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48 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
cellular theories
programmed cell death
waste product theory
cross linkage theory
organ based theories
immune theories
calorie restriction
neuro-endocrine theories
genetic theories: programmed
heritability of lifespan
modifier genes
pleiotrophic genes
gene redundancy
genetic theories: unprogrammed
somatic mutation
DNA repair
error catastrophe
free radicals
telomeres
programmed cell death
Cells have an intrinsic fixed (limited) capacity to divide therefore aging process is controlled by ‘cellular clock’

cells have some essential property that limits their unclear survival and hence the aging process may be controlled by an in-built ‘cellular clock’
waste product theory
many human cell systems accumulate the age pigment lipofusicin which is believed to disrupt cell metabolism and cause aging

accumulation of waste products disrupts cellular metabolism
cross linkage theory
irreversible covalent cross linking of DNA molecules leads to cellular dysfunction and aging
exhaustion of irreplaceable supplies
with aging body, water composition declines. 30% loss of sodium and consequential loss of potassium is blamed for it
decline in potassium and lens glutathione
supplies of glutathione (anti oxidant in the human lens) decreases linearly with age and cant be replaced from elsewhere in the body
immune theories
atrophy of thymus gland with age decreases immune system efficiency leading to infections, autoimmune disease and cancer

goes through changes and as a result immunological efficiency decreases leading to an increased incidence of infections and cancer - Decline in immunological competence associated with increasing chron age
calorie restriction
eat less = live longer - calorie restricted diet increases a persons lifespan
neuro-endocrine theories
reduction in number of neuro endocrine cells leads to aging

neurons over time weaken and die, degenerate
heritability of lifespan
aging is a result of pre-written program that controls growth, development and aging
modifier genes
certain genes are suppressed until achievement of reproductive potential
pleiotrophic genes
genes beneficial in early life become harmful later in the lifespan
gene redundancy
aging is caused by prevailing loss of non-repeated info from the genome

is a loss of unique, non-repeated info from the genome
somatic mutation
genetic damage from background radiation accumulated with time leading to cellular dysfunction and death
DNA repair
ability to repair somatic mutations is directly correlated with lifespan potential
error catastrophe
random errors occur in protein synthesis eventually leading to the accumulation of defective DNA, with increasing protein synthesis chances or errors also increase = dysfunction
free radicals
molecules of ionized oxygen (have one extra electron) readily bond with proteins preventing them to carry on their functions

free radicals - naturally occuring highly reactive chemicals that form in the presence of oxy and cause damage to proteins and DNA
telemeres (wear and tear)
repetitive DNA sequences at the end of chromosomes are progressivley shortened
social theories of aging
disengagement theory
activity theory
socio-economic selectivity theory
continuity theory
disengagment theory
Mutual withdrawal between elders and society in anticipation of death
Society frees old people from employment and family responsibilities while they become preoccupied with their inner lives
activity theory
Social barriers to engagement, not the desires of elders, cause declining rates of interaction. When older people lose certain roles (through retirement or widowhood) they try to find others in an effort to stay about as active and busy as they were in middle age society needs to provide greater

opportunities for interaction and engagement of seniors
Quality of relationships matters- large social networks and great engagement are not guarantee of happiness
socio-economic selectivity theory
 People’s social networks sustain continuity while also narrowing as they age
 Social interaction extends lifelong selection processes
 Interacting mostly with relatives and friends increases the chances that elder’s emotional equilibrium will be preserved
 Elderly are happier than younger people with their number of friends and have fewer problematic relationships
 Peoples perception of time is strongly linked with their social goals
 Reduced quantity of social ties in favour of long-standing, high quality relationships to result from changing life conditions

Physical and psychological changes in aging influence selection of social interaction
Social networks become more selective as we age (reduced quantity but high quality)
Fewer close relationships, less acquaintances and new social ties
How seniors respond to phone calls of unkown people (telemarketers)
Related to limits of time left in the future
psych theories of aging
erikson's theory
peck's theory
labouvie-vief
reminisence and life review
erikson: ego integrity vs despair
coming to terms with ones life

Ego Integrity
Feel whole, complete, satisfied with achievements
Serenity and contentment
Associated with psychosocial maturity


Despair
feel they made many wrong decisions, but now time is too short
Bitter and unaccepting of coming death
Expressed as anger and contempt for others
peck: 3 tasks of ego integrity
Ego differentiation vs. work-role preoccupation


Body transcendence vs. body preoccupation


Ego transcendence vs. ego preoccupation
Ego transcendence vs. ego preoccupation
as family, spouses and others die they must find a way to face death by investing in a longer future than their own lifespan

Constant reminders that life is finite requires investing in things that extend longer than person’s lifespan
Body transcendence vs. body preoccupation
increases with age
declined appearance and physical limitations requires focus on cognitive and social powers
Ego differentiation vs. work-role preoccupation
Post-retirement search for other ways of affirmation of self-worth - through family, friends, community roles ect...
labouvie-veif: emotional expertise
Cognitive-affective complexity
-Declines for many
Affect optimization improves
-Maximize positive emotions, dampen negative ones
-More vivid emotional perceptions
Use emotion-centered coping
more in touch with their feelings
reminiscence
Telling stories about people, events, thoughts and feelings from past
Self-focused: can deepen despair
Other-focused: solidifies relationships
Knowledge-based: helps solve problems
life review
Life Review
A form of reminiscence
Contemplation of the meaning of past experiences
for greater self-understanding
Helps make adjustments
competence and enviro press theory
with advancing age, as health problems increase and functional ability decreases, individual actions become more dependent upon external factors (physical and social enviro)
loss-continuum theory
growing older is associated with a series of losses that limit one's ability to fullly participate in society. the home and immediate personal environment take on increased importance
selective dependency theory
individualds who have greate personal and self care needs (required for every day living) will be unable to participate fully in other community or societal activities
sub-culture theory
young old are different from old old; interaction with similar age group is the key; people share common experiences; they set more realistic goals and their feelings of failure lessens
learned helplessness theory
if a situation is percieved as uncontrollable or that one's actions will make no difference, feelings of helplessness will result and the liklihood of actions will decrease
selection optimization and compensation theory
concentrate on maintainging select responsibilities and activies; optimize performance on selected activities, compensate for declining competencies or losses in stamina
life course theory / life span development paradigm
a sequence of socially defined, age graded events and role that the individual enacts over time. influence of cohort, historical periods, choices and transitions of the life course
age stratification theory
different generations have varied experiences which causes individuals to age differently
continuity theory
 Rather than maintaining a certain activity level, most aging adults strive to maintain a personal system – an identity and a set of personality dispositions, interests, roles, skills – that promotes life satisfaction by ensuring consistency between their past and anticipated future
 Choose to use familiar skills, familiar activities with familiar people – secure sense of routine
modernization theory
o The status of the elderly decline as societies become more modern
o The role and status of the elderly are inversely related to technological progress
o Technological change tends to devalue the wisdom or life experience of elders = loss of status and power
o Old age has been stripped of any clear or agreed upon meaning because the entire life course itself has changed in ways that will have unpredictable effects on what aging may be in the 21st century
o Why do people live past their reproductive state? Well past!
ageism
aging is a disaster after youth
functional age
measured by bio markers becasue chron age is not a good indicator of functional capacity
the self concept changing least with age is _____
personality
role loss
late-life transition (in childhood loss is replaced with adolescence and new experience whereas widowhood may not be replaced with anything)