Aging And Society Final

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65

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The terms old, elderly, and aged in this book refer to people aged ____ and over

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A negative attitude toward of a group or class of people

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sociologists describes prejudice as

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lead to prejudice, discrimination, and inappropriate treatment

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stereotyping can

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Gerontology

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_____ is the systematic study of aging

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C

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Which of the following reasons for studying aging was not given in the text?
A. to help understand social issues
B. to learn to work in a field that serves older people
c. to enable older people to reverse or avoid effects of aging
D. to help older friends and relations to deal with the issues of later life

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facts and knowledge

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gerontologists work to replace myths and stereotypes of aging with

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a negative attitude toward aging

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ageism in our culture is

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D

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which of the following is a major source of ageism?
a. media
b. lack of knowledge
c education institutions
d. all of the above

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77

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Palmore (2001) reports that ____% of older people experienced more than one incident of ageism

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B

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New ageism refers to a(n)
a. desire to give less help to older people
b. desire to give more help to older people
c. belief in the occult
d. attempt to create a negative stereotype of older people

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A

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stereotypes, whether negative or compassionate, results in
A. a decrease in public support for older people
B. an increase in public support for older people
C. lavish treatment for older people
D. indifference to the problems of older people

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media

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the major source of ageism today is

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Most people know little about aging and many have misconceptions

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Palmore's research on the FAQ suggests that

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mandatory retirement at any age

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The U.S. age discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) prohibits

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D

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Congress (McCan and Ventrell-Monses, 2010) enacted the ADEA to
a. hire older workers
b hirer younger workers
c. increase discrimination against older workers
d. promote the employment of older worers based on ability rather than age

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ways to collect, analyze, and report information

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research methods provide

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a distinct body of knowledge

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the status of gerontology as a discipline depends on

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biomedicine, psychosocial studies, and socioeconomic-environmental studies

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The three areas that make up the core of aging studies are

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study of changed in the body that come with age

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biomedicine studies refers to

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a medical specialty that deals with older people

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geriatrics is defined as

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inside the individual and between individuals and groups

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psychosocial studies look at the changed that take place

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social institutions

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socioeconomic-environmental studies examine the effects of aging on

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B

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social gerontology make up part of the total body of gerontological knowledge and
a. is not included in the total body of gerontological knowledge
B. includes the psychosocial, socioeconomic-environmental, and practice-related studies of aging
C. views aging from the perspective of the economic system

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explain a set of facts

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gerontologist create theories to

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micro-level and macro-level

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what are the two levels of theories that scientists use

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focus on large scale events

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Macro-level theories

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focus on small-scale events

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micro-level theories

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modernization theory

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one example of macro-level theory

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individual aging to social institutions

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age stratification theory links

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C

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gerontologists place changes in older people into on of three categories. Which one is not a category of change
A. age effect
B. cohort effect
C. gender effect
D. period effect

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C

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Demographers use three measure to describe population. Which of the following is not a measure of population aging?
A. the absolute number of older people in a population
B. the median age of the population
C. the educational level of the population
D. the increased proportion of older people

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migration, birth rates, and death rates

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Major causes of population changes

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85 and over

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fastest growing age group in the country is the group aged

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better health care and disease prevention

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_____ has led to longer life in older age and will extend the lives of more people in the future

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the old-old have smaller social networks

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How do the oldest-old population differ demographically from the young-old population of today?

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minorities

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by the year 2030, the proportion of _______ in the older population will increase

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younger

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today the nonwhite population in the U.S. is _____ than the white population

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accumulation, composition, and congregation

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three trends that lead to an older population are

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congregation of older people in florida

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why does Florida have one of the largest proportions of population age 65 and over in the U.S.?

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amenity migration

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some older people move to enjoy a new lifestyle at retirement. This type of move is called

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Florida

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____ is the lead destination state for migrating retirees

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major chronic disability

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The ___________ migration takes place when an older person moves from a community setting to an institution

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better health care for women during childbearing years and increases in work related disease among men

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the sex ratio is older population has declined throughout the 20th century due to

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middle aged people

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the dependency ratio gives a crude measure of how many _____ exist to support younger and older people in the population

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older people will place more of a burden on society

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what is the major conclusion drawn from dependency ratios?

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new scientific findings that may slow or reverse the aging process

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one social condition that contributes to the interest in anti-aging science and medicine

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age

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ADL and IADL problems increase with

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poorer health

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men die younger than women, but women have ______ in later life

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people can develop strategies to cope with loss of function

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the study of successful aging shows that

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apoptosis

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_____ is a genetic process that switches off the cell's ability to divide thus controlling cell growth and cell death

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5

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Benstock and George (2006) trace the interest in anti-aging medicine and science to ____ social conditions

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intrinsic, extrinsic

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Biologist distinguish between two cause of aging _____ aging due to normal physical funtions and _____ aging due to environment

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demonstrate little or no loss

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successful aging refers to people who _____ in physiological function

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optimize their abilities and compensate for losses

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successful aging based on the SOC model encourages people, at whatever age or physical condition, to

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the possibility of human life extension is real and interventions that postpone human aging are possible

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the future goals of gerontology suggest that

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skin elasticity

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the effects of senescence differs from person to person, but in general, ______ declines with age

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decreases, increases

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studies show that the incidence of acute illness ____ with age and incidence of chronic illness _____ with age

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technology

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new devices and new medical therapies are example of improvements in the ____ that can help older people cope with disabilities

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successful aging

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According to Rowe and Kahn (1998) ______ is the ability to 1. maintain a low risk for disease, 2. maintain high levels of mental and physical functions, and 3. actively engage in life

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technology, lifestyle, self-care, and the environment

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improvements in _____ could lead to between functioning in later life

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working

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a number of studies report a decrease in _____ memory with age

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on problems related to real-life dilemmas

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researchers conclude that older people do as well as younger people

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more skilled at working on problems related to real life situations

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wisdom make older people

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education, training, and physical activities

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Studies on aging and mental potential suggest that ________ helps maintain good mental function.

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better health, social relations, and life satisfaction.

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Studies show that spiritual practices can lead to

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the Baby Boom generation

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Research on ________ finds a decrease in religious participation within the cohort.

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withdrawal

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Disengagement theory sees ________ as inevitable and satisfying to the individual and society.

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feel most satisfied with a mildly active old age.

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Continuity theory suggest that mildly active people in their middle years will

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changing

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The life course perspective is a ________ process.

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society

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The study of life events looks at the influence of ________ on human development.

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marriage and retirement

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Examples of normative age graded events are

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depression and war.

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Examples of normative history graded events are

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organic and functional disorders.

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The main psychological problems in old age are

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organic diseases.

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Some older people suffer from diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and strokes. These are called

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Alzheimer's

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________ is the most common form of dementia among older people.

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white

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The term "dominant group" in the United States applies to the ________ population.

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pluralistic society

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The U.S. today looks more like a ________ in which many racial and ethnic groups exist side by side

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increase.

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Gerontologists are now showing an interest in minority aging because the proportion of minority group members in the older population will

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the white group

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Members of ________ will likely have access to and make the most of formal support systems.

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minority group diversity

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Gerontologists who study minority aging must keep ________ in mind.

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two

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Societies use age, gender, social class, and minority group membership to classify people. The multiple jeopardy theory states that a person with ________ or more of these characteristics will face an increased risk of death and illness.

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life course perspective

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The ________ links early life experiences to action and attitudes in later life

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disadvantage; advantage

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Hispanics show a ________ in economic measures and an ________ in measures of family life and informal supports.

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Asian American

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In general, ________ elders have the highest economic status of any minority groups in the U.S.

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Japanese

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Older people in the ________ subgroup have higher incomes and longer life expectancy than other Asian American elders.

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life course perspective

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The ________ puts minority aging in the context of personal history, culture, world events, and the conditions in the wider society.

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adapt to meet the needs of minority elders income, health care, and social service needs.

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In the future, social policies and programs must

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The life course perspective

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________ looks at the links between personal history an a person's social and historical context.

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formal supports.

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Minority elders currently tend to under-use

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family, friends, church members, and associations.

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Older African Americans interact with and get support from

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acute

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The current health care system best provides help for people with ________ illness.

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medical

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Surgery, rehabilitation through physical therapy, and drug therapy are the preferred methods of the ________ model.

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keep older people in the community.

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The social model of health care aims to

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social model

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Health care for older people has begun to shift towards the ________ because of the high cost of institutional care.

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prevention and reduced disability.

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The health promotion model focuses on

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of new sympathy for the elderly combined with shrewd campaigning and alliances with labor groups.

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In the 1960s governmental commitment to Medicare for senior citizens came about because

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medical

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Overuse of the ________ model leads to high costs for care and sometimes over-medicalized services

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prescription drugs

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Which of the following is not covered under Medicare's hospital insurance program?

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Medigap

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In order to make up the difference between Medicare/Medicaid programs and out-of-pocket expenses, seniors often rely on ________ insurance.

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rising inflation erodes the covering power of the policy

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Which of the following is not a reason why long-term care insurance is a poor bet for most people?

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higher physicians fees, more expensive treatments, and increased hospital costs

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The following three phenomena contributed to the dramatic rise of health care costs:

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municipal hospitals.

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Long-term care does not include

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adult daycare, respite services, and home health care.

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Community-based services are composed of

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availability, accessibility, and coordination.

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The future problems in health care include

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capitated

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When Medicare, Medicaid, or a private insurer prepays a set amount per person per month for care to a private managed-care facility, this is called a ________ payment.

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government pension programs, employment pensions, and private savings.

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The retirement income system in the United States consists of

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pay-as-you-go plan.

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Social Security is structured so that seniors get paid today from payments made by current workers. Economists call this a

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raised the age of retirement to keep people at work longer.

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An increase in the number of older people and longer life expectancies will lead to more retirees in the future. To cope with this increase the government has

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meet its obligations.

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The Social Security system needs reform, such as raising revenues, reducing benefits, and investing funds to

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say how much workers have to pay into the plan, but do not guarantee a set return.

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When offering pension plans, many companies now opt for a defined contribution plan rather than defined benefit plans. Defined contribution plans

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retirement almost always leads to long-term decline in income and a consequent decline in living standards.

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A study of older people's incomes shows that

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age, gender, race, and marital status.

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The economic conditions of older people differ by

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past inequities between men and women and their different work histories.

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Older women have lower incomes than older men. This income gap based on gender among older people is explained by

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better

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Older married people have ________ income rates compared to nonmarried older people.

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lower

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Minority older people have ________ income rates than whites.

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it has too large a deficit to cover under-funded pension plans if they fail.

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The federal government set up the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC. to insure private defined benefit pension plans. Critics are calling for a review of the PBGC because

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decent; out of poverty

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The U.S. retirement income system provides a ________ standard of living for most older people and keeps the poorest older people ________.

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strain and cause a shortfall in Social Security payments.

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The large size of the Baby Boom generation, a smaller number of future workers, and an increase in life expectancy will

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reduced coverage for older workers

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Gerontologists have proposed reforms for each part of the retirement income system. Which of the following is not included in these reforms?

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The older the person, the greater the chance of a low income.

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Which of the following statements is true?

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2

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The federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA. says that a person age 65 or over may face mandatory retirement if they hold an executive position for at least ________ years prior to the retirement date

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almost universal.

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The presence of the "retirement principle" and the "retirement wage" has made retirement

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are the reasons why most workers have planned to work in retirement.

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The need for income, health insurance, and social contact

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more varied

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A study of women and retirement shows that women have a ________ career path compared to men

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1/2 to 2/3

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A Boston College study found that ________ of workers take on bridge jobs before they fully retire.

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low income in retirement

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Poor pensions, low pay, and a broken work record all lead to ________ for women.

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have fewer retirement options than whites

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Because of low pensions and disability, African Americans, women, and people with low socioeconomic status had trouble reentering the workforce after retirement. These findings suggest that these minorities

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individual reasons

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Finances, health, or the desire for leisure activity are examples of ________ leading to retirement.

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high life satisfaction, good mental health, and improved physical health among many retirees.

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Early research on retirement saw it as a life-crisis and a time of disengagement. Recent work has found

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Seniors who retire early will find a 5% tax on their Social Security income until age 65.

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A growing older population, retired in late-middle age, may put a strain on Social Security and other pension plans. Which of the following is NOT one of Social Security's rules to remove incentives for early retirement?

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partial retirement to second careers.

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Retirees now have many options in retirement. These options range from early retirement to

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follow traditional retirement patterns; show less traditional retirement patterns

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Some social scientists divide the economy into the goods producing and the service sectors. Workers in the goods producing sector tend to ________ while workers in the service sector tend to ________.

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bridge jobs.

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Jobs after a life career but before full retirement are called

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themselves forced into retirement.

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Because of the sharp downturn in the economy, older workers who want to stay at work often find

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individual choice, the economy, marital status, personal finances, and health.

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In the future, retirement will depend on

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high rates of widowhood among older women.

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Higher rates of men, as compared to women, live with a spouse in old age. This is due to

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that people have the capability to live in the setting they choose.

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Aging in place requires

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on a continuum from least to most demanding.

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The benefit of the person-environment fit model is that it allows us to put housing options

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modifying

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Aging in place often entails ________ a home to suit a person's changing physical condition.

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people with health problems

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Which of the following people showed the greatest likelihood of modifying their homes?

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universal house.

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A house that contains wheelchair-accessible entryways, kitchens, and bathrooms; single-lever faucets; non-slip flooring; and grab-bars is called a(n.

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reverse loan.

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One form of home equity conversion allows people to get a monthly loan based on their age, current interest rates, and the house's value. They repay the loan on a set date. This is known as a

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congregate or enriched housing.

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Housing that offers meal service, some health care support, and recreation programs in a housing complex is called

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need medical care in addition to personal care.

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Nursing homes are for older people who

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naturally occurring retirement community (NORC..

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Neighborhoods and buildings grow older as people age in place. When at least half the people in a neighborhood or building are age 60 or over, gerontologists call this a(n.

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a continuing care retirement community (CCRC..

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A senior housing option that charges an entrance fee, a monthly fee, and guarantees a resident access to housing and defined types of care for the rest of their lives is known as

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They have more access to cars.

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Compared to older people in cities, older people in rural areas tend to make less use of public transportation for all but the following reason:

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the car.

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Burkhart (2000. says that the number one mode of transportation for older people is

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state required vision tests for older drivers

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Which of the following is not one of the suggested means for extending the number of years an older person drives?

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a better integration of housing and services to help older people live as independently as possible.

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Improved housing in the future for all older people will depend on