Chapter 15: Age Of Absolutism, Part One

Front 1

The Thirty Years' War

Back 1

(1618-1648) a religious war that turned into a political dispute; Calvinist nobles rebelled by throwing Habsburg governors out of a window

Front 2

Gustavus Adolphus

Back 2

(1611-1632) the king of Sweden who led the Swedish army; a devout Lutheran who revived Sweden

Front 3

Peace of Wesphalia

Back 3

(1648) peace treaty that marked the end of the Thirty Years' War; ensured German freedom of religion, Autrian Habsburg had dimished authority, but did not lose land; Holy Roman Empire was recognized as independent; Pope was ignored in the making of the treaty

Front 4

17th century military revolution

Back 4

(1560-1660) adjustments to the size and shape of the cavalry which made it more effective; lighter artillery also helped flexibility

Front 5

absolutism

Back 5

an absolute monarchy where a king claims to rule by divine right

Front 6

divine-right monarchy

Back 6

the belief that God is ruling through the king

Front 7

Bishop Jacques Bossuet

Back 7

(1627-1704) a theorist of divine-right monarchy

Front 8

Louis XIII

Back 8

(1643-1715) an absolutist monarch who is regarded as the best example of absolute monarchy

Front 9

Cardinal Richelieu

Back 9

(1624-1642) Louis XIII's chief minister who transformed Hugenots into more reliable subjects and developed an network of spies; increased the taille

Front 10

intendants

Back 10

(1600s) royal officials sent by Cardinal Richelieu

Front 11

Cardinal Mazarin

Back 11

(1642-1661) Cardinal Richelieu's trained successor who was greatly disliked by the French population

Front 12

the Fronde

Back 12

(1648-1652) a revolt of nobles that occurred during Cardinal Mazarin's rule; first Fronde was led by nobles of the robe; second Fronde was led by nobles of the sword

Front 13

Louis XIV

Back 13

(1643-1715) a not-so-absolute monarch who considered his royal profession "delightful;" he believed in the theory of absolute monarchy

Front 14

Versailles

Back 14

the French king's personal household which was also the location of central government; an elaborate structure that set the standard for monarchies and aristocracies across Europe

Front 15

parlements

Back 15

provincial law courts of France

Front 16

Edict of Fountainbleau

Back 16

(1685) a replacement of the Edict of Nantes that provided the destruction of Hugenot churches and the closing of Protestant schools

Front 17

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Back 17

(1619-1683) Louis XIV's controller of finances who sought to increase the wealth and power of France through to mercantilism; expanded the quantity and improved the quality of manufactured goods, raised tariffs on foreign manufactured goods

Front 18

Marquis de Louvois

Back 18

Louis XIV's secretary of war who developed a professional army

Front 19

War of Devolution

Back 19

(1667-1668) a conflict between France and Spain over the Spanish Netherlands; one of Louis XIV's four wars; reached a peace and France drew back its troops but kept some land

Front 20

The Dutch War

Back 20

(1672-1678) the second of Louis XIV's four wars; Brandenburg, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire formed an alliance that forced him to make peace; France kept Franche-Comte from Spain

Front 21

War of the League of Augsburg

Back 21

(1689-1697) Louis XIV's third war; led to the alliance of Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, the United Provinces, Sweden, and England called the League of Augsburg; France gave up most of its conquests but kept Strasbourg and a part of Alsace

Front 22

War of the Spanish Succession

Back 22

(1702-1713) Louix XIV's fourth and final war; fought over succession to the Spanish throne; an alliance between England, the United Provinces, Habsburg Austria, and the German states was formed to keep the balance of power; ended the war with the Peace of Ultrecht

Front 23

Peace of Ultrecht

Back 23

(1713) the peace treaty that ended the War of the Spanish Succession; confirmed that Philip V was the ruler of Spain and French and Spanish thrones would remain separate; England gained territory in America and Europe making it a formidable naval force

Front 24

Philip III

Back 24

(1598-1621) the king of Spain and successor of Philip II; went bankrupt and let crucial problems go unsolved

Front 25

Philip IV

Back 25

(1621-1665) king of Spain who gave hope to his people; used domestic reform decrees to lesson the power of the Catholic Church; efforts were undermined by a desire for imperial glory and a series of internal revolts

Front 26

Brandenburg-Prussia

Back 26

(1600s & 1700s) a powerful state ruled by the Hohenzollerns

Front 27

Frederick William the Great Elector

Back 27

(1640-1688) the founder of the Prussian state who built an efficient standing army that absorbed more than 50% of the states revenues; had the respect of the nobles; followed mercantile policies

Front 28

Junkers

Back 28

(1600s) the Prussian aristocracy

Front 29

King Frederick I

Back 29

(1688-1713) Frederick William's son and successor; in return for aiding the Holy Roman Empire in the War of Spanish Succession, he was granted the title of king-of-Prussia

Front 30

Leopold I

Back 30

(1658-1705) a Habsburg who ruled over the Austrian Empire and defeated the Ottomans

Front 31

Ivan IV, the Terrible

Back 31

(1533-1584) the first Tsar of Russia

Front 32

boyars

Back 32

Russian nobility

Front 33

Michael Romanov

Back 33

(1613-1645) the Tzar of Russia who began a dynasty

Front 34

Peter the Great

Back 34

(1689-1725) the Tsar of Russia who accelerated westernization in Russia; enjoyed vicious punishments; formed the first Russian navy; created an attitude of fear that prevented honest service; created the Table of Ranks

Front 35

Table of Ranks

Back 35

(1722) a way for non-nobles to become nobles; nobility gained by the Table of Ranks was not passed down

Front 36

Holy Synod

Back 36

(1721) a body that stood at the head of the church; created by Peter the Great

Front 37

Great Northern War

Back 37

(1701-1721) a war between Russia and Sweden in which Russian fought back and eventually won the war and became a great European state

Front 38

Battle of Poltva

Back 38

(1709) a major battle in the Great Northern War in which Russia defeated Sweden

Front 39

Saint Petersburg

Back 39

a city that was Peter the Great's "Window to the West;" remained the Russian capital until 1917

Front 40

Charles XII

Back 40

(1687-1718) King of Sweden who was acclaimed as an absolute sovereign king and focused primarily on military affairs

Front 41

Poland- Lithuania

Back 41

a major country in eastern Europe that chose outsiders as kings in hopes of forming new alliances; the power of the Sejm almost destroyed monarchial authority

Front 42

libero veto

Back 42

(1652) a new rule accepted by the Sejm in Poland-Lithuania that declared that the meetings of the Sejm could be stopped by a single dissenting member