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183 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
AGING
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The chronological change in our age from year to year
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GROUPING
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Characteristics are shared
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Young-old
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55-64
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middle-old
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65-74
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old-old
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74+
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frisky
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64-74
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frail
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75-85
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fragile
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85+
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elderly
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referred to as anyone over the age of 65
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1900's
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1 in 10 were 55+ years old.
1 in 25 were over 65 |
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2000
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1 in 5 were 55+
1 in 8 were 65 |
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by 2040 its estimated that 1 in 5 will be
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over 65
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baby boomers
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1946-64
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baby boomers occured because of
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increased wealth and time saving devices like the washing machine
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population change is occurring because of
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increase life expectancy
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why is the elderly population growing so much?
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improved disease prevention/health promotion.
activities and health care technology |
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average life expectancy has increased in relationship to
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decline in mortality rate
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life expectancy varies with
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age, gender, race
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life expectancy for caucasians at birth is
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6-8 yrs longer than african americans
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increase in life expectancy leads to:
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changes in illness patterns
decrease in mobility increase in dependency increase in use of health services |
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ethnicity
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membership in a group defined as set apart by race, religion, national orientation or a combination of these.
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elderly are mostly whtie, with
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8% african american
and 5% hispanic |
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between 1990 and 2030
elder minority growth estimates (ethnicity) |
whites: 92%
blacks:257% hispanics: 395% |
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variations in education
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non-whites tend to have less education and lower incomes than whites
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professionals must make sure all ethnic groups have access to:
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health care
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cross sectional design
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people @ diff. age groups are examined at the same point in time.
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developmental effect
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some fundamental change that can occur as we age
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cohort effect
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-an effect that is a result of being born at a particular point in time.
- a group born roughly at the same time. |
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cognitive representation of a group
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specific characteristics we expect certain members of a group to have
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attitude
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overall emotional response to a person or group of people.
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ageism
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tell the diff. in ages, and think badly about older individuals.
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younger people look at older people as
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part of another group
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men have more _______ stereotypes associated with aging.
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positive
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men are better reproductive partners with age because of:
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wealth and status
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myth: you can't teach an old dog new tricks.
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you can learn and grow, in diff. ways and it takes more time and commitment.
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myth: the secret to positive aging is choosing your parents well.
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we control how we age with our lifestyle choices of our mental and physical health.
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myth: the lights may be on but the voltage is low
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we ignore the positive aspects of aging and just look at the negative too often.
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myth: the elderly do not pull their own weight
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they may not be able to work as hard, but they can volunteer or help
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negative stereotype: severly impaired
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slow thinking, incompetent, feeble, incoherent, inarticulate, senile.
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negative stereotype: despondent
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depressed, sad, lonely, hopeless, afraid, neglected.
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negative stereotype: shrew/curmudgen
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complaining, bitter, prejudiced, demanding, selfish, stubborn, nosy.
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negative stereotype: recluse
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timid, quiet, naive.
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positive stereotype: golden ager
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lively, adventorous, witty, sociable, independent, skilled, productive, volunteer.
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positive stereotype: perfect grandparent
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kind, loving, famliy oriented, generous, grateful, supportive, understanding, trustworthy.
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positive stereotype: John Wayne conservative
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patriotic, religious, nostalgic, reminiscent, retired, conservative, emotional, mellow, determined, proud.
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young adulthood:
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mid-teens to 30
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middle age
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30's to 50's
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old age
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50's and older
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people with negative views of aging live for __ years less than people with a positive view.
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7.5
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theories of aging:
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-stochastic
-nonstochastic -psychosocial -sociological |
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stochastic theories
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view aging as a set of adverse changes in the cells that lead to replicative errors.
ex) wear and tear theory error theory cross link theory free radical theory |
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Wear and Tear Theory
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idea that continuous use leads to worn out or defective body parts.
ignores repair mechanisms available to body. |
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error theory
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concerned with cumulative DNA and RNA mistakes.
mistakes that are copied and transmitted impairing cellular function. |
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Cross-link theory
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elastin and collagen are primary.
-go from molecules taht are loosely associated to those who are tightly associated -making them more rigid. |
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making elastin and collagen more rigid leads to:
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-affects white cells to fight infection
-decreased access to nutrition -inhibits cell growth -reduces the cells ability to eliminate waste -age related changes to skin |
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free radical theory
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chemical by-products in normal cell metabolism involving O2.
-unstable, only last few min. |
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free-radical theory: chemical changes:
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-highly reactive with other molecules.
-normally protective enzyme systems deal with this -with age, bodies ability to produce enzymes decreases. -can be supplemented with vitamins. |
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nonstochastic theories:
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aging is caused by replication errors in cells that are intrinsic or pre-programmed.
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programmed aging theory
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genetic or biological clock may determine aging process
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immunological theory
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with age the body becomes less able to fight off antigens.
loses its ability to distinguish between antigents and the body's own tissues. |
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psychosocial theories of aging:
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-idea that earlier life events effect later life decisions.
-maslow -erikson -peck |
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maslow's hierarchy of basic needs:
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-needs that motivate human behavior
-as the needs are met at one level, they move to the next. 1. physiological needs:food, water, O2 2. safety or security 3. belonging 4. esteem/self-worth 5. self-actualization: develop one's ability to fullest. |
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erikson's stage theory of development: (ERIK ERIKSON)
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-series of developmental crises that the individuals must resolve in either a postive or neg. fashion
- the attributes the person chooses directs a person's life. |
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middle age: generativity vs. ego stagnation
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-realize finite period of time
-start to want to leave a legacy - interests broaden to a more social perspective -if you do not resolve probs you become fixated on yourself. |
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late adulthood: integrity vs. despair
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reviewing one's life
-reconciles failures and success - self-worth knowing you did the best you could - If life is seen as series of failures, person will feel despair. |
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peck's taks of middle and old age:
robert peck (1968) |
subdivided eriksons last 2 stages into 7 specific tasks taht must be accomplished.
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peck's middle age tasks:
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-valuing wisdom vs. physical powers.
-socializing vs. sexuality -emotional flexibility vs. emotional rigidity. -mental flexibility vs. mental rigidity |
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socializing vs. sexuality
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urges broaden requirements for a meaningful relationship away from sexuality
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emotional flexibility vs. emotional rigidity
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flexibilty involves to reinvest emotional energies in new relationships and new roles as older, well-established emotional attachments undergo changes with age.
-those who don't do this, find themselves isolated |
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mental flexibility vs. mental rigidity
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helps you cope and adapt effectively
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pecks' older age tasks: ego differentiaion vs. work role preoccupation
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give yourself a sense of self-woth other than by work.
contribute to community with other ways than work. |
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peck's older age tasks: body transcendence vs. body preoccupation
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have to rise above preoccupation with health related issues in order to derive more personal satisfaction from life
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peck's older age tasks: ego transcendence vs. ego preoccupation
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must see beyond themselves to maintain an active interest in society and people in order to see lives in a positive perspective.
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sociological theories:
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care about demographics of aging (baby boomers).
-geographic mobility of elderly in regards to services and how well they can handle influx of people or deflation. -concerned about friendship network and how it changes -sex ratio, 48& men, 52% women, 65 years and older. -over age of 80: women 70%, men 30%. |
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network approaches for sociological theories:
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links social network, structure of network and content of relationships to health.
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theories of successful aging:
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-disengagement theory
-activity theory -continuity theory -socioemotional selectivity theory -selective optimization with compensation model -social-environmental theory |
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disengagement theory:
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-mutual withdrawl of older adults from society as society withdraws from them.
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mutuality:
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carry out a normatively defined mutual disengagement
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insuitability:
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the system's needs are dealt with rather than personal needs or interest
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universality:
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disengagement from elderly is prerequisite for social stability.
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with disengagement theory, elderly who willingly withdraw from society will adapt to aging
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those who do not will not fulfill needs and have a hard time adjusting.
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communication implications of disengagement theory.
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-withdrawal is associated with reduction in amount and quality of communication interaction.
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if disengagement theory is correct:
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- elder should enter fewer relationships
-closeness of relationships lessen -lessening of qualitative and quantitative aspects of the relational network should be apparant. |
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ACTIVITY THEORY:
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collection of research findings rather than one specific theory.
-successful aging is linked to an active social life. *high social interaction and high satisfaction w/ life. |
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communication implications of activity theory
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suggests communciation should be maintained at high levels throughout the aging process.
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if the activity theory is correct:
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- an elder should enter into frequent comm. interactions.
-relationships should be close -conversation should reflect interest in community events and other topics that are oriented toward others. |
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continuity theory: neugarten et al. 1968
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successful aging is dependent on individual personality
-people maintain personality characteristics over time -individuals consistency determines how they adapt to aging. |
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communication implications of continuity theory :
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-describe each individual's comm. personality
-to successfully age, person must maintain communication personality. |
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socioemotional selectivity theory:carstensen 1992
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-aging individuals reduce their number of overall communication partners, but maintain close relationships that provide most satisfaction.
(few, closer relationships) |
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socioemotional selectivey theory involves:
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-social interaction involves cost, and rewards.
older: new relationships are more costly. -life span approach is acquiring rewarding relationships and discarding unsatisfying ones. |
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communication implications of socioemotional selectivity theory:
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closeness in relationships is acheived via communication
-as we age, we learn to reap more rewards from relationships while lessening costs. |
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if the socioemotional selectivity theory is correct:
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elder should communicate frequently with close relationships and less with distant ones.
-relationships should have a high level of closeness. |
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selective optimization with compensation model (baltes and baltes 1990)
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"dont work harder, work smarter".
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selective optimization with compensation model details:
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theory based on propositions of aging from a psychological p.o.v.
-aging is heterogenous -great deal of reserve tapped when needed during aging -with age, we lose some reserve capacties -knowledge-based pragmatics and technology offset age-related decline in cognitive mechanics - with aging, balance b/w gains and losses is less positive. - AGING IS AN ADAPTIVE INTERPLAY OF GAINS AND LOSSES * memory aids, hearing aids. |
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communication implications for selective optimization with compensation model
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whena person loses some ability, ppl involved with that person can help foster independence of reinforce dependence.
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if the selective optimization with compensation model is correct:
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communication for elderly should help person maintain as many options as possible in selecting and optimizing conditions of life
* compensations used to maximize ability of controlling own life * interactions focus on maintaining a postivie self-worth |
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social-environmental thoery:
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-concerned with pragmatic, functional impact of environment on communication
-proximity is related to determination of with whom we enter a relationship -age segregation can determine social contacts -external and internal factors are related successful aging. |
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epidermis
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-top layer of skin
-made of keratinocytes -purpose is to protect -produces vitamin D3 |
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epidermis
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-top layer of skin
-made of keratinocytes -purpose is to protect -produces vitamin D3 |
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melanocytes
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pigment
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langerhan's cells
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activate immune system
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merkel cells
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sensory receptors
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dermis
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-connective tissue
-contains blood vessels -pressure, pain and temp receptors -hair follicles -sebaceous glands -eccrine glands -apocrine glands |
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hypodermis
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secures dermis to muscle tissue
-contains: connective tissue blood vessels nerves fat cells |
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functions of hypodermis
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-protection
-temp regulation -excretion -prevention of drying out -physical, chemical and biological barrier -helps make vitamin D -provides important info about environment |
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aging changes: epidermis
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-thins
-rate of cell turn over declines -greater sensitivity to physical trauma and chemicals -slower heating rate -melanocytes decrease -langerhan's cells decrease |
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when melanocytes decrease:
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regeneration rates vary causing lentigo senilis(age spots)
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when langerhan's cells decrease:
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-reduced immune responses
-increased rash, skin tumors, allergic reactions |
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aging changes for dermis:
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-loses 20% thickness
-collagen decreases -fragility of blood vessels -loss of subcutaneous fat -decreased oil production -sweat glands decrease -decreased # of blood vessels to cool/heat body. |
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aging changes for hypodermis:
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fat cells become thinner
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xerosis:
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dry rough appearance.
itchy. due to reduced sweat glands or changes in fluid release from body. from cold, dry climates; harsh soap; frequent bathing or bed rests. treated with cream |
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senile purpura
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blood vessels rupture easily and blood pools into tissue around it
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solar elastosis
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rough, leathery wrinkles skin w/ irregular pigmentation due to repeated sun exposure.
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actinic keratosis
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pre-malignant lesion cause by sun exposure
-seen on areas most exposed to sun |
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seborrheic keratosis
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appears raised, tan, reddish-brown to black-purple, wort-like.
may develop into cancer. |
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herpes zoster
(shingles) |
-viral infection
-stays dormant in dorsal nerve endings and is re-activated by stress or decreased immune response -causes extreme pain during outbreaks |
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pressure ulcers
(bed sores) |
4 stages where varying degrees of skin is involved.
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gradual loss of calcium
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dec. in bone mass and bone density
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cartilage surfaces become rougher in joints
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dec. water density. less cushioning
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age related changes in muscuskeleton system:
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cartilage of the intervertebral discs loss fluid and become stiffer.
tendons and ligaments lose strength. |
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osteoporosis:
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-metabolic bone disease
-rate of bone resorption becomes greater than rate of formation -results in dec. bone mass -brittle, fragile, porous bones -effects women more than men -fractures aren't most commonly associated with it. |
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kyphosis
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"hump back"
-posture changes as result of osteoporosis. |
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risk factors of osteoporosis:
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age, female, white or asian, petite, estrogen deficiency, heredity, inadequate calcium intake, alcholic, excessive caffeine, high fat.
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3 types of athritis:
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osteoarthritis
rheumatoid gout |
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osteoarthritis
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degnerative joint disease
leading cause of disability over 65 |
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osteoarthritis caused by:
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age, injury, obesity, diabetes, genetic disposition, other joint disorders.
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rheumatoid arthritis
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autoimmune disorder- bodies antibodies attack tissue
-involves connective tissue -40-60 yrs. -synovial membrane becomes inflamed and thickened. -may have malaise, fatigue, low fever, weight loss. -rapid period of remission |
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gout
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-build up of uric acid in joints and blood
-causes crystals to be formed in the joints -sudden, very painful -last only few days -repaeated attacks to permanent damage |
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muscles:
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strength declines with age
muscle atrophy replacing muscle fiber w/ fatty tissue |
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age related changes in structural cardiovascular system
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-increased fatty tissue layer on heart
- heart/artieries thicken -thickening of valves result in less efficient heart -pacemaker cells dec. in # -veins dilate and stretch -arteries become dilated, twisted and calcified |
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age related changes in fucntional cardiovascular system:
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-longer recovery
-slight arrhythmias -decline in cardiac output -increase in atrial fibrilation -due to dec. flexibility the heart must pump harder |
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age rel. disorders of cardiovascular system
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-angina pectoris
-myocardial infarction -congestive heart failure -transient ischemic attack -cerebrovascular accident |
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angina pectoris
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chest pain
heart muscle not receiving enough blood flow |
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myocardial infarction
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reduced or no blood flow to heart from coronary arteries
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congestive heart failure (CHF)
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the heart isn't able to pump adequate blood to body tissures during exercise or rest.
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transient ischemic attack (TIA)
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a sudden interruption of blood flow to brain usually lasting less than 24 hrs.
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cerebrovascular accident (CVA, stroke)
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blood supply to brain is reduced or shut off completely.
-narrowing of arteries or clot b/c of something in bloodstream -result of a rupture |
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respiratory system: functions
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-transports oxygen to blood
-abnormal fucntion affects every body system -lung structure and function reaches max development and efficiency in early 20s, declining slowly after that. -carbon dioxide is a waste product of tissue metabolism and moves opp. direction. |
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respiratory system: structures:
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diaphragm: main muscle of respiration
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age-related changes in respiratory system
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decreased muscle mass and strength leading to dec. tolerance for exercise.
-intercostals and abdominal muscles weaken leading to dec. lung recoil and more shallow respirations -dec. lung function and reserve, esp. during stress -alterations in respiratory defense mechanisms. -elderly inhale more to supply oxygen to organ systems, but smaller air is expelled from lungs. |
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
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-group of dieseased that cause:
reduce airflow in an dout, excessive secretion of mucus, chronic infection, increaces in airspaces, dec. in elasticity of lungs, narrowing of bronchi due to allergies. |
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COPD
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17 mill people in us affected by this.
4th cause of death in US -50% diagnosed w/ this die w/in 10 yrs -risk factors are smoking -starts with cough, difficult breathing, then wheezing and chronic mucus production |
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emphysema
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-enlargement or destruction of alveolar wall of lungs
-lungs lose their ability to stretch and obtain oxygen |
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pulmonary TB
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-disease transmitted by inhalation of droplets
-not a new disease, normally reoccurrence triggered by dec. immune system, stress or other illnesses. |
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signs of pulmonary TB
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weight loss
fever green/yellow sputum w/ blood |
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lung cancer
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-primary cause of death by cancer in men and women
-85-90% can be correlated w/ smoking -early signs are coughing, difficulty breathing and blood |
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gastriointestinal system: fucntion
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enzymes break down complex nutrients
-digested food is absorbed into the bloodstream thru the walls of the small intestine -elimination of solid waste that can't be absorbed by the blood stream |
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age related changes in gastriointestinal system
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decreased sensation of taste due to progressive loss of taste buds predominantly on the anterior portion of the tonge.
-TMJ structures degenerate |
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gastreophageal reflux disease (GERD)
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most common upper GI prob in adults
-mild/severe heartburn -severe chest pain -regurgitation -dysphagia |
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gastric ulcer
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-erosion of lining of stomach
-starts mild and gets progressivley worse -symptoms diffuse in older adults -caused by meds -can cause death as result of bleeding |
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gastric ulcer causes:
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-pain in abdomen
-weight loss -nausea -vomiting -thirst |
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cirrhosis
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-inflammation and degeneration of liver
- liver cells beome filled with fat |
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cirrhosis: 4 types:
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-alcholic
-postnecrotic -bilary -cardiac |
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functions of urinary system
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-excrete toxic substances and waste products of metabolism
-regulate water balance in body -help maintain pH balance in body -aid in maintaining correct concentrations of salt in body |
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age related changes in urinary system
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-dec in kidney size
-hardening of liver -blood vessels become smaller and thicker -muscle tone is lost -decline in bladder capacity -dec. in ability to filter toxins in the blood -difficulty regulating sodium/potassium levels in body |
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urinary tract infections (UTI)
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-80% occurs in women
-highest rate in institutions -change in bladder cuntions b/c of stroke/diabetes lead to increased occurence -can occur in upper UT or lower UT |
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benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
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-prostate gland enlarges and produces symptoms of urethral obstruction
-90% men in 70's and 80's -lead to UTI, bladder stones -feels like you have to urinate frequently and urgently |
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kidney stone disease
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-crystalline deposits in kindeys
-small stones pass easily w/o pain -effect more men |
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renal failure
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kidneys cannot remove metabolic waste from body
-build of toxins disrupt pH levels, metabolic functions and endocrine fuction of body |
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cause of renal failure
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-sudden dec. in blood flow to kidneys
-damage from medications -sudden blockage that doesn't allow urine to leave the kidneys |
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signs of renal failure
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-lethargy, restlessness, nausea, vomit, diarrhea, dry skin, headache, pain in back, low urinary output
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endocrine systems: fucntion
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secretes hormones directly into the blood or lymphatic system.
reactions take as little as a few seconds to a few hrs or days |
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endocrine system regulates
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-growth
-metabolism -body heat -calcium balance in the blood production of corticosteriods -level of sodium/ potassium and electrolytes in blood -our body's reaction to stress -production of insulin/glucose -production of melatonin |
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age related changes in endocrine system
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-atrophy of glands and decrease in secretions.
-overall difficulty regulating the homeostasis of the system -may be misidentified as depression or fatigue |
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thyroid gland: hyperthyroidism
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-over production of the thyroid hormone
-causes a toxic condition -treated with medication, removing thyroid gland or irradiation |
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hyperthyroidism: symptoms:
|
-cardiac conditions/CHF
-weight loss -fatigue -heat intolerance -heart palpitations -nervousness -depression -tremors |
|
hypothyroidism
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-often caused by iodine insufficiency
-very common b/w 30-60 yrs -treated w/ drug replacement of the thyroid hormone |
|
hypothyroidism: symptoms
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-fatigue
-weight loss -cold intolerance -muscle cramps -constipation -dry skin -mental confusion -depression |
|
addison's disease
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-difficiency of the hormone producded by the adrenal gland
-thought to be autoimmune disorder -people with this have difficulty dealing with physical or emotional stress -treated with replacement hormones |
|
addison's disease: symptoms:
|
-muscle weakness
-lack of appetite -weight loss -hypotension -fatigue -dark pigmentation of the skin -GI probs -low blood glucose levels -low corticosteroids |
|
cushing's syndrome
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-too many corticosteroids in the system
-commonly caused by glucocorticoid medications which are often given as anti-inflamitory -treated with meds or surgery |
|
cushing's syndrome: symptoms
|
-fatty deposits around face
-thin arms and legs -weakness -sleep disturbance -weight gain -retention of sodium and water |
|
pancreas
|
-secretions decrease and the body becomes more sensitive to insulin leading to diabetes
|
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diabetes
|
-hyperglycemia: increased blood sugar b/c of decreased insulin production
-insulin resistance -combination -type 1 or 2 |
|
symptoms for diabetes
|
random glucose level of 200 or greater
-fasting glucose level nof 126 or greater -2 hr glucose level of 200 during an oral glucose tolerance test |
|
TYPE 1 DIABETES
|
-autoimmune disorder
-cells that produce insulin are completely destroyed |
|
type 1 diabetes: symptoms
|
-sudden weight loss
-excessivce thirst -frequent urination -excessive hunger |
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TYPE 2 DIABETES
|
hyperglycemia caused by insulin resistance and decreased insullin secretion
-seen typically over the age 30 -caused usually by lifestyle, genetic predisposition, and age changes in metabolism -usually non-insulin dependent |
|
type 1 and 2 diabetes leads to:
|
-coronary disease
-peripheral vascular disease -cerebrovascular disease -diabetic retinopathy -neuropathy of the kidneys -sensory and autonomic neuropathy *hyperglycemia * hypoglycemia |
|
immune system: function
|
-recognize what is foreign and not foreign
-remove/destroy what is foreign -autoimmune response occurs when the immune system incorrectly identifies its own tissue as foreign |
|
ways immune system works:
|
-skin
-inflammatory response -actual immune response that targets foreign invaders |
|
age related changes in immune system system
|
-skin thins
-thymus gland reduces in size and activity -reduced responsiveness in immune system -increase in autoimmune responses |
|
age related disorders in immune system
|
increased occurence of:
TB herpes zoster pneumonia influenza UTI HIV/AIDS |