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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is dedifferentiation?
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Our cells differentiate to specialized functions... so perhaps in aging, it goes back to its earlier, non-specialized state. A part of General decline theory.
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What is General Decline Theory?
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There is a general reduction in available mental resources as we age. [Something about speed of processing and localization of function is less well-defined.]
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What is the alternative to the general decline theory of aging as mentioned in the notes?
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The idea that it is just motor deficits that impair the person (and not necessarily their brains). Language is preserved. [Something about inhibitory processes and frontal lobes...]
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What do brain scans show about young people's brain activity during simple tasks compared to older people's? Support for which theory?
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The older people use more of their brains. May support the dedifferentiation idea of general decline theory, as new areas are recruited to help.
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Is dementia a normal part of aging?
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'No. Notes say it is a "decline in cognitive function BEYOND normal aging effects."
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What % of dementias are vascular dementia?
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17.6% (2nd most common type)
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What is Pick's disease? What is the area of damage?
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Dementia of the fronto-temporal (FTD) area, [in RH?] Language disorder is a common sign. Gross atrophy of frontal and temporal lobes. [another slide says FOCAL atrophy of frontal AND/OR temporal lobes]
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What are some risk factors for vascular dementia? (List four.)
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age,
hypertension - anger (Type A), diabetes - neuropathy [?], stroke [THE cause of vascular dementia right?] |
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What are some signs of vascular dementia?
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confusion, agitation, language, memory, unsteady gait, mood & personality changes
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How does vascular dementia happen?
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single or multiple infarcts. necrosis of tissue due to occluded blood supply. [also, notes say something about microsvascular insult. -finer blood vessels]
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What is the age range for Pick's disease? What is the most common age?
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age range 20-80yrs. 50's most common.
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What are some behavioral symptoms of Pick's disease? (List eight.)
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-gross decline in SOCIAL FUNCTION
-low levels of AWARENESS--tactless, offensive -hyper-ORAL--eating, sucking on inanimate objects -REPETITIVE--read same book over and over -HYGIENE--disheveled -IMPULSIVE -hyperactive/hypersexual--agressive -cognitive symptoms--attention,abstraction, planning, executive functions |
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What are some emotional symptoms of Pick's disease? (List three.)
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-apathy
-lack of insight -blunting and mood changes The apathy is similar to ALS [ALS = alzheimers?]. Language disorders are not surprising given the level or frontal and temporal lobe atrophy. |
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What are some language disorders of those with Pick's disease? (List three).
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-aphasia
-dysarthria -echolalia, mutism, comprehension |
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What are two neurological signs of Pick's disease?
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-movement dysfunction
-RH atrophy |
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What % of those aged 60-64 have dementia?
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close to 0 (as shown on graph).
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What % of those aged 80-84 have dementia (w/o AD)? What about those who are demented that have AD?
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~10% (as shown on graph), ~3% or so
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What % of those aged 84-93 have dementia w/o AD? What about those who are demented that have AD?
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~25% and ~45% (dementia with AD is more common in this age group, whereas it is the reverse in the 80-84 (and other age groups).
[note: these numbers don't add up?] |
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What is the most common probable cause of dementia? And what % of cases is it responsible for?
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Alzheimers Disease most common cause at ~50%.
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What % of dementia is likely caused by stroke?
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Graph shows ~13%, but earlier slide says 17.6%. (go with the latter)
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What % of dementia is likely caused by PD (Pick's Disease)? Is it a more or less likely cause than brain injury?
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<10%, a bit more than Brain Injury (non-stroke)
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What are some major symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease? (List eight.)
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-Memory loss--forgetting RECENTLY LEARNED information (misplacing things--inappropriate places)
-difficulty performing FAMILIAR TASKS -language problems--WORD FINDING -DISORIENTATION of time and place -abstract thinking [problems with it?] -judgment--clothing--telearketrs[what?] -mood and personality changes (suspicious or fearful) -loss of INITIATIVE |
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What are some differences between Alzheimer's and "normal" memory loss? (Five differences.)
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Alzheimer's patients forget entire experiences, while others (normally aging) forget only PART of an experience.
AD patients rarely remember later while others often REMEMBER LATER. -AD patients gradually unable to follow written or spoken DIRECTIONS, while others usually are able to follow.. -AD patients gradually unable to use NOTES as reminders (others are usually able to do so). -AD patients are gradually unable to take CARE FOR SELF while others usually are able to care for self. |
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What is APOE 4?
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A PROTEIN underlying the cytoskeleton and/or internal cellular scaffolding, coded for by certain genes.
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Having APOE 4 increases your risk of having what? by how much %?
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If you have APOE4, your chances of developing ALZs goes up by about 50% ["by" 50% or "to" 50%?].
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Also, under APOE 4 it says this:
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Neurofibrillary tangles
-Helically wound protein filaments -Also increase with normal aging Senile plaques -Accumulate in extracellular spaces of HC and cortex -Aggregates of beta-amyloid protein |
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Is there a cure for Alzheimer's? Treatment?
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No Cure and treatments are limited in their effectiveness. There are drug therapies and treatments for behavioral and psychiatric symptoms (NOT the cause).
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What two types of drugs are there for Alzheimer's?
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1. Cholinesterase Inhibitors
-Increase Ach; moderate increases in cognition (works in ~50%) 2. Memantine -regulates glutamate |
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What types of behavioral and psychiatric symptoms exist in Alzheimer's that can benefit from treatment? (Name 5.)
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-DRUG side effects (they can be quite bad)
-PAIN (must be watched for in case they are forgetting to take pain meds) -HEARING and VISUAL problems -emotional DISTRESS (Fear, fatigue, hospital, moving to new environment_ -HALLUCINATIONS and delusions |
