extensive mechanicalization, heavy reliance on irrigation, and chemical applications and biotechnology.

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transhumance

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moving herds on a seasonal basis to new pastures or water sources.

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truck farming

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vegetables grown for market. including tomatoes, lettuce, melons, broccoli, onions, and strawberries.