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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
cellular theories
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programmed cell death
waste product theory cross linkage theory |
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organ based theories
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immune theories
calorie restriction neuro-endocrine theories |
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genetic theories: programmed
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heritability of lifespan
modifier genes pleiotrophic genes gene redundancy |
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genetic theories: unprogrammed
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somatic mutation
DNA repair error catastrophe free radicals telomeres |
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programmed cell death
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Cells have an intrinsic fixed (limited) capacity to divide therefore aging process is controlled by ‘cellular clock’
cells have some essential property that limits their unclear survival and hence the aging process may be controlled by an in-built ‘cellular clock’ |
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waste product theory
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many human cell systems accumulate the age pigment lipofusicin which is believed to disrupt cell metabolism and cause aging
accumulation of waste products disrupts cellular metabolism |
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cross linkage theory
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irreversible covalent cross linking of DNA molecules leads to cellular dysfunction and aging
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exhaustion of irreplaceable supplies
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with aging body, water composition declines. 30% loss of sodium and consequential loss of potassium is blamed for it
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decline in potassium and lens glutathione
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supplies of glutathione (anti oxidant in the human lens) decreases linearly with age and cant be replaced from elsewhere in the body
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immune theories
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atrophy of thymus gland with age decreases immune system efficiency leading to infections, autoimmune disease and cancer
goes through changes and as a result immunological efficiency decreases leading to an increased incidence of infections and cancer - Decline in immunological competence associated with increasing chron age |
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calorie restriction
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eat less = live longer - calorie restricted diet increases a persons lifespan
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neuro-endocrine theories
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reduction in number of neuro endocrine cells leads to aging
neurons over time weaken and die, degenerate |
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heritability of lifespan
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aging is a result of pre-written program that controls growth, development and aging
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modifier genes
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certain genes are suppressed until achievement of reproductive potential
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pleiotrophic genes
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genes beneficial in early life become harmful later in the lifespan
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gene redundancy
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aging is caused by prevailing loss of non-repeated info from the genome
is a loss of unique, non-repeated info from the genome |
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somatic mutation
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genetic damage from background radiation accumulated with time leading to cellular dysfunction and death
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DNA repair
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ability to repair somatic mutations is directly correlated with lifespan potential
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error catastrophe
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random errors occur in protein synthesis eventually leading to the accumulation of defective DNA, with increasing protein synthesis chances or errors also increase = dysfunction
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free radicals
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molecules of ionized oxygen (have one extra electron) readily bond with proteins preventing them to carry on their functions
free radicals - naturally occuring highly reactive chemicals that form in the presence of oxy and cause damage to proteins and DNA |
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telemeres (wear and tear)
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repetitive DNA sequences at the end of chromosomes are progressivley shortened
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social theories of aging
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disengagement theory
activity theory socio-economic selectivity theory continuity theory |
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disengagment theory
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Mutual withdrawal between elders and society in anticipation of death
Society frees old people from employment and family responsibilities while they become preoccupied with their inner lives |
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activity theory
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Social barriers to engagement, not the desires of elders, cause declining rates of interaction. When older people lose certain roles (through retirement or widowhood) they try to find others in an effort to stay about as active and busy as they were in middle age society needs to provide greater
opportunities for interaction and engagement of seniors Quality of relationships matters- large social networks and great engagement are not guarantee of happiness |
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socio-economic selectivity theory
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People’s social networks sustain continuity while also narrowing as they age
Social interaction extends lifelong selection processes Interacting mostly with relatives and friends increases the chances that elder’s emotional equilibrium will be preserved Elderly are happier than younger people with their number of friends and have fewer problematic relationships Peoples perception of time is strongly linked with their social goals Reduced quantity of social ties in favour of long-standing, high quality relationships to result from changing life conditions Physical and psychological changes in aging influence selection of social interaction Social networks become more selective as we age (reduced quantity but high quality) Fewer close relationships, less acquaintances and new social ties How seniors respond to phone calls of unkown people (telemarketers) Related to limits of time left in the future |
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psych theories of aging
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erikson's theory
peck's theory labouvie-vief reminisence and life review |
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erikson: ego integrity vs despair
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coming to terms with ones life
Ego Integrity Feel whole, complete, satisfied with achievements Serenity and contentment Associated with psychosocial maturity Despair feel they made many wrong decisions, but now time is too short Bitter and unaccepting of coming death Expressed as anger and contempt for others |
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peck: 3 tasks of ego integrity
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Ego differentiation vs. work-role preoccupation
Body transcendence vs. body preoccupation Ego transcendence vs. ego preoccupation |
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Ego transcendence vs. ego preoccupation
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as family, spouses and others die they must find a way to face death by investing in a longer future than their own lifespan
Constant reminders that life is finite requires investing in things that extend longer than person’s lifespan |
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Body transcendence vs. body preoccupation
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increases with age
declined appearance and physical limitations requires focus on cognitive and social powers |
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Ego differentiation vs. work-role preoccupation
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Post-retirement search for other ways of affirmation of self-worth - through family, friends, community roles ect...
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labouvie-veif: emotional expertise
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Cognitive-affective complexity
-Declines for many Affect optimization improves -Maximize positive emotions, dampen negative ones -More vivid emotional perceptions Use emotion-centered coping more in touch with their feelings |
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reminiscence
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Telling stories about people, events, thoughts and feelings from past
Self-focused: can deepen despair Other-focused: solidifies relationships Knowledge-based: helps solve problems |
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life review
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Life Review
A form of reminiscence Contemplation of the meaning of past experiences for greater self-understanding Helps make adjustments |
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competence and enviro press theory
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with advancing age, as health problems increase and functional ability decreases, individual actions become more dependent upon external factors (physical and social enviro)
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loss-continuum theory
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growing older is associated with a series of losses that limit one's ability to fullly participate in society. the home and immediate personal environment take on increased importance
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selective dependency theory
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individualds who have greate personal and self care needs (required for every day living) will be unable to participate fully in other community or societal activities
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sub-culture theory
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young old are different from old old; interaction with similar age group is the key; people share common experiences; they set more realistic goals and their feelings of failure lessens
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learned helplessness theory
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if a situation is percieved as uncontrollable or that one's actions will make no difference, feelings of helplessness will result and the liklihood of actions will decrease
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selection optimization and compensation theory
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concentrate on maintainging select responsibilities and activies; optimize performance on selected activities, compensate for declining competencies or losses in stamina
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life course theory / life span development paradigm
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a sequence of socially defined, age graded events and role that the individual enacts over time. influence of cohort, historical periods, choices and transitions of the life course
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age stratification theory
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different generations have varied experiences which causes individuals to age differently
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continuity theory
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Rather than maintaining a certain activity level, most aging adults strive to maintain a personal system – an identity and a set of personality dispositions, interests, roles, skills – that promotes life satisfaction by ensuring consistency between their past and anticipated future
Choose to use familiar skills, familiar activities with familiar people – secure sense of routine |
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modernization theory
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o The status of the elderly decline as societies become more modern
o The role and status of the elderly are inversely related to technological progress o Technological change tends to devalue the wisdom or life experience of elders = loss of status and power o Old age has been stripped of any clear or agreed upon meaning because the entire life course itself has changed in ways that will have unpredictable effects on what aging may be in the 21st century o Why do people live past their reproductive state? Well past! |
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ageism
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aging is a disaster after youth
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functional age
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measured by bio markers becasue chron age is not a good indicator of functional capacity
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the self concept changing least with age is _____
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personality
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role loss
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late-life transition (in childhood loss is replaced with adolescence and new experience whereas widowhood may not be replaced with anything)
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