Aging 4

Front 1

Eye disease caused by excessive intra-ocular pressure

Back 1

Glaucoma

Front 2

Pain-reducing drug with fatal cardiovascular side effects

Back 2

Vioxx

Front 3

Crystalline obstruction in the lens

Back 3

Cataract

Front 4

Spring-like device for keeping arteries open

Back 4

Stent

Front 5

Large light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye

Back 5

Retina

Front 6

Vitamins and other natural compounds regulated as food

Back 6

Nutraceuticals

Front 7

Type of cell responsible for bone resorption

Back 7

Osteoclast

Front 8

Type of cell responsible for bone formation

Back 8

Osteoblast

Front 9

Fluid inside joints

Back 9

Synovial

Front 10

Type of arthritis caused by immune reaction

Back 10

Rheumatoid

Front 11

Short-lived class of hormone-like proteins

Back 11

Prostaglandins

Front 12

Heart surgery that uses a vein from the leg

Back 12

Bypass

Front 13

Intracellular structure indicating Alzheimer's disease

Back 13

Neurofibrillary tangle

Front 14

Disease of low bone density

Back 14

Osteoporosis

Front 15

Eye disease that destroys central, detailed vision

Back 15

Macular degeneration

Front 16

Morning-sickness drug that caused birth defects

Back 16

Thalidomide

Front 17

Over-the-counter drug that reduces cardiovascular disease

Back 17

Aspirin

Front 18

Hormone prescribed for low bone density

Back 18

Estrogen

Front 19

Eye disease associated with diabetes

Back 19

Diabetic retinoathy

Front 20

Disease caused by wear and tear of joints

Back 20

Osteoarthritis

Front 21

Non-hormonal drugs for treating low bone density

Back 21

Biphosphinates

Front 22

Dense connective tissue fount at joints (not bone)

Back 22

Cartilage

Front 23

Defect of heart rhythms

Back 23

Arrhythmia

Front 24

Cardiovascular disease treatable by only heart transplant

Back 24

Congestive heart failure

Front 25

Relatively new class of drugs for treating high cholesterol

Back 25

Statins

Front 26

Diagnostic image of blocked arteries

Back 26

Angiogram

Front 27

Class of disease that causes the most deaths in the U.S.

Back 27

Cardiovascular

Front 28

Psychological test used in Alzheimer's diagnosis

Back 28

MMSE (Mini-Mental State Exam)

Front 29

Antifreeze-based 1093's drug that was poisonous

Back 29

Elixir Sulfanilamide

Front 30

Intracellular structure indicating Alzheimer's Disease

Back 30

Amyloid Plaque

Front 31

Scale for measuring severity of Alzheimer's brain morphology

Back 31

BRAAK

Front 32

Precursor of beta-amyloid

Back 32

AAP

Front 33

List 4 Advantages of using retired Sisters of Notre Dame as the study group for Alzheimer's Disease

Back 33

1. Elderly, susceptible to AD
2. Agree to psychological testing
3. All have similar diet and lifestyle
4. Agree to donate brains post-mortem

Front 34

Translate: The heritability of lifespan in human population is about 25%

Back 34

Humans vary in lifespan. About a quarter of the variation in lifespan is explained by genetic differences between individuals.

Front 35

Why do studies of monozygotic twins raised together (MZT's) tend to produce heritability estimates that are biased upwards?

Back 35

MZT's have the same genotypes but they also share the same environment, including nutrition, diet, and life style. The shared environmental factors will increase their similarity and inflate the heritability estimate

Front 36

Why do studies of monozygotic twins reared apart (MZA's) tend to produce heritability estimates that are biased upwards?

Back 36

In principle, MZA's have the same genotype but different environments. In practice, the environments of MZA's are highly correlated, which inflates their similarity and the heritability estimate

Front 37

True/False:
One for estrogen's functions is to promote the formation of osteoclasts

Back 37

False

Front 38

True/False
Werner's syndrome is caused by a defect in DNA replication

Back 38

True

Front 39

True/False
Victims of Werner's disease often have no adolescent growth spurt

Back 39

True

Front 40

True/False
Genomic instability causes cancer

Back 40

True

Front 41

True/False
Werner's disease has little or no effect on the central nervous system

Back 41

True

Front 42

True/False
Hutchinson-Guillford syndrome is an extremely rare progeroid syndrome

Back 42

True

Front 43

True/False
If heritability is high, then knowing the parental phenotype allows accurate prediction of offspring phenotype

Back 43

True

Front 44

True/False
If heritability is low, then most of the differences between individuals are explained by non-genetic causes

Back 44

True

Front 45

True/False
For a specific character, heritability can vary from population to population

Back 45

True

Front 46

True/False
Characters closely related to Darwinism fitness tend to have low heritability

Back 46

True

Front 47

True/False
In inbred lines or twins, high heritability means that the differences occur mostly between lines or pairs

Back 47

True

Front 48

True/False
Studies of lifespans in twins suggest that the role of genes in survival becomes greater after the age of about 85 years

Back 48

True

Front 49

True/False
Women are more susceptible that men to osteoporosis

Back 49

True

Front 50

True/False
Osteoporosis increases the risk of bone fracture

Back 50

True

Front 51

True/False
Living bone is on a dynamic state, continually turning over

Back 51

True

Front 52

True/False
Estrogen replacement therapy is a treatment for osteoporosis

Back 52

True

Front 53

True/False
Estrogen replacement therapy increases risk of heart attack, stroke, and breast cancer

Back 53

True

Front 54

True/False
Bony fish do not get osteoporosis

Back 54

True

Front 55

True/False
Coronary artery disease involves blockage of arteries that supply the heart muscles

Back 55

True

Front 56

True/False
Medicinal herbs are treated by the FDA as food supplements

Back 56

True

Front 57

True/False
Vioxx is a Cox-2 inhibitor drug that was developed for relief of pain

Back 57

True

Front 58

True/False
2-deoxy glucose mimics some aspects of caloric restriction, but is toxic

Back 58

True

Front 59

True/False
In a placebo-controlled trial, the effect of an experimental drug is compared to a sugar-pill

Back 59

True

Front 60

True/False
In a double-blind trial, both patients and clinicians who have contact with them do not know who is receiving placebos

Back 60

True

Front 61

True/False
In a non-inferiority trial, the effect of a new experimental drug is compared to the effect of a drug already in use

Back 61

True

Front 62

True/False
Sale of ephedra is presently illegal in the U.S.

Back 62

True

Front 63

True/False
Alzheimer's disease is progressive and incurable

Back 63

True

Front 64

True/False
Definitive diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease requires an autopsy

Back 64

True

Front 65

True/False
There are presently about 4-6 million Americans affected by Alzheimer's disease

Back 65

True

Front 66

True/False
Advanced Alzheimer's patients have reduced brain size

Back 66

True

Front 67

True/False
Stroke increases the likelihood that Alzheimer's brain pathology will lead to dementia

Back 67

True

Front 68

True/False
Unlike blood vessels in other parts of the body, vessels in the brain are lined with a tightly packed layer of cells that form a barrier to large molecules

Back 68

True

Front 69

True/False
Phase I clinical trials test for drug toxicity but not effectiveness in treating a particular disease

Back 69

True

Front 70

True/False
The safety of vitamins and herbs is now determined by the manufacturer rather than the FDA

Back 70

True

Front 71

True/False
The FDA lacks power to regulate drugs after the approval process

Back 71

True

Front 72

True/False
The traditional FDA drug approval process typically takes 10 years

Back 72

True

Front 73

Achondroplasia is an inherited condition characterized by...

Back 73

dwarfism

Front 74

The progeroid syndromes display some of the characteristics of rapid...

Back 74

aging

Front 75

Osteoblasts and osteoblasts and osteoclasts are specialized cells that play a role in...

Back 75

bone remodeling

Front 76

A stent is a spring-like device that is used to...

Back 76

keep an artery open

Front 77

The statins are a class of drugs used to...

Back 77

lower cholesterol

Front 78

Cyclooxygenases that play a role in the synthesis of...

Back 78

prostaglandins

Front 79

MMSE (Mini-Mental State Exam) is used as part of the diagnosis of...

Back 79

Alzheimer's Disease

Front 80

Which diseases discussed in class can be treated by surgery? (2)

Back 80

1. Cataract
2. Congestive heart failure

Front 81

Which diseases discussed in class are progeroid? (2)

Back 81

1. Werner's
2. Hutchinson-Guilford

Front 82

Which diseases discussed in class occur at frequencies higher than typical for mutation-selesction balance? (4)

Back 82

1. Alzheimer's Disease
2. Sickle-Cell anemia
3. Cataract
4. Osteoporosis

Front 83

Which diseases discussed in class are often late-onset (typically after age 50)? (6)

Back 83

1. Osteoporosis
2. Macular degeneration
3. Cataract
4. Coronary artery disease
5. Osteoarthritis
6. Alzheimer's Disease

Front 84

Advantages of using retired nuns for an epidemiological study of Alzheimer's include: (6)

Back 84

1. similar occupation
2. similar education
3. similar diets
4. biographical info available
5. similar healthcare
6. willing to donate brains

Front 85

Name some pathological structures and activities: (5)

Back 85

1. Sicle-cell hemoglobin
2. Amyloid plaque
3. Sun-downing
4. Cataract
5. Neurofibrilary tangle

Front 86

Name some treatments or prevention methods used for coronary artery disease: (5)

Back 86

1. Stent
2. Balloon angioplasty
3. Statins
4. Bypass surgery
5. Aspirin

Front 87

True/False
The goal of the SENS agenda is to eliminate or nearly eliminate senescence in humans

Back 87

True

Front 88

True/False
If all causes of senescence were eliminated, then humans would be expected to live about 500-1000 years

Back 88

True

Front 89

True/False
Werner's syndrome is caused by a defect in DNA repair

Back 89

False

Front 90

True/False
With heterozygote advantage, disease-causing alleles can have frequencies higher than produced by mutation-selection balance

Back 90

True

Front 91

True/False
The founder effect can cause disease-causing alleles to have frequencies higher than predicted by mutation-selection balance

Back 91

True

Front 92

True/False
Late onset of disease allows disease-causing alleles to have frequencies higher than predicted by mutation-selection balance

Back 92

True

Front 93

True/False
In inbred lines or twins, high heritability means that the differences occur mostly between lines or pairs

Back 93

True

Front 94

True/False
In studies of monozygotic twins reared apart, heritability estimates will be inflated if placement environments are positively correlated

Back 94

True

Front 95

True/False
tudies of lifespans in twins suggest that the role of genes in survival becomes greater after the age of about 85 years

Back 95

True

Front 96

True/False
Macular degeneration affects the center of the visual field

Back 96

True

Front 97

True/False
Glaucoma is caused by degeneration of the lens

Back 97

False

Front 98

True/False
Women are less susceptible than men to osteoporosis

Back 98

False

Front 99

True/False
Osteoporosis reduces risk of bone fracture

Back 99

False

Front 100

True/False
Osteoarthritis is caused by wear and tear of joints

Back 100

True

Front 101

True/False
Cardiovascular disease is the number one killer in the U.S.

Back 101

True

Front 102

True/False
Coronary artery disease involves blockage of arteries that supply the heart muscles

Back 102

True

Front 103

True/False
Nutraceuticals are regulated by the FDA as food supplements

Back 103

True

Front 104

True/False
A side effect of Vioxx is increased cardiovascular risk

Back 104

True

Front 105

True/False
Alzheimer's disease is progressive and incurable

Back 105

True

Front 106

True/False
There are presently about 4-5 million Americans affected by Alzheimer's disease

Back 106

True

Front 107

The FDA regulates the development, production, and sales of pharmaceuticals in the U.S. What is the strongest argument in favor of decreased regulation by the FDA? In favor of increased regulation?

Back 107

- Excessive regulation can slow the development of new drugs and the delivery of new drugs to patients
- If regulation is to loose drugs with dangerous side effects, like Vioxx, get approved

Front 108

P = G + E

Back 108

Phenotype = Genes + Environment