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57 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Thirty Years War

There were four phases of this war: 1) Bohemian (1618-1625), 2) Danish (1625-1629), 3) Swedish (1629-1635), and 4) International/French (1635-1648). It brought the Treaty of Westphalia, which signified the end of the Catholic Reformation. It also was considered the last true religious war, and the end to religious dominated life.

Commercial Revolution

Numerous economic changes happened during this period due to rising Populations. Because of the rising population the Demand for products went up during this time period. The rising demand was a problem because their wasn't enough supply for everyone. This led to the Price Revolution, which increased prices on products, and helped form new industry's.

Price Revolution

During this time period prices were inflated because demand was going up, and there was little supplies.

Economic Systems

Capitalism (Government hands off Economy), and Mercantilism (Government involved in all aspects of the economy.)

Causes for Exploration

The three G's (God, Gold, and Glory); Rise of Nation-States; Desire for a New Route to Asia; Technological Advances; and Religious Expansion.

Leaders in Exploration

Portugal, and Spain.

Spanish Empire

Was behind Portugal in exploration. Portugal was it's main competitor in exploaration. Christopher Columbus was one of their Key explorers. Controlled most of the Americas.

Atlantic Slave Trade

This refers to the purchasing of slaves from Africa by Europeans. 20% of all slaves exported ended up dying. The slaves were traded throgh the Middle Passage.

Phillip II

(1556-1598) King Of Spain, Fanatic Catholic, Wanted to spread Catholicism, Built the Escorial Palace.

Henry IV

(Of Navarre) Became king after the war of the 3 Henry's, he was a Huguenot (Protestant). But converted to Catholicism to gain the trust of his citizens. He drafted the Edict of Nantes.

Ferdinand II

Emperor of the HRE during the Danish phase of the Thirty Years War. He hired mercinaries because he knew that they wouldn't win the war without them. Passed the Edict of Restitution.

Albrecht Von Wallenstein

One of the main mercenaries hired by Ferdinand II during the Danish phase of the Thrity Years War. Was a Bohemian leader and politician.

Prince Henry the Navigator

He was essential in Portuguese Exploration. He set up schools for Sailors. He also invested in Portuguese Exploration. Was a prince.

Bartholomeu Dias

He was one of the first Portuguese explorers. He found the Southern tip of Africa. (1487)

Vasco da Gama

After Bartholomeu Dias discovered the Southern tip of Africa, he actually was the first to make it to India from Portugal.

Pedro Cabral

Credited with being the first to cite and claim Brazil for the Portuguese.

Amerigo Vespucci

He was another famous Portuguese Explorer, the America's were named after him.

Christopher Columbus

Was an Italian Explorer who, after being rejected by Italy, went to explore for Spain. Suggested that they travel west to find a new trade route to asia. One of the key explorers.

Ferdinand Magellan

Spanish explorer. Was cited as the first person to Circumnavigate the globe.

Conquistadores

Spanish conquerors of Mexico (Aztecs) and Peru (Incks). During the exploration period.

Hernando Cortes

Was the Leader of the Conquistadores that conquered the Aztec Empire (Mexico).

Francisco Pizarro

Was the Leader of the Conquistadores that conquered the Icka Empire (Peru).

Mestizos

Mixed blood, Half Native and Half Spanish Ancestry. They were on the third level of the Spanish Hierarchal Chain

Creoles

Full blooded Spanish Ancestry. Weren't born in Spain, but in the Americas. Therefore they were on the second level of the Spanish Hierarchal Chain.

Peninsulares

People that came from spain to the Americas to lead. They were on the first level of the Spanish Hierarchal Chain.

Jacques Cartier

A Key explorer in the French Empire. He claimed Parts of Canada, and what was known as the Louisiana Territories of the modern day US.

John Cabot

One of the first English Explorers. Claimed parts of Eastern America, with his brother Sebastian.

Walter Raleigh

Another Key English Explorer, who claimed areas in Eastern America.

Samuel de Champlain

Another key French explorer. Explored and claimed parts of Canada such as Quebec and Montreal.

Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis

Ended the Hapsburg vs. Valois wars.

Peace of Augsburg

Stated that each German prince could choose their own relgion to follow. The could choose between Catholicism, and Lutheranism. (1555)

Edict of Restitution

Ferdinand II passed this Edict which made all protestant land go back to the Catholic Church.

Cardinal Richelieu

Encouraged the king (Louis XIII of France) to support protestant forces so that the HRE is internally divided.

Treaty of Westphalia

Signified the end of the Catholic Reformation. All princes were allowed to choose between Lutheranism, Calvanism, and Catholicism because of this Treaty. The HRE was divided up into 300 different states.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A treaty drafted by the Pope between Spain and Portugal which basically gave Spain authority over all the Americas, and Portugal control over Brazil.

Concordat of Bologna

A treaty between France and the Papacy that showed that Francis I recognized the Pope as the Supreme authority. Gave France power to appoint their own priests. It was a way for Francis I to make more money.

Battle of Lepanto

A battle between the Ottomans and Spaniards. The Spaniards beat the Ottamans and became the dominant power in the Mediterranean.

St. Bartholomew's Massacre

Was ordered by Catherine de Medici. Citizens purged all the Huguenots (Calvanists and/or Protestants)

The Thirty Years War

(1618-1648). This was a religious war between Catholics, and Protestants. This war is considered the last true Religious war, and the catalyst to the fall of the HRE.

Defenestration of Prague

Happened during the Bohemian phase of the Thirty Years War. Two Regents were thrown out of a window, into a mote full of horse manure.

Spanish Armada

A fleet of warships sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588

1588

This year is important because it was considered the decline of Spain's power after their defeat by England.

Mercantilism

This is the economic system where the government has full control over the economy. This was used most of the time by Monarchs during the exploration period.

Encomienda System

A system made by the Spaniards that guarenteed the Indians protection in the South America's as long as they contributed their help in farming, mining, etc. It became a slave-like practice as it went on.

Columbian Exchange

The Exchange of Raw Materials, and sometimes (Unintentially) diseases.

Triangular Trade

A trade route that was shaped in a Triangle that was used by explorers to trade raw materials. (Food, Spices, Textiles, Tea, etc.)

Middle Passage

This was the transport of slaves passage. Nearly 20% of all slaves ended up dying halfway through.

Laissez-faire

Used in capitalism. This was capitalists view on the Government in Economics.

Politique

Those in a position of power who put the success and well-being of their state above all else.

Joint-stock Company

A company where multiple people are invested in the company, where profits are split up among different individuals according to how much they invested.

United Provinces of the Netherlands

Provinces that became independent after being controlled by spain.

3 G's

The main reasons for Exploration.

Compass

A navigational device that determined whether you were heading North, South, East, or West.

Astrolabe

A navigational device used to calculate latitude and longitude.

Caravel

A more sturdy ship than previous ships produced before this time period. These ships were able to get through strong storms, and stay sturdy.

Gunpowder

Used to shoot guns. Pure shock value to gain more lands and power.

Cartography

The practice of drawing maps.